Uma uphendukela kumuntu ojwayelekile, cishe uzothi umsakazo uyafa, ngoba ekhishini iphoyinti lomsakazo kade linqanyuliwe, isamukeli sisebenza kuphela ezweni, futhi emotweni kudlalwa izingoma zakho ozithandayo kusuka ku-flash. shayela noma uhlu lwadlalwayo oluku-inthanethi. Kodwa mina nawe siyazi ukuthi ukube bekungewona umsakazo, besingeke sifunda ku-Habré mayelana nesikhala, ukuxhumana kwamaselula, i-GPS, ukusakazwa kwethelevishini, i-Wi-Fi, ukuhlola ngama-microwaves, amakhaya ahlakaniphile kanye ne-IoT ngokujwayelekile. Futhi uHabr ubengeke abe khona, ngoba i-inthanethi iwumsakazo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla, Meyi 7, 2019, sibhala iposi lokubonga emsakazweni, owenze okuningi ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kunawo wonke ama-revolution kanye nama-intergalactic corporations kuhlangene.
Ukuphila komsakazo akuyona nje indaba yenhlangano ethile yobuchwepheshe, kodwa yimpilo ngqo: abazali babengakholelwa kuyo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi ikwazi ukwenza okuncane, yayilinganiselwe ngamakhono ayo, isetshenziselwa izinhloso ezimbi, yasiza ukunqoba okuhle nokusindisa abantu futhi ekugcineni yathatha umhlaba futhi yaba umsunguli womkhathi ohlukile wezobuchwepheshe. Yeka iqhawe lendaba!
Ukuhlanganisa kabanzi, umsakazo ukuxhumana kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo. Kungaba indlela eyodwa, indlela-mbili noma indlela eminingi, inganikeza ukudluliswa noma ukushintshana kolwazi phakathi kwemishini nabantu - akulona iphuzu. Kunamagama amabili asemqoka lapha: amaza omsakazo kanye nokuxhumana.
Okokuqala, ake siqedele ukuqala kwesihloko - kungani ngoMeyi 7? Ngo-May 7, 1895, isazi sefiziksi saseRussia u-Alexander Stepanovich Popov saqhuba iseshini yokuqala yokuxhumana ngomsakazo. I-radiogram yakhe yayinamagama amabili kuphela "Heinrich Hertz", ngaleyo ndlela ehlonipha usosayensi owabeka izisekelo zomsakazo wesikhathi esizayo. Ngendlela, ukubaluleka kwebhizinisi lomsakazo akuphikiswanga kuphela nguGuglielmo Marconi, owaqhuba iseshini yokuqala futhi ngo-1895, kodwa futhi nenani lezinye izazi ze-physics: 1890 - Edouard Branly, 1893 - Nikola Tesla, 1894 - Oliver Lodge kanye Jagadish Chandra Bose. Kodwa-ke, wonke umuntu wenza umnikelo wakhe, futhi kufanelekile ukwengeza amagama ambalwa: UJames Maxwell, owadala inkolelo-mbono yenkundla kazibuthe, uMichael Faraday, owathola ukungeniswa kwamandla kazibuthe, kanye noReginald Fessenden, owaba ngowokuqala ukulungisa isignali yomsakazo. futhi ngoDisemba 23, 1900 basakaza inkulumo eyimayela elingu-1 - ngekhwalithi embi, kodwa inomsindo.
A. Popov kanye nokusungulwa kwakhe
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokudluliswa kolwazi olungenantambo kwenziwa nguHeinrich Hertz. Ukuhlolwa kwakhe kwaba yimpumelelo - wakwazi ukudlulisa umlayezo ngaphakathi kwendlu eyodwa yendlu yakhe. Empeleni, lokhu bekuyoba ukuphela kwendaba ukube uMarconi wase-Italy akazange alifunde leli qiniso elimangalisayo emlandweni kaHertz. UMarconi wafunda lolu daba, wahlanganisa imibono yabanduleli bakhe futhi wadala idivayisi yokuqala yokudlulisela, engazange ithole isithakazelo kuziphathimandla zase-Italy futhi yayinelungelo lobunikazi bososayensi eNgilandi. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-telegraph kagesi yayivele ikhona futhi, ngokusho kukaMarconi, idivayisi yayo yayizohambisana ne-telegraph lapho zingekho izintambo. Nokho, ukusungulwa kukaMarconi kwasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana ngemikhumbi yempi, futhi ukuthumela imiyalezo kanyekanye enanini elikhulu lezilaleli kwahlala kusesikhathini esizayo. Futhi uMarconi ngokwakhe wayengakholelwa ekusaseni eliqhakazile lezokuxhumana ngomsakazo.
G. Marconi kanye nokusungulwa kwakhe
Ngendlela, mayelana nemikhumbi, noma ngokuqondile, mayelana ne-navy - ngo-1905, e-Battle of Tsushima, ibutho laseJapane lanqoba iqembu laseRussia ngokwengxenye "sibonga" ngemishini yomsakazo eyathengwa abaholi bezempi baseJapane kuMarconi. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kube ingxabano yokugcina evuna ukukhishwa kwe-radiation okuphelele kwemikhumbi yezempi neyomphakathi. Igama lokugcina laba elinye, kulokhu civil, inhlekelele - ukufa kwe-Titanic. Ngemuva kokusindiswa kwabagibeli abangu-711 emdondoshiya ominza ngenxa yezimpawu zokucindezeleka zomsakazo, iziphathimandla zasolwandle zamazwe athuthukile omhlaba zayala ukuthi yonke imikhumbi yasolwandle nolwandle ibe nezokuxhumana ngomsakazo, futhi umuntu okhethekile - umqhubi womsakazo - walalela amasignali angenayo nxazonke. iwashi. Ukuphepha olwandle kuye kwanda kakhulu.
Nokho, babengakholelwa ikakhulukazi kwamanye amathuba omsakazo.
Kodwa izifundiswa eziningi zomsakazo zakholwa. NgeMpi Yezwe I, kwase kudalwe iziteshi zomsakazo eziningi ezingabantu abasha kangangokuthi ohulumeni babenovalo: izimfundamakhwela zazixhumeka emithonjeni yezokuxhumana yezempi futhi zilalele iziteshi. Ngakho-ke umsakazo waba ngaphansi kwemithetho, futhi abasekho ababewubukela phansi. Kwaba sobala ukuthi isintu sinomkhuba onamandla wamasiko, izikhali zolwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo ezandleni zaso. Nakuba, sizimisele ukubheja, akekho owayazi ngamathemba eqiniso omsakazo ngaleso sikhathi.
Nokho, umsakazo wahlukanisa ukuphila kwesintu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX kwaba izingxenye ezintathu:
NgoNovemba 2, 1920 - Isiteshi sokuqala somsakazo wezohwebo e-United States, i-KDKA, sasakazwa emoyeni ePittsburgh.
NgoJulayi 1, 1941 - isiteshi sokuqala sethelevishini sezentengiselwano saqala ukusakaza
Ephreli 3, 1973 - UMartin Cooper wakwaMotorola wenza ucingo lokuqala emlandweni.
Njengoba ubona, zombili izifundazwe namabhizinisi baye baqaphela ukuthi umsakazo uwulwazi, imali, namandla.
Kodwa ososayensi nonjiniyela abazange bayeke, babejatshuliswa amaza omsakazo akwazi ukudlulisa, ukushisa, ubude nesivinini esingafani. Umsakazo weza enkonzweni yesayensi futhi usakwenza lokho. Ngicabanga ukuthi izohlala amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Namuhla sizokhumbula izinto eziqanjiwe ezingavamile nezibaluleke kakhulu lapho umsakazo wawungelona ithuluzi noma indlela, kodwa waba umbhali ophelele.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-elekthronikhi. Umsakazo umane wakha ama-electronics nama-microelectronics: amadivaysi, amathelevishini, izamukeli, ama-transmitter adinga inani elikhulu lamasekhethi, amabhodi, izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi nezilula. Yonke imboni enkulukazi isisebenzile futhi isebenzela imboni yomsakazo.
I-radio astronomy. Izibonakude zomsakazo zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukutadisha izinto eziseMkhathini (yize isignali ithatha isikhathi eside ngezindinganiso zasemhlabeni - ukusuka kumasekhondi ambalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa) ngocwaningo lwemisebe yazo kagesi kanye nobubanzi begagasi lomsakazo. Isayensi yezinkanyezi emsakazweni yanikeza umfutho omkhulu kuyo yonke isayensi yezinkanyezi, yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola idatha evela kuma-lunar rover kanye ne-Mars, kanye nokubona emkhathini ukuthi yini ama-optics anamandla kakhulu ayengakwazi ukuyenza.
Yile ndlela izibonakude zomsakazo ezibukeka ngayo (Paul Wild Observatory, Australia)
Izinsiza zokuzulazula ne-radar - futhi sibonga umsakazo. Ngenxa yabo, udinga ukuzama ukulahleka ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zeplanethi. Umsakazo osiza ukudala nokusebenzisa amamephu anembe kakhulu, ama-tracker azwela kakhulu futhi aqinisekise ukusebenzisana kwemishini yodwa (M2M). Kuyafaneleka futhi ukubalula ama-radar, ngaphandle kwalokho imboni yezimoto nezokuthutha bekuzothuthuka izikhathi ezimbalwa kancane. I-radar ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ezindabeni zezempi, ukucwaninga, ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali nezimoto zempi nemikhumbi, kwezesayensi, ucwaningo lwangaphansi kwamanzi nokunye okuningi.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwesistimu yokuhamba ngesathelayithi.
Ukuxhumana kwamaselula ne-inthanethi. Khumbula imigomo Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, CDMA, DECT, GSM, HSDPA, 3G, WiMAX, LTE, 5G? Bonke lobu buchwepheshe namazinga empeleni ayinto nje eyisekethe ye-oscillatory eyatholwa ngo-1848. Okungukuthi, amaza omsakazo afanayo, kodwa kuphela anesivinini esihlukile, ububanzi, namaza. Ngakho-ke, umsakazo esikukweleta izinto ezihlala ezingqondweni zethu namuhla - ikakhulukazi, i-inthanethi yezinto (izinto ezixhumana ngomsakazo), ikhaya elihlakaniphile, ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuhlanganisiwe bokuqoqa ulwazi, njll.
Impela ngamunye wenu uyibonile le mibhoshongo eduze (amabhokisi amhlophe - iziteshi eziyisisekelo zomqhubi, i-BS-ki). Ukuphambana kwezindawo zokumboza ze-BS kunqunywa “amaseli” - amaseli.
Ukuxhumeka kwesathelayithi impumelelo ezimele. Amagagasi omsakazo enze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izinzuzo zokuxhumana okungenantambo lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuhlela iseli - ezindaweni ezikude, ezintabeni, emikhunjini, njll. Lokhu okusunguliwe okusindise izimpilo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.
Ifoni yesathelayithi
I-Eiffel Tower. Yakhelwe umbukiso wamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1889, kwakufanele ihlale iminyaka engu-20 kuphela futhi yayizohlakazwa. Kodwa kwakuyilesi sakhiwo eside eParis esaphenduka umbhoshongo wokusakaza umsakazo, bese ukusakazwa kwethelevishini nokuxhumana - ngakho-ke, bashintsha umqondo wabo mayelana nokudiliza ukukhwabanisa okunjalo okuwusizo, futhi kancane kancane kwaba uphawu oluyinhloko lweFrance. Ngendlela, abashiyi indawo yokusebenza - iziteshi eziyisisekelo, ama-transmitters, izitsha, njll zisanamathele embhoshongweni.
Uwuthanda kanjani lo mbono wophawu lwaseFrance?
ukuhlinzwa kwamagagasi omsakazo (akumele kudidaniswe ne-radiosurgery!). Lena indlela yokuhlinzwa ethuthukisiwe ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu kanye nokuhlangana ("uvala" imikhumbi ukuze kungabikho ukopha) ngaphandle komthelela wemishini nge-scalpel. Umgomo wokusebenza yilokhu: i-electrode encane yokuhlinzwa ikhiqiza amaza omsakazo we-high-frequency akhiqizwa ngokushintshana kwamanje nemvamisa okungenani engu-3,8 MHz. Amaza omsakazo ashisa izicubu, ahwamulise umswakama weselula, futhi izicubu ziyahlukana ngaphandle kwegazi endaweni yokusikwa. Lena indlela ephansi kakhulu ehlukumezayo futhi engenabuhlungu (evame ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo), evame futhi ekuhlinzweni kobuhle.
Idivayisi yokuhlinza igagasi lomsakazo BM-780 II
Yiqiniso, ungakhumbula izinhlobo ezithile zezindawo, ama-oven microwave esiwajwayele, izivivinyo zokwelapha, yiqiniso, iziteshi zomsakazo eziningi nezinhlobonhlobo, umhlaba wonke wezimfundamakhwela zomsakazo nezinye izibonelo eziningi - sinikeze okubanzi kakhulu nokuthakazelisayo.
Ngokuvamile, abafana, amasignali nalabo abahilelekile, iholide elijabulisayo! Ngokwesiko: ukuxhumana ngaphandle komshado, ukuhlanzeka kwamafrikhwensi hhayi ikhefu elilodwa.
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Iposikhadi lilungiswe yiqembu - Asigcini nje ukudala izinhlelo ze-CRM, kodwa futhi sizame ukuba negalelo elinokwenzeka empilweni yezinhlelo zethelevishini nezomsakazo, ngakho-ke sizenzele isisombululo esihle sembonini yabo. . Ngendlela, ihlolwe ku-19 TPX :)
Source: www.habr.com