Sawubona
Uma ukholelwa inkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein yokulula, inkomba eyinhloko yokuqonda isihloko yikhono lokuyichaza kalula ngangokunokwenzeka, khona-ke kulokhu okuthunyelwe ngizozama ukuchaza kalula nangokuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka umphumela wemininingwane eyodwa nje entsha. standard, okuyinto ngesizathu esithile ngisho ne-Wi-Fi Alliance ibheka njengokungafaneleki ukushiwo ku-infographic mayelana nezici ezintsha ze-Wi-Fi 6, nakuba, njengoba sizobona ndawonye maduze, ibaluleke kakhulu futhi iyaphawuleka. Akuyona yonke into lapha ejulile ngokwanele futhi ngokuqinisekile ayiphelele (ngoba indlovu enjalo inzima ukuyidla ngisho nezingxenye), kodwa ngithemba ukuthi sonke sizofunda okuthile okusha nokuthakazelisayo kithi ngokwethu ngokuzivocavoca kwami komlomo.
Yona leyo 802.11ax, ebesiyilindile nsuku zonke okungenani unyaka wesibili, iletha izinto eziningi ezintsha nezimangalisayo. Noma ubani ofuna ukutshela okuthile ngaye unakho ukukhetha: noma enze umjaho wokubuka konke phezu kwamakhanda, esho ibhakede lezifinyezo nezifinyezo, ezama ukungagxili ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kwehood ngayinye yazo, noma ukugoqa. phezulu umbiko wehora mayelana nento eyodwa, ejabulisa kakhulu umbhali. Ngizozifaka engcupheni yokuqhubekela phambili: iningi lenothi lami lizonikezelwa kokuthile okungekusha nakukusha!
Ngakho-ke, iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili manje, amanye amanethiwekhi wedatha angenawaya akhiwe ngokuvumelana nenqwaba yamazinga omndeni we-802.11, futhi, njenganoma yisiphi isikhulumi esizihloniphayo, kuzodingeka ngibuyisele kancane umugqa wesikhathi walo lonke iketango. zezehlakalo ezinikeze umhlaba izigidi zezigidi zemishini yokusebenzisana - kodwa, njengombhali ohlonipha umfundi, ngisesengozini yokungenzi lokhu. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbuzane ngokuthile.
Konke ukuphindwaphindwa kwe-Wi-Fi kubeke phambili ukuthembeka kunokukhulisa ukuphuma. Lokhu kulandela indlela yokufinyelela emaphakathi (CSMA/CA), engeyona elungile kakhulu uma ubheka ukukhama amakhilobhithi okugcina ngomzuzwana ukusuka endaweni yokudlulisela (ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokungapheleli komhlaba jikelele kanye ne-Wi -Fi ikakhulukazi esihlokweni ngozakwethu wangaphambili ), kodwa ihlala isikhathi eside cishe kunoma yiziphi izimo. Eqinisweni, ungakwazi ukwephula cishe zonke izisekelo zomklamo wenethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi - futhi inethiwekhi enjalo isazoshintshanisa idatha! Yonke indlela amakhasimende enethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi akwazi ngayo ukudlulisa kanye/noma ukuthola izingxenye zawo zedatha ihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngesiNgisi igama elinamandla obuchwepheshe okunzima ukulihumusha, ukuqina. Lonke ungqimba lokuguquguquka luyakhula, ukuhlanganiswa kozimele abanedatha (hhayi njengalokho ncamashi, kodwa makube njalo!) okugcotshwe phezulu kuyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngemva kwezimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko zika-802.11, ezihlinzeka ngalokhu kwethembeka okungenakuqhathaniswa:
- “Lapho omunye ekhuluma, abanye bayathula”;
- "Yonke into ngaphandle kwedatha ishiwo kancane futhi ngokucacile."
Iphuzu lesibili lidala umonakalo omkhulu kumkhawulokudonsa wenethiwekhi kunalokho ongase ubonakale lapho uqala nje. Nasi isithombe esihle esibonisa ucezu olulodwa lwedatha oluthunyelwe kunethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi:
Ake sithole ukuthi kusho ukuthini kubantu abavamile abangazi ukuthi mangaki amakhasi atholakala ku-802.11-2016 standard. Isivinini sokudlulisa idatha esibhalwa yisistimu ezindaweni zenethiwekhi engenantambo futhi abakhangisi banoma yimuphi umkhiqizi abadweba emabhokisini ezindawo zokufinyelela (kahle, mhlawumbe ukubonile - 1,7 Gb/s! 2,4 Gb/s! 9000 Gb/s!) , akukhona nje kuphela ukuphakama kanye nobukhulu ku-100% wesikhathi esithathwe ukudluliselwa, kodwa futhi kuyisivinini lapho ingxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphela kule grafu enhle izothunyelwa. Konke okunye kuzothunyelwa ngesivinini esibizwa ngokuthi izinga lokuphatha ngesiNgisi (nangesiRashiya futhi, ngoba ukuhumusha izinkulumo ezinjalo kusongela ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi konjiniyela), futhi okuphansi hhayi nje izikhathi ezimbalwa, kodwa ngesici AMAKHULU kanye. Isibonelo, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izilungiselelo ezengeziwe, inethiwekhi ye-802.11ac, engasebenza namakhasimende ngesivinini sesiteshi esingu-1300 Mb/s, idlulisa lonke ulwazi lwesevisi (yonke into engeyona eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kugrafu yethu eya ngokuya imbi) ngenani lokuphatha elingu-6. Mb/s . Ukuhamba kancane izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili!
Umbuzo onengqondo uthi - yini, ngiyaxolisa, iyiphi inyanga lapho umbono wokucekela phansi ongaba yingxenye yezinga izigidigidi zemishini esebenza ngayo emhlabeni jikelele? Impendulo enengqondo ukuhambisana, ukuhambisana, ukuhambisana! Inethiwekhi esendaweni entsha yokufinyelela kufanele inikeze amandla okusebenza kumadivayisi aneminyaka eyishumi noma eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala, futhi kukuzo zonke lezi zicucu “ezingezona eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” lapho ulwazi lundiza khona lapho amathuluzi asebekhulile azozwa, aqonde kahle futhi. ngeke azame ukudlulisa ngesikhathi ultra-high-speed izingcezu idatha yabo. Ukuqina kudinga ukuzidela!
Manje sengilungele ukunikeza wonke umuntu onentshisekelo ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuswa ama-megabits angasakazwa alahleka ngokungenanjongo ku-Wi-Fi yesimanje - lokhu sekuvele kuyisibopho sokufunda emibuthanweni yobunjiniyela ehilelekile. I-WiFi AirTime Calculator ngumshisekeli we-Norwegian 802.11 u-Gjermund Raaen. Itholakala ku - umphumela womsebenzi wakhe ubukeka kanjena:
Ulayini woku-1 isikhathi esichithwe kudluliswa iphakethe ledatha ye-1512 byte ngedivayisi engu-802.11n kububanzi besiteshi esingu-20 MHz.
Ulayini wesi-2 isikhathi esichithwa kudluliswa iphakethe elifanayo ngedivayisi enefomula yothi olufanayo, kodwa kakade usebenza ngokwezinga elingu-802.11ac esiteshini esingu-80 MHz.
Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu - isikhathi somoya esiphindwe kane "sesonakaliwe", ukushintshwa okuphezulu kuye kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukusuka ku-64QAM kuya ku-256QAM, isivinini sesiteshi siphezulu IZITHUPHA izikhathi (433 Mb / s esikhundleni se-72 Mb / s), kodwa okungenani i-25% yesikhathi somoya yatholwa?
Ukuhambisana nezimiso ezimbili ze-802.11, uyakhumbula?
Hhayi-ke, singakulungisa kanjani ukungabi nabulungiswa nokumosha okunjalo - siyazibuza, njengoba wonke amaqembu asebenzayo e-IEEE aqala ukwakha izinga mhlawumbe azibuza? Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezinengqondo eziza engqondweni:
- Sheshisa ukudluliswa kwedatha esiqeshini "esiluhlaza" segrafu. Lokhu kwenziwa lapho izinga ngalinye likhishwa, ngoba izinombolo ezinkulu zibukeka kahle emabhokisini. Ngokwenza, njengoba sisanda kuqaphela, kunikeza ukwanda okulinganiselwe - ngisho noma sisheshisa isivinini sesiteshi kumagigabhithi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu nge-nanosecond, zonke ezinye izingxenye zegrafu ngeke zihambe. Kungakho ngincoma ukuthi kuzo zonke izindaba ezimayelana nawo wonke amazinga amasha we-802.11, weqe izigaba ezikhuluma ngamamegabhithi ngomzuzwana.
- Sheshisa zonke ezinye izingxenye zegrafu. Ngempela, uma okungenani siphinda kabili isivinini lapho yonke into "engeyona eluhlaza" isakazwa khona (kahle, noma "okungeyona eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", uma usabheka isithombe sangaphambilini), khona-ke sizothola okungaphansi kuka-50. % ukwanda kokuphuma kwangempela - nokho, ngokulahlekelwa ukusebenzisana namadivayisi kanye nenani lamanye ama-nuances ozofunda ngawo uma uyolungiselela ukuhlolwa kwesihloko esiziqhenyayo se-CWNA :) Spoiler: ngeke ukwazi njalo yenza lokhu, ngemva kokucabanga kanzima nokuqonda ukuthi kuzoholela kuphi. Eqinisweni, lokhu kuwukwephula omunye wezimiso ezimbili ze-802.11, ngakho-ke udinga ukuqaphela kakhulu ngakho!
- Hlanganisa amafreyimu amaningana afana nalokhu nezingxenye eziluhlaza ndawonye. Uma ingxenye eluhlaza, kuphumelela kakhulu ukwanda kwesivinini sesiteshi. Yebo, leli isu elisebenza ngokuphelele, elivele emuva ngo-802.11n futhi lingelinye lamatshe ekhona amaningana emvelo yalo yokuguquguquka. Inkinga kuphela ukuthi, okokuqala, inani lezinhlelo zokusebenza alizange likunikeze ukunemba mayelana nokuhlanganisa okunjalo (isibonelo, lelo zwi elifanayo elomele igazi nge-Wi-Fi), okwesibili, inani lamadivayisi nalo alizange likunikeze lokho. (ngandlela thize nginqume ukuyibamba nakuba Bekuzoba namafreyimu anjalo ahlanganisiwe kunethiwekhi yangempela yenkampani engiyisebenzelayo, kodwa kumafreyimu "acoshiwe" angu-500k, bekunamafreyimu ahlanganisiwe aziro. Okungenzeka ukuthi, inkinga iwukuthi endleleni yami yokuqoqa idatha, kodwa ngilungele ukuxoxa ngakho nanoma ubani noma kuphi. ngesinye isikhathi engxoxweni yomuntu siqu!).
- Yephula umthetho wokuqala kwemibili ka-802.11 ngokuqala ukukhuluma lapho omunye umuntu ekhuluma. Futhi kulapho i-802.11ax isiza khona.
Kuhle ukuthi ekugcineni ngifinyelele ku-Wi-Fi 6 ngokwayo endabeni yami mayelana ne-Wi-Fi 6! Uma usafunda lokhu, kufanele wenze ngesizathu esithile noma unentshisekelo ngempela. Ngakho-ke, nakuba i-802.11ax izuza njengefa ingxenye enkulu yentuthuko yangaphambilini yawo wonke umndeni we-802.11 (futhi hhayi kuphela, ngendlela - ezinye izinto ezipholile zivele ku-802.16, aka WiMAX), okuthile okukuyo kusekusha futhi kwangempela. Ngokuvamile lawa magama ahambisana nesithombe esifana nalesi, esitholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-Wi-Fi Alliance:
Njengoba ngenza ukubhuka kusukela ekuqaleni, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesihloko esisodwa esifundekayo sizokwazi ukucabangela iphuzu elilodwa kuphela kulawa ayisihluthulelo, noma kunalokho, alikho kulawo aboniswe esithombeni (yeka isimangaliso!). Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi usuzifundile izincazelo ezisheshayo eziyisigidi zalezi zakhi eziyisishiyagalombili ezibalulekile, kodwa ngizoqhubeka nendaba yami ende ekhathazayo mayelana nokulandelayo okuvela ku-OFDMA - ukulawula ukufinyelela kwemidiya eminingi (MU-access control), okuthi, siyabona, angizange ngithole i-infographic nhlobo. Kodwa kuyize ngokuphelele!
Ukufinyelela okuningi kuyinto engenawo nhlobo ukuhlukanisa isiteshi sibe abathwali abangaphansi. Kungani uzama ukubheka izingcezu ezihlukene ze-spectrum uma ingekho indlela engaphoqa amaklayenti enethiwekhi entsha ye-Wi-Fi 6 ukuthi ephule omunye wemithetho enganyakaziswa kuze kube manje futhi aqale ukukhuluma ngesikhathi esifanayo? Futhi, kunjalo, indlela enjalo bekufanele ivele - futhi yehlise umthelela wenkinga "ende" uma iqhathaniswa nedatha yobunikazi bobunikazi. Kanjani? Yebo, kulula kakhulu: vumela ingxenye yesevisi "ehamba kancane" ithunyelwe ngendlela efanayo nangaphambili, kodwa sizothumela ingxenye "esheshayo", lapho idatha ithunyelwa khona ngokuqondile, ngasikhathi sinye kusuka kumadivayisi ambalwa (noma ambalwa) umyalo! Kubukeka kanjena:
Kubukeka kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa empeleni kulula ukuyichaza: indawo yokufinyelela, usebenzisa ifreyimu ekhethekile eqondakala kubo bonke (hhayi ngisho ne-Wi-Fi 6!), ibika ukuthi isilungele ukudlulisa idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-STA1 futhi I-STA2. Njengoba "isihloko" salolu hlaka siqondakala ngokuphelele ngisho nakumakhasimende amadala kakhulu, benza isiphetho esifanele sokuthi ama-airwaves azoba matasa ngesikhathi esithile edlulisela ulwazi kwamanye amaklayenti enethiwekhi, futhi aqale ukubala isikhathi kuze kube sekupheleni. yalesi sikhathi (eqinisweni, njengenjwayelo ku-Wi-Fi). Kodwa amadivaysi i-STA1 kanye ne-STA2 ayaqonda ukuthi manje idatha izodluliselwa kubo ngendlela entsha, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngayinye ngocezu lwabo lwesiteshi, futhi basabela endaweni yokufinyelela ngesikhathi esifanayo, bese futhi beqinisekisa ngokuhambisana ifreyimu (ngalinye linengxenye yalo yedatha!), futhi imvelo iyakhululwa futhi. "Phansi-phezulu" isebenza ngendlela efanayo:
Umehluko omkhulu nohlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuthi indawo yokufinyelela kulesi simo itshela iziteshi ezingakhuluma ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ziqale nini ukudlulisa, zisebenzisa ifremu ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Trigger. Lokhu, empeleni, "i-trigger" entsha yayo yonke indlela yokufinyelela okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-medium, okungukuthi, ngokombono wami othobekile, enye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu "ngaphansi kwe-hood" yezinga elisha. Kukuyo lapho amaklayenti ethola khona “ishejuli” yokuthi angahlukaniswa kanjani ishaneli eyodwa yamafrikhwensi phakathi kwawo; kulapha lapho amaklayenti ngesikhathi esisodwa azisa indawo yokufinyelela ukuthi athole izingxenye zawo zedatha futhi akwazi ukuzihlaziya. Kuyo, indawo yokufinyelela yazisa wonke umuntu ongakwazi "ukukhuluma" ngesikhathi esifanayo mayelana nokuqala kokudluliswa kwedatha - kuyo, indawo yokufinyelela iqala ukuyithumela idatha edingekayo. Indlela entsha yohlaka lwe-Trigger, empeleni, ikuvumela ukuthi unciphise ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwe-airtime - futhi ngempumelelo njengoba amakhasimende amaningi engayisebenzisa futhi ayibone ngendlela efanele!
Manje ake sakhe imiqondo eyinhloko elandelayo kusukela kuyo yonke le ndaba ende futhi sifanelekele i-TL;DR:
- Izindawo zokufinyelela zezinga elisha le-802.11ax, ngisho nokuthembela kokukodwa kokuqanjwa okusha, kuzoqala ukukhulisa inani eliphelele lokuphuma kwayo yonke inethiwekhi kakade okwesibili idivayisi yeklayenti ehambisanayo! Ngokushesha nje lapho kukhona okungenani amaklayenti amabili akwazi ukukhuluma ngesikhathi esisodwa, ke, zonke ezinye izinto ziyalingana (anginasizathu sokucabanga ukuthi abashayeli bamamojula omsakazo weklayenti bazobhalwa kangcono kunangaphambili, okusho ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izingxenye “eziwusizo” zozimele, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi encike kumakhasimende ngeke isebenze “ngokwesilinganiso ezu”) ZIZOSELE zikhulise isilinganiso sokusebenza. Ngakho-ke uma ucabanga ngenethiwekhi entsha ye-Wi-Fi, kunengqondo ukucabangela ngokushesha izindawo zokufinyelela ezintsha nezingcono kakhulu, ngoba noma ngabe kusenamaklayenti ambalwa kubo manje, isimo ngeke sihlale ngale ndlela isikhathi eside.
- Wonke amaqhinga namaqhinga aku-arsenal kanjiniyela omuhle ongenazintambo namuhla azohlala esebenza isikhathi eside - yize umshini wokufinyelela ophakathi ubuyekeziwe, wephula izimiso zegumbi elithathe iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-20, usaqhubeka. ukuhambisana phambili. Usadinga ukunqamula amanani okuphatha "ahamba kancane" (futhi usadinga ukuqonda ukuthi kungani futhi nini), kusadingeka uhlele ungqimba olungokoqobo, ngoba akukho mshini ezingeni lokuxhumanisa idatha ozosebenza uma kunezinkinga emzimbeni. izinga. Kwavela ithuba lokwenza kungcono kakhulu.
- Cishe zonke izinqumo ku-Wi-Fi 6 zenziwa indawo yokufinyelela. Njengoba sibona, ilawula ukufinyelela kwekhasimende endaweni ngokuhlanganisa amadivayisi abe “izikhathi” zokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuqhubekela phambili kancane ohlangothini, umsebenzi we-TWT nawo uphelele emahlombe ephoyinti lokufinyelela. Manje i-AP akumele nje "isakaze inethiwekhi" futhi igcine ithrafikhi emigqeni, kodwa futhi igcine amarekhodi awo wonke amaklayenti, ihlela indlela yokuwahlanganisa ngokunenzuzo komunye nomunye ngokusekelwe kumkhawulokudonsa kanye nezidingo zethrafikhi, amabhethri abo nokunye okuningi. . — Le nqubo ngiyibiza ngokuthi “i-orchestration.” Ama-algorithms lapho indawo yokufinyelela izokwenza zonke lezi zinqumo awalawulwa, okusho ukuthi ikhwalithi yangempela nendlela yesakhiwo yabakhiqizi izobonakala ngokunembile ekuthuthukisweni kwama-algorithms e-orchestration. Lapho amaphuzu ebikezela ngokunembe kakhudlwana izidingo zamaklayenti, kulapho azokwazi khona kangcono futhi ngokufanayo ukuwahlanganisa abe amaqembu amaningi okufinyelela - ngakho-ke, lapho izinsiza ze-airtime zizosetshenziswa ngokunengqondo futhi kuyanda nomphumela wokugcina waleyo ndawo yokufinyelela. ngizo. I-algorithm ingumngcele wokugcina!
- Ushintsho olusuka ku-Wi-Fi 5 ukuya ku-Wi-Fi 6 luwuguquko ngokwemvelo nokubaluleka njengoshintsho olusuka ku-802.11g ukuya ku-802.11n. Sabe sesithola ukuhlanganisa okuxutshwa okuningi kanye “nomthwalo wokukhokha” - manje sithola ukufinyelela kanyekanye kokuphakathi futhi ekugcineni sisebenze i-MU-MIMO ne-Beamforming (okokuqala, njengoba sazi, lezi zicishe zifane; okwesibili, ingxoxo ethi “ kungani i-MU- I-MIMO yasungulwa ngo-802.11ac, kodwa ayikwazanga ukwenziwa ukuthi isebenze” yisihloko sendatshana ende ehlukile :) Kokubili i-802.11n ne-Wi-Fi 6 isebenza kuwo womabili amabhendi (2,4 GHz kanye ne-5 GHz), ngokungafani nabanduleli bayo "abaphakathi" - ngempela, "isithupha yisine esisha"!
Okuncane mayelana nemvelaphi yalesi sihloko
I-athikili ibhalelwe umncintiswano ophethwe yi-Huawei (eyashicilelwa ekuqaleni ). Lapho ngibhala, ngangithembele kakhulu embikweni wami siqu engqungqutheleni ethi "Bezprovodov", eyayibanjwe ngo-2019 eSt. Petersburg (ungabuka ukuqoshwa kwenkulumo , khumbula nje - umsindo lapho, ukukhuluma ngokungananazi, awumkhulu, naphezu komsuka wevidiyo yaseSt. Petersburg!).
Source: www.habr.com