Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu ekhulwini elidlule, umsunguli we-slat, u-Gustav Lachmann, uhlongoze ukuhlomisa abangenamsila ngephiko elintantayo elikhululekile elibekwe phambi kwephiko. Lolu phiko lwalufakwe i-servo-rudder, ngosizo lwalo amandla alo okuphakamisa alawulwa. Isebenze ukunxephezela isikhathi esengeziwe sokuntywila esiphikweni esenzeka lapho i-flap ikhululwa. Njengoba uLachmann eyisisebenzi senkampani ye-Handley-Page, wayengumnikazi welungelo lobunikazi lalesi sixazululo sezobuchwepheshe futhi ngaphansi kwalolu phawu umqondo ushiwo ezincwadini zobuchwepheshe. Kodwa namanje akukho ukuqaliswa okusebenzayo kwalo mbono! Siyini isizathu?
Ukulinganisa ukulahlekelwa
Iphiko lendiza, elidala i-lift, linomkhiqizo ohambisanayo, omunye angase athi, ongemuhle ngendlela yesikhathi sokutshuza ovame ukufaka indiza ekutshuzeni. Ukuze uvimbele indiza ukuthi ingatshuzi, kukhona iphiko elincane emsilani walo - i-stabilizer, evimbela lokhu ku-dive, ukudala phansi, okungukuthi, okungalungile, amandla okuphakamisa. Lokhu kumiswa kwe-aerodynamic yendiza kubizwa ngokuthi "okuvamile". Ngenxa yokuthi i-stabilizer iphakamisa amandla, ingeza amandla adonsela phansi endiza, futhi iphiko kufanele libe nokuphakama okukhulu kunokwe-gravity.
Umehluko phakathi kwalawa mandla ubizwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa kokulinganisa, okungafinyelela ku-20%.
Kodwa indiza yokuqala endizayo ye-Wright Brothers ayizange ibe nokulahlekelwa okunjalo, ngoba iphiko elincane - i-destabilizer elivimbela ukudonsa - alizange libekwe ngemuva kwephiko, kodwa phambi kwalo. Lo mklamo we-aerodynamic wendiza ubizwa ngokuthi "i-canard". Futhi ukuze kuvinjwe indiza ukuba ingatshuzi, into eqeda ukuqina kufanele idale amandla abheke phezulu, okungukuthi, amandla aphakamisayo. Yengezwa ekuphakameni kwephiko, futhi lesi samba silingana namandla adonsela phansi endizeni. Ngenxa yalokho, uphiko kumelwe lukhiqize amandla okuphakamisa angaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi. Futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa kokulinganisa!
I-Stabilizer ne-destabilizer ihlanganiswa ibe yithemu eyodwa - umsila ovundlile noma i-GO.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kokusuka kanye nemishini yokumisa amaphiko ekuqaleni kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka edlule, "idada" lalahlekelwa yile nzuzo. Isici esiyinhloko semishini i-flap - ingxenye engemuva yephiko ephambukiselwe phansi. Cishe iphinda kabili amandla okuphakamisa iphiko, ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukunciphisa isivinini ngesikhathi sokufika nokusuka, ngaleyo ndlela wonge isisindo se-chassis. Kodwa umkhiqizo owenziwe ngendlela ye-dive mzuzu lapho i-flap ikhishwa iyanda kangangokuthi i-destabilizer ayikwazi ukubhekana nayo, kodwa i-stabilizer ayikwazi ukubhekana nayo. Ukuqhekeka akwakhi, kulokhu amandla amahle.
Ukuze iphiko lidale i-lift, kufanele liqondiswe nge-engeli ekuqondeni kokugeleza komoya ozayo. Le angle ibizwa ngokuthi i-angle yokuhlasela futhi njengoba ikhula, amandla okuphakamisa nawo ayanda, kodwa hhayi ngokungapheli, kodwa kuze kufike ku-angle ebalulekile, esukela ku-15 kuya ku-25 degrees. Ngakho-ke, amandla aphelele e-aerodynamic awaqondiswe phezulu ngokuqinile, kodwa athambekele ngasemsileni wendiza. Futhi ingahlukaniswa ibe ingxenye eqondiswe phezulu ngokuqinile - amandla okuphakamisa, futhi iqondiswe emuva - amandla okudonsa emoyeni. Isilinganiso se-lift kuya ku-drag force sisetshenziswa ukwahlulela ikhwalithi ye-aerodynamic yendiza, engasukela ku-7 kuya ku-25.
Isenzeko esisebenzela uhlelo olujwayelekile i-bevel yokugeleza komoya ngemuva kwephiko, elihlanganisa ukuchezuka okuya phansi kwesiqondiso sokugeleza, kukhulu ukuphakanyiswa kwephiko. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-flap ichezukiswa, ngenxa ye-aerodynamics, i-engeli yangempela engalungile yokuhlasela kwesizinzisi iyanda ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amandla ayo okuphakamisa angalungile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esinjalo njengokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-longitudinal yendiza yendiza futhi isebenza ngokuvuna uhlelo "oluvamile" oluqhathaniswa ne "canard". I-engeli yokuhlasela yendiza ingaba nezinguquko ngenxa yokunyakaza okuma mpo kwenqwaba yomoya. Izindiza ziklanywe zinalesi simo engqondweni futhi zilwela ukumelana neziphazamiso. Indawo ngayinye yendiza inokugxila kwe-aerodynamic - iphoyinti lokusetshenziswa kokukhuphuka kokuphakanyiswa lapho i-engeli yokuhlasela ishintsha. Uma sicabangela umphumela wokwenyuka kwephiko kanye ne-GO, khona-ke indiza nayo inokugxila. Uma ukugxila kwendiza kungemuva kwesikhungo sesisindo, ngakho-ke ngokunyuka okungahleliwe kwe-engeli yokuhlasela, ukukhuphuka kokukhuphuka kuvame ukutshekisa indiza ukuze i-engeli yokuhlasela yehle. Futhi indiza ibuyela kumodi yayo yendiza yangaphambilini. Kulokhu, ekucushweni "okuvamile", iphiko lidala umzuzu ophazamisayo (ukwandisa i-angle yokuhlasela), futhi i-stabilizer idala umzuzu wokuzinza (ukunciphisa i-angle yokuhlasela), kanti lesi sakamuva sinqoba cishe ngo-10%. . E-canard, umzuzu ophazamisayo udalwa yi-destabilizer, futhi umzuzu wokuzinza, ongaba ngu-10% omkhulu, udalwa yiphiko. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwendawo kanye nehlombe lomsila ovundlile kuholela ekwandeni kokuzinza ekwakhiweni okujwayelekile nokuncipha kwayo "ku-canard". Zonke izikhathi zisebenza futhi zibalwa ngokuhlobene nendawo yesisindo sendiza (bheka umfanekiso 1).
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Uma ukugxila kwendiza kungaphambi kwesikhungo sobuningi, ngakho-ke ngokunyuka okuncane okungahleliwe kwe-engeli yokuhlasela kukhuphuka nakakhulu futhi indiza izoba nokungazinzi ngokwezibalo. Lesi simo esihlobene sokugxila kanye nesikhungo sesisindo sisetshenziswa kuma-fighters esimanje ukulayisha isizinzi futhi singatholi i-negative, kodwa ukuphakamisa okuhle kuso. Futhi ukundiza kwendiza akuqinisekiswa yi-aerodynamics, kodwa ngohlelo lokuzinza lokuzenzela oluphindwe kane oluphindwe kane, “eliqondisa” lapho indiza isuka endaweni edingekayo yokuhlasela. Lapho i-automation icishiwe, indiza iqala ukujika umsila kuqala, lokhu yilokho okusekelwe kumfanekiso we-"Pugachev's Cobra", lapho umshayeli evala khona ngamabomu i-automation futhi, lapho i-angle yokujikeleza komsila edingekayo ifinyelelwa, ivutha umlilo. rocket ungene endaweni engemuva, bese ivula i-automation futhi.
Ngokulandelayo, sibheka izindiza ezizinzile kuphela, ngoba izindiza ezinjalo kuphela ezingasetshenziswa ekundizeni kwabantu.
Ukuma okuhlobene kokugxila kwendiza kanye nendawo emaphakathi yesisindo kuveza umqondo “wokubeka phakathi nendawo.”
Njengoba ukugxila kungemuva kwesikhungo sesisindo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi iphethini, ibanga eliphakathi kwazo, elibizwa ngokuthi i-stability margin, linyusa ingalo ye-GO kuphethini evamile futhi liyehlisa “ku-canadi”.
Isilinganiso sezingalo zamaphiko kuya ku-canard njengokuthi amandla okuphakamisa i-destabilizer ekuphambukeni okuphezulu kwamakheshi asetshenziswa ngokuphelele lapho indiza ilethwa ema-engeli aphezulu okuhlasela. Futhi izophuthelwa lapho ama-flap ekhululwa. Ngakho-ke, wonke "amadada" womklami odumile waseMelika uRutan akanawo imishini. Indiza yakhe i-Voyager yaba ngeyokuqala emhlabeni ukundiza emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokuhlala nokufaka uphethiloli ngo-1986.
Okuhlukile yi-Beechcraft Starship, kodwa lapho, ngenhloso yokusebenzisa ama-flaps, umklamo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu onejiyomethri eguquguqukayo eguquguqukayo, engakwazi ukulethwa esimweni sokukhiqiza kabusha, yingakho iphrojekthi yavalwa.
Ingalo ephiko ngokuyinhloko incike ekutheni amandla okuphakamisa okokuqeda amandla akhuphuka kangakanani lapho i-engeli yayo yokuhlasela inyuka ngedigri eyodwa; le pharamitha ibizwa ngokuthi i-derivative ngokuphathelene ne-engeli yokuhlasela ye-coefficient yokuphakamisa noma nje okuphuma kokuphuma ku-destabilizer. Futhi, okuncane kwalokhu okuphumayo, eduze kwephiko isikhungo sobuningi bendiza singabekwa, ngakho-ke, ingalo yamaphiko izoba yincane. Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu okuphumayo, umbhali ngo-1992 uhlongoze ukuthi kusetshenziswe i-destabilizer ngokohlelo lwe-biplane (2). Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa ihlombe lephiko kangangokuthi liqeda isithiyo sokusebenzisa i-flap kuso. Kodwa-ke, umphumela ohlangothini uvela ngendlela yokwanda kokumelana kwe-GO ngenxa ye-biplane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inkinga ekwakhiweni kwendiza, njengoba kudingekile ukukhiqiza ama-GO amabili, hhayi eyodwa.
Ozakwethu baveze ukuthi isici esithi "i-biplane destabilizer" sasikhona endizeni ye-Wright Brothers, kodwa ekusungulweni akuyona nje into entsha enelungelo lobunikazi, kodwa futhi nesethi entsha yezici. AbakwaWright babengenaso isici esithi "flap". Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isethi yezici zokusungulwa okusha kwaziwa, ukuze lokhu okusunguliwe kubonakale, okungenani isici esisodwa kufanele sisetshenziselwe izinjongo ezintsha. AbakwaWrights basebenzisa i-biplane ukunciphisa isisindo sesakhiwo, futhi ekusungulweni okuchazwe - ukunciphisa okuphumayo.
"Idada le-Weathervane"
Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, sakhumbula umqondo “wedada” okukhulunywe ngalo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko.
Isebenzisa i-weather vane horizontal tail (FGO) njengesisusa ukuqina, esihlanganisa isisusa-zinzisi ngokwaso, esibekwe ngokuncike ku-axis perpendicular to fuselage, futhi sixhunywe ku-destabilizer ye-servo rudder. Uhlobo lwendiza lomklamo ojwayelekile, lapho uphiko lwendiza luyi-FGO esusa ukuqina, futhi isibambisi sendiza siyi-servo ye-FGO. Futhi le ndiza ayindizi, kodwa ibekwe eksisi, futhi yona ngokwayo iqondiswe ngokuhlobene nokugeleza okuzayo. Ngokushintsha i-engeli engalungile yokuhlaselwa kwesiteringi se-servo, sishintsha i-engeli yokuhlasela kwesisusa ukuqina ngokuhambisana nokugeleza futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amandla okuphakamisa i-FGO ngesikhathi sokulawula iphimbo.
Lapho isikhundla sesondo lokuqondisa i-servo sihlala singashintshiwe ngokuhlobene ne-destabilizer, i-FGO ayiphenduli ekuqhumeni komoya oqondile, i.e. ukushintsha i-angle yendiza yokuhlasela. Ngakho-ke i-derivative yayo inguziro. Ngokusekelwe ezingxoxweni zethu zangaphambilini, lena inketho efanelekile.
Lapho kuhlolwa indiza yokuqala yomklamo “we-vane canard” oklanywe u-A. Yurkonenko (3) nge-FGO elayishwe ngempumelelo, kwenziwa izindlela ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili eziyimpumelelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwatholakala izimpawu ezicacile zokungazinzi kwezindiza (4).
"Super Resilience"
Nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyindida, ukungazinzi kwe-"vane duck" kuwumphumela "wokuzinza okukhulu". Isikhathi sokuzinzisa se-canard yakudala ene-GO engaguquki kwakheka kusukela esikhathini sokuzinza sophiko kanye nesikhathi sokunyakazisa i-GO ilwisana nalo. Edadani elinesimo sezulu, i-FGO ayihlanganyeli ekwakhiweni komzuzu wokuzinza, futhi yakhiwe kuphela kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzinza kwephiko. Ngakho-ke, umzuzu wokuzinzisa we "vane duck" ucishe ube mkhulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kunalowo wakudala. Uma i-angle yokuhlasela ikhuphuka ngengozi, indiza, ngaphansi kwethonya lomzuzu wokuzinza ngokweqile wephiko, ayibuyeli kumodi yayo yangaphambilini, kodwa "iyayidlula". Ngemuva kokuthi "i-overshoot," indiza ithola i-angle encishisiwe yokuhlasela uma iqhathaniswa nemodi yangaphambilini, ngakho-ke umzuzu wokuzinza wesibonakaliso esihlukile uvela, futhi ngokweqile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvela ama-self-oscillations, lapho umshayeli engakwazi ukucisha.
Esinye sezimo zokuzinza yikhono lendiza ukuqeda imiphumela yokuphazamiseka komkhathi. Ngakho-ke, uma kungekho iziphazamiso, ukundiza okwanelisayo kwendiza engazinzile kungenzeka. Lokhu kuchaza izindlela eziphumelelayo zendiza ye-YuAN-1. Ebusheni bami obukude, umbhali waba necala lapho imodeli entsha yendiza indiza kusihlwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezolile okungenani imizuzu engama-45, ikhombisa izindiza ezanelisa kakhulu futhi ikhombisa ukungazinzi okukhulu - ukugxuma kushintshwa nokutshuza endizeni yokuqala kunomoya. isimo sezulu. Uma nje isimo sezulu sisazolile futhi zingekho iziphazamiso, isindiza sasibonisa ukundiza ngendlela egculisayo, kodwa ukulungiswa kwayo kwakungazinzile. Besingekho nje isizathu sokukhombisa lokhu kungazinzi.
I-CSF echaziwe, empeleni, ingasetshenziswa “kwidada-mbumbulu”. Indiza enjalo empeleni iwumklamo “ongenamsila” futhi inokuma kwayo ngendlela efanele. Futhi i-FGO yakhe isetshenziselwa kuphela ukunxephezela umzuzu owengeziwe wokuntywila wephiko elenzeka lapho kukhishwa imishini. Ekucushweni kokuhamba ngomkhumbi awukho umthwalo ku-FGO. Ngakho-ke, i-FGO empeleni ayisebenzi kumodi yendiza yokusebenza eyinhloko, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulokhu kufanekiswa akukhiqizi.
"KRASNOV-DUCK"
“Ukuzinza ngokweqile” kungaqedwa ngokwandisa okuphuma ku-CSF ukusuka kuqanda kuye ezingeni elamukelekayo. Lo mgomo ufinyelelwa ngenxa yokuthi i-engeli yokuzungeza ye-FGO ingaphansi kakhulu kune-engeli yokuzungezisa ye-servo rudder okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-engeli yokuhlasela kwendiza (5). Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa indlela elula kakhulu, eboniswe ku-Fig. 2. I-FGO 1 nesiteringi se-servo 3 kuncike ku-axis OO1. Izinduku 4 no-6, ngamahinji angu-5,7, 9,10, zixhuma i-FGO 1 nesiteringi se-servo 3 ne-rocker 8. I-Clutch 12 isebenzela ukushintsha ubude benduku yesi-6 ngomshayeli ngenjongo yokulawula iphimbo. Ukujikeleza kwe-FGO 1 akwenziwa nge-angle yonke yokuphambuka kwesondo lokuqondisa i-servo 3 ngokuhlobene nendiza lapho isiqondiso sokugeleza okuzayo sishintsha, kodwa kuphela ngengxenye yalo elinganiselwe. Uma isilinganiso silingana nesigamu, khona-ke ngaphansi kwesenzo sokugeleza okuya phezulu, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-angle yokuhlaselwa kwendiza ngama-degree angu-2, i-angle yangempela yokuhlasela ye-FGO izokhula nge-degree engu-1 kuphela. Ngokufanelekile, okuphuma kokunye kwe-FGO kuzoba kuncane ngokuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GO egxilile. Imigqa enedeshi ikhombisa indawo ye-FGO 1 kanye ne-servo rudder 3 ngemva kokushintsha i-engeli yokuhlasela kwendiza. Ukushintsha ingxenye futhi, ngalokho, ukunquma inani lokuphuma kokunye kungafezwa kalula ngokukhetha amabanga afanele amahinji 5 kanye no-7 ku-eksisi OO1.
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Ukwehliswa kokuphuma kokuphuma kwe-GO ngenxa yokuphapha kukuvumela ukuthi ubeke ukugxila kunoma iyiphi imikhawulo, futhi ngemuva kwayo isikhungo sesisindo sendiza. Lona umqondo wokungahambi kahle kwe-aerodynamic. Ngakho-ke, yonke imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yamaphiko yesimanje ekucushweni kwe-canard iyasuswa ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza okumile.
"KRASNOV-FLUGER"
Konke kuhamba kahle! Kodwa kukhona ukuhlehla. Ukuze amandla okuphakamisa amahle enzeka ku-FGO 1, amandla okuphakamisa okunegethivu kufanele asebenze esiteringini se-servo 3. Isifaniso yisakhiwo esivamile sendiza. Okusho ukuthi, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kokulinganisa, kulokhu ukulinganisa kwe-CSF. Ngakho-ke indlela yokuqeda le nkinga uhlelo "lwedada". Sibeka isondo lokuqondisa i-servo phambi kwe-FGO, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3.
I-FGO isebenza kanje (6). Njengomphumela wesenzo samandla we-aerodynamic ku-FGO 1 kanye nesondo lokuqondisa le-servo 4, i-FGO 1 ifakwe ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni ethile yokuhlasela ekuqondeni kokugeleza okuzayo. Ama-engeli okuhlasela kwe-FGO 1 kanye ne-servo rudder 4 anophawu olufanayo, ngakho-ke, amandla okuphakamisa lezi zindawo azoba nesiqondiso esifanayo. Okusho ukuthi, amandla we-aerodynamic we-servo rudder 4 awanciphisi, kodwa andisa amandla okuphakamisa i-FGO 1. Ukwandisa i-angle yokuhlasela kwendiza, umshayeli wendiza ushintsha i-thrust 6 phambili, ngenxa yalokho i-servo. iphinikhodi 4 kuhinge 5 izungeza ngokwewashi futhi i-engeli yokuhlasela ye-servo rudder 4 iyanda. Lokhu kuholela ekwenyukeni kwe-angle yokuhlasela kwe-FGO 1, okungukuthi ekwenyukeni kwamandla ayo okuphakamisa.
Ngokungeziwe ekulawuleni iphimbo, ukuxhuma okwenziwa yi-thrust 7 kuqinisekisa ukunyuka ukusuka ku-zero kuye kunani elidingekayo lokuphuma kokunye kwe-FGO.
Ake sicabange ukuthi indiza ingene ku-updraft futhi i-angle yayo yokuhlasela yanda. Kulesi simo, i-beam 2 izungeza ngokuphambene newashi futhi amahinge 9 kanye no-8, lapho ingekho i-traction 7, kuzodingeka isondelane ndawonye. I-Rod 7 ivimbela ukusondela futhi iphendulela isondo lokuqondisa i-servo 4 ngokwewashi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise i-angle yayo yokuhlasela.
Ngakho-ke, lapho isiqondiso sokugeleza okuzayo sishintsha, i-angle yokuhlasela yesiteringi se-servo 4 iyashintsha, futhi i-FGO 1 ibeka ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni ehlukile ehlobene nokugeleza futhi idale amandla okuphakamisa ahlukile. Kulokhu, inani lalokhu okuphuma kokunye lincike ebangeni eliphakathi kwamahinji 8 no-3, kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwamahinji 9 no-5.
I-FGO ehlongozwayo ihlolwe kumodeli yentambo kagesi yesekethe “yedada,” kanti okuphuma kuyo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GO egxilile kwehliswe ngohhafu. Umthwalo ku-FGO ubungama-68% walowo wophiko. Umgomo wokuhlolwa kwakungekona ukuthola imithwalo elinganayo, kodwa ukuthola ngokunembile umthwalo ophansi we-FGO uma kuqhathaniswa nophiko, ngoba uma uwuthola, ngeke kube nzima ukuthola alinganayo. "Emadada" ane-GO engaguquki, ukulayishwa kwe-empennage kuvame ukuphakama ngo-20 - 30% kunokulayisha kwephiko.
"Indiza Enhle"
Uma isamba sezinombolo ezimbili siyinani elingaguquki, isamba sezikwele zazo sizoba sincane kakhulu uma lezi zinombolo zilingana. Njengoba ukuhudulwa kwe-inductive kwendawo yokuphakamisa ilingana nesikwele se-coefficient yayo yokuphakamisa, umkhawulo ophansi kakhulu wokuhudulwa kwendiza uzoba esimweni lapho la ma-coefficients azo zombili izindawo zokuphakamisa elingana ngesikhathi sohambo lwendiza. Indiza enjalo kufanele kubhekwe "ekahle". Izinto ezisunguliwe "Krasnov-duck" kanye "ne-Krasnov-weather vane" kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqaphela ngokoqobo umqondo "wendiza ekahle" ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukugcina ukuzinza ngokwenziwa kwezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo.
Ukuqhathaniswa "kwendiza ekahle" nendiza yesimanje yomklamo ojwayelekile kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola inzuzo engama-33% emthwalweni wokuthengisa kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo wonga u-23% kuphethiloli.
I-FGO idala ukuphakama okuphezulu kuma-engeli okuhlasela eduze nokubucayi, futhi le modi ijwayelekile esigabeni sokuma sendiza. Kulesi simo, ukugeleza kwezinhlayiya zomoya ezizungeze indawo ethwala umthwalo kuseduze nomngcele phakathi kokujwayelekile kanye ne-stall. Ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza okuvela ebusweni be-GO kuhambisana nokulahlekelwa okubukhali kokuphakanyiswa kuyo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla okukhulu kwekhala lendiza, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “iphimbo.” Icala elithi "peck" inhlekelele ka-Tu-144 e-Le Bourget, ngenkathi liwa lapho liphuma e-dive ngemva nje kokutshuza. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CSF ehlongozwayo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxazulula le nkinga kalula. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka kuphela ukunciphisa i-angle yokujikeleza kwe-servo steering ehlobene ne-FGO. Kulokhu, i-angle yangempela yokuhlaselwa kwe-FGO izoba nomkhawulo futhi ayisoze yalingana nebalulekile.
"I-Weathervane stabilizer"
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Umbuzo wokusebenzisa i-FGO ohlelweni olujwayelekile uyathakazelisa. Uma unganciphisi, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwandisa i-angle yokujikeleza kwe-FGO uma kuqhathaniswa nesondo lokuqondisa le-servo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4, khona-ke okuphuma ku-FGO kuzoba phezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqiniswa okungaguquki (7).
Lokhu kuvumela ukugxila kwendiza kanye nesikhungo sesisindo ukuthi sishintshele emuva kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, umthwalo wokuhamba ngomkhumbi we-FGO stabilizer uba ungabi mubi, kodwa ube muhle. Ukwengeza, uma isikhungo sesisindo sendiza sigudluzwa ngaphezu kokugxilile ngasohlangothini lwe-angle yokuchezuka kwe-flap (iphuzu lokusetshenziswa kokukhuphuka kokukhuphuka ngenxa yokuchezuka kwe-flap), khona-ke isiqinisi sosiba sidala amandla okuphakamisa okuhle ekucushweni kokufika. .
Kodwa konke lokhu kungase kube yiqiniso inqobo nje uma singawubheki umthelela wokubhuleka nokugeleza kwe-bevel ukusuka endaweni yebheyili yangaphambili ukuya ngemuva. Kuyacaca ukuthi endabeni "yedada" indima yaleli thonya incane kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-stabilizer "ithwala" amasosha ezempi, kungani-ke izoyeka "ukuthwala" izindiza zomphakathi?
"Krasnov-plan" noma "pseudo-vane duck"
Ukukhwezwa okunamahenjisi kwesivimbi, nakuba kungenjalo kakhulu, kusakwenza ukwakheka kwendiza kube nzima. Kuvela ukuthi ukunciphisa i-destabilizer destabilizer kungafinyelelwa ngezindlela ezishibhile kakhulu.
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Emfanekisweni. Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa okokuqeda ukuqina kwendiza ehlongozwayo exhunywe ngokuqinile ku-fuselage (ayibonisiwe emdwebeni). Ifakwe indlela yokuguqula amandla ayo okuphakamisa ngendlela yesondo 1, okuthi, isebenzisa i-hinge 2, ifakwe kubakaki 3, ixhunywe ngokuqinile ku-destabilizer 4. Kubakaki ofanayo 1, usebenzisa i-hinge 4, kukhona induku engu-5, ekugcineni kwayo isondo elingemuva le-servo 6 linamathele ngokuqinile Ekupheleni kwenduku 7, eduze kwe-hinge 6, i-lever 5 igxilile ngokuqinile, ekugcineni kwayo ephezulu. exhunywe kwinduku engu-8 ngokusebenzisa ihinji 9. Ekupheleni kwenduku engu-10 kukhona ihinji engu-10 exhuma ku-lever 11 ye-trimmer 12 ye-elevator 13. Kulokhu, i-trimmer 2 ifakwe engxenyeni engemuva yesiteringi 13 isebenzisa i-hinge 14. I-Clutch 2 ishintsha ubude be-thrust 15 ngaphansi kokulawulwa umshayeli ukuze alawule iphimbo.
I-destabilizer eyethulwe isebenza kanje. Uma i-angle yokuhlasela yendiza ikhuphuka ngephutha, isibonelo, lapho ingena ku-updraft, isondo lokuqondisa i-servo 7 liphambukisa phezulu, okuhlanganisa ukushintshwa kwe-thrust 10 kwesokunxele, i.e. phambili futhi kuholela ekuphambukeni kwesilungisi 13 siye phansi, ngenxa yalokho ikheshi 2 iphambukiselwe phezulu. Isikhundla sesondo lokuqondisa 2, isondo lokuqondisa i-servo 7 kanye ne-trimmer 13 esimweni esichazwe sivezwa emdwebeni ngemigqa edayishiwe.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukunyuka kwamandla okuphakamisa okokuqeda ukuqina 1 ngenxa yokwenyuka kwe-engeli yokuhlasela kuzosuswa ngokwezinga elithile ukuchezuka okuya phezulu kwekheshi 2. Izinga lalokhu kulinganisa lincike esilinganisweni sama-engeli wokuphambuka kwesondo lokuqondisa le-servo 7 kanye nesondo lokuqondisa 2. Futhi lesi silinganiso sisethwe ubude bezintambo ezingu-8 no-12. Uma i-angle yokuhlasela iyancipha, i-elevator 2 ihlehliswa phansi, futhi amandla okuphakamisa i-destabilizer 1 akhuphuka, alinganise ukwehla kwe-angle yokuhlasela.
Ngale ndlela, ukwehla kokuphuma kwe-destabilizer kufinyelelwa uma kuqhathaniswa ne-classical "idada".
Ngenxa yokuthi isondo lokuqondisa i-servo 7 kanye ne-trimmer 13 lixhunywe ngokulinganayo komunye nomunye, bayalingana. Uma lokhu kulinganisa kunganele, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukufaka isisindo sokulinganisa ekwakhiweni, okumele kubekwe ngaphakathi kwesondo lokuqondisa i-servo 7 noma ekwandiseni induku 6 phambi kwehinge 5. Ikheshi 2 kumele futhi kube olinganiselayo.
Njengoba okuphuma kokunye ngokuphathelene ne-engeli yokuhlasela kwendawo ethwele cishe inkulu ngokuphindwe kabili njengokuphuma kokunye ngokuphathelene ne-engeli yokuchezuka kwe-flap, lapho-ke i-engeli yokuchezuka ye-rudder 2 iphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kune-engeli. yokuchezuka kweruda le-servo 7, kungenzeka ukuzuza inani lokuphuma kokunye kokuqeda ukuqina eduze noziro.
Iphini le-Servo 7 liyalingana ngendawo ukuze linqume 13 wephini elingu-2 ubude. Okusho ukuthi, izengezo ekwakhiweni kwendiza zincane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi zinzima ngokunganaki.
Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthola imiphumela efanayo ne-"vane canard" usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izindiza bendabuko kuphela. Ngakho-ke, indiza ene-destabilizer enjalo ingabizwa ngokuthi "i-pseudo-vane duck." Ilungelo lobunikazi latholwa kulokhu kusungulwa elinegama elithi “Krasnov-plan” (8).
"Indiza engasinaki isiyaluyalu"
Kutuseka kakhulu ukudizayina indiza lapho izindawo eziphakamisayo ngaphambili nangemuva zinokuphuma kokunye okulingana noziro.
Indiza enjalo cishe izokushaya indiva ngokuphelele ukugeleza okuma mpo kwesixuku somoya, futhi abagibeli bayo ngeke bazizwe “bexoxa” ngisho noma kunesiyaluyalu esikhulu emkhathini. Futhi, njengoba ukugeleza okuqondile kwenqwaba yomoya kungaholeli ekulayisheni ngokweqile kwendiza, kungabalwa ukuthi ibe nokugcwala okuphansi kakhulu kokusebenza, okuzoba nomthelela omuhle esisindweni sesakhiwo sayo. Ngenxa yokuthi indiza ayizwani nokugcwala ngokweqile ngesikhathi indiza, ifreyimu yayo yendiza ayinakho ukukhathala.
Ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwephiko lendiza enjalo kufinyelelwa ngendlela efanayo ne-destabilizer ku-"pseudo-vane canard". Kodwa i-servo ayisebenzi kuma-elevator, kodwa kuma-flaperons amaphiko. I-Flaperon iyingxenye yophiko olusebenza njenge-aileron ne-flap. Kulesi simo, ngenxa yoshintsho olungahleliwe ku-engeli yokuhlasela kwephiko, amandla alo okuphakamisa akhuphuka lapho kugxilwe khona nge-engeli yokuhlasela. Futhi ukukhuphuka okungalungile kwamandla okuphakamisa iphiko njengomphumela wokuchezuka kwe-flaperon yi-rudder ye-servo kwenzeka lapho kugxilwe khona eduze ne-engeli yokuchezuka kwe-flaperon. Futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwalokhu kugxiliseka licishe lilingane nekota ye-aerodynamic chord yephiko. Njengomphumela wesenzo salo mbhangqwana wamandla ahlukahlukene, kwakhiwa umzuzu ophazamisayo, okumele unxeshezelwe umzuzu wokuqeda ukuqina. Kulokhu, okokuqeda ukuqina kufanele kube nokuphuma kokuncane okunegethivu okuncane, futhi inani lokuphuma kwephiko kufanele libe likhulu kancane kunoziro. Ilungelo lobunikazi be-RF No. 2710955 latholwa ngendiza enjalo.
Isethi yokusungulwa okwethulwayo imele, mhlawumbe, ulwazi lokugcina olungasetshenzisiwe lwensiza ye-aerodynamic yokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kokundiza kwe-subsonic ngengxenye yesithathu noma ngaphezulu.
U-Yuri Krasnov
UKUFUNDA
- D. Sobolev. Umlando wekhulu leminyaka "wephiko elindizayo", eMoscow, Rusavia, 1988, p. 100.
- Yu. Krasnov. I-RF patent No. 2000251.
- A. Yurkonenko. Okunye "idada". Ubuchwepheshe - intsha 2009-08. Ikhasi 6-11
- V. Lapin. Izondiza nini i-weathervane? Indiza evamile. 2011. No. 8. Ikhasi 38-41.
- Yu. Krasnov. I-RF patent No. 2609644.
- Yu. Krasnov. I-RF patent No. 2651959.
- Yu. Krasnov. I-RF patent No. 2609620.
- Yu. Krasnov. I-RF patent No. 2666094.
Source: www.habr.com