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Ubuthi obubi kakhulu

Ubuthi obubi kakhulu

Sawubona %username%

Yebo, ngiyazi, isihloko sigqekeziwe futhi kunezixhumanisi ezingaphezu kuka-9000 ku-Google ezichaza ubuthi obubi futhi zixoxe izindaba ezithusayo.

Kodwa angifuni ukubala okufanayo. Angifuni ukukala imithamo ye-LD50 futhi ngifune okwangempela.

Ngifuna ukubhala ngobuthi wena, %username%, osengozini enkulu yokuhlangana nabo nsuku zonke. Futhi okungelula njengozakwabo abaseduze kakhulu.

Isitha kumele saziwa ngokubona. Futhi ngethemba ukuthi kuzoba mnandi. Futhi uma kubonakala kuthakazelisa, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi uzokwazi. ingxenye yesibili.

Ngakho - eziyishumi zami ezibulalayo!

Indawo yeshumi

I-ThalliumUbuthi obubi kakhulu

I-Thallium iyinsimbi ethambile, esiliva-emhlophe enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Esithombeni use-ampoule - futhi lokhu akuyona ingozi. U-600 mg we-thallium uzowisa ngokuthembekile noma yimuphi umuntu ophile kahle - kulokhu, i-thallium ivele ngokukhulu ukudlula zonke lezi ezinye izinsimbi zakho ezisindayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengazo zonke izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-thallium ihlukaniswa njengoshevu oqongelelekayo - oqongelela izimpawu ze-pathological ebusheni obungapheli.

Ngokungafani nezinsimbi ezisindayo zakudala, ezinamathela eqenjini le-cysteine ​​​​thiol kumaprotheni futhi liwavimbele ukuthi aphile, i-thallium iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: i-monovalent thallium ion inobukhulu obufanayo kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali njenge-potassium, ngakho-ke ithatha indawo ye-potassium ion ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali. I-Thallium igxile ezinweleni, emathanjeni, ezinso nasemisipha, ithinta isimiso sezinzwa se-peripheral, i-gastrointestinal tract kanye nezinso.

Uphawu oluphawulekayo lobuthi obunamakhompiyutha e-thallium ukulahlekelwa izinwele ngokwengxenye, ngomthamo obalulekile - i-alopecia ephelele. Ngesilinganiso esiphezulu, i-alopecia ayinasici, njengoba umuntu efa ngenxa yobuthi ngaphambi kokuqothuka kwezinwele. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, uma uthanda ukushefa ngempandla, ungazama ukudlala ngomthamo, kodwa kunengozi yokungaqagela.

Uma kunobuthi nge-thallium noma izinhlanganisela zayo, i-Prussian eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isetshenziswa njengekhambi, usizo lokuqala lokuphathwa kwe-thallium ukugezwa kwesisu ngesisombululo esingu-0,3% se-sodium thiosulfate enempushana yamalahle ecushiwe. Bathi kuyasiza, kodwa lokhu akulungile.

Ngokuvamile, i-thallium ihlukaniswa njengoshevu wamasu, kungani-ke isohlwini lwami? Iqiniso liwukuthi amalabhorethri amaningi enza ukuhlaziya amanzi nokudla asebenzisa isixazululo esimangalisayo sokulinganisa IV. Ngabona ukuthi lesi sixazululo sithathwe kanjani nge-pipette, futhi njengoba kwakungekho pear yerabha - wadonsa ikhambi ngomlomo. Pho ngingathini… Akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola umklomelo ka-Darwin.

indawo yesishiyagalolunye

PhosgeneUbuthi obubi kakhulu

I-Phosgene, elula ukuyihlazisa, empeleni inhle kakhulu: isintu siyazi kusukela ngo-1812, nokho-ke, le "light-born" (okungukuthi, ngale ndlela igama elihunyushwe ngayo lisuka kunxiwankulu) igesi ayilungile neze: idala i-pulmonary enobuthi. i-edema, abantu abanomusa abayisebenzisa ngaphandle kwesithiyo lapho befaka ubuthi kwabanye abantu abalungile eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuthintana kwe-phosgene nezicubu zamaphaphu kubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-alveolar kanye ne-edema yamaphaphu ethuthuka ngokushesha. Abantu abalungile basizakala ngalokhu, kodwa futhi kuze kube namuhla, alikho ikhambi le-phosgene eliye lasungulwa.

Ubuhle nokulula kulele eqinisweni lokuthi izimpawu zokuqala ezihlukene zobuthi zivela ngemva kwesikhathi esicashile samahora angu-4 kuya kwayi-8, ngisho nezikhathi zamahora angu-15 ziye zabonwa. Lokhu kulandelwa ukukhwehlela okuqinile, ukuphefumula, i-cyanosis yobuso nezindebe. I-edema ye-pulmonary eqhubekayo iholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu, ukucindezela okukhulu esifubeni, izinga lokuphefumula liyanda, ngezinye izikhathi lifika ku-60-70 ngomzuzu. Ukuphefumula okunamandla. Imininingwane embalwa: i-foamy ene-protein edematous kanye noketshezi lwe-viscous lufafazwa lusuka ku-alveoli kanye ne-bronchioles yamaphaphu lungene emigudwini yomoya ebanzi, okuholela ebunzimeni nasekungakwazini ukuphefumula. Wenzani umuntu oneshwa ngalesi sikhathi futhi ubukeka kanjani - uyazikhumbula izithombe ezisabekayo? Impela. Nge-edema ye-pulmonary enobuthi, cishe isigamu senani legazi eliphelele emzimbeni lidlulela emaphashini, okuthi, ngenxa yalokho, avuvuke futhi ande ngobuningi. Nakuba iphaphu elivamile linesisindo esingamagremu angu-500-600, amaphaphu “e-phosgene” anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2,5 aye abonwa.

Ekugcineni, umfutho wegazi wehla kakhulu, umuntu onobuthi usejabulweni elinamandla, uphefumula ngomsindo, uphefumula umoya, khona-ke ukufa kwenzeka.

Kukhona futhi izimo lapho umuntu onoshevu egwema noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okungadingekile futhi ekhetha indawo enethezekile ukuze kube lula ukuphefumula. Izindebe zabantu abanoshevu abanjalo zimpunga, izithukuthuku ziyabanda futhi ziyacwebezela. Naphezu kokuphefumula, isikhwehlela asihlukaniswanga nabo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, umuntu onoshevu uyafa. Akuvamile, ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3, ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo kungase kwenzeke, okuthi ngemva kwamasonto angu-2-3 kubangele ukululama, kodwa izinkinga ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo zesibili zivame, okuholela ekufeni.

Ngakho-ke, ungayizwa kanjani i-phosgene futhi ubaleke ngaphandle kokudliswa ushevu, uma unikezwe isikhathi eside sokufiphala kanye neqiniso lokuthi leli gesi alinambitheki futhi linuka njengesithelo esibolile noma utshani - hhayi elibukhali kakhulu, ngokungafani nephunga elinuka ngalo ebhasini, uyaphi? Okuxakayo ukuthi, ukubhema: ukubhema emoyeni ogcwele i-phosgene akujabulisi noma akunakwenzeka.

I-Phosgene isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ku-organic synthesis: ekukhiqizeni odayi, nasekukhiqizeni i-polycarbonate thermoplastics. Kodwa wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: i-phosgene yakheka ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwamafreon aqukethe i-chlorine. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenxa yalokho, ukubhema akuvunyelwe lapho kulungiswa imishini yesiqandisi kanye nokufakwa. Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu obhemayo uvame ukuzwa ukuthi kukhona okungalungile, kunzima ukusho ukuthi yikuphi okubaluleke kakhulu.

Indawo yesishiyagalombili

HolaUbuthi obubi kakhulu и I-Tetraethyl iholaUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Yebo, wonke umuntu uyazi ngobuthi bomthofu nokuthi ubukeka kanjani. Noma kunjalo, akekho ozihluphayo ngokuyibamba ngezandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi badla amasemishi ngazo kanye lezi zandla. Akekho ozihlupha ngokuncibilikisa ingots yomthofu futhi aphefumule intuthu. Okwamanje, umthofu unobuthi obukhulu futhi, njengazo zonke izinsimbi ezisindayo, unekhono elihle kakhulu lokuqongelela. Umthofu unganqwabelana emathanjeni, ubangele ukubhujiswa kwawo kancane kancane, ugxile esibindini nasezinso. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuqongelela umthamo ofunwayo, wena, %username%, uzozizwa ungaphathekile kahle ngokwemvelo: kuzoba nobuhlungu besisu, emalungeni, amajaqamba, ukuquleka. Uma uqhubeka, kungenzeka ukuthi ubone ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe nayo yonke imiphumela.

Ukuchayeka komthofu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinganeni: ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kubangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kanye nesifo sobuchopho esingamahlalakhona.

Ngendlela, i-acetate eholayo inambitheka kamnandi! Ubuwazi %igama lomsebenzisi%? Yebo, yingakho kubizwa ngoshukela omthofu. USaltykov-Shchedrin waze wayisho lapho enza iwayini mbumbulu:

Ibhakede lotshwala lithelwa emgqonyeni, bese kuthi, kuye ngempahla yewayini elenziwayo: ama-molasses amaningi e-Madeira, i-tar ku-Malaga, i-sugar lead ewayinini le-Rhine, njll. Le ngxube iyanyakaziswa ize ibe yi-homogeneous , bese uvala...

Ngendlela, kunombono wokuthi igama lesiRashiya elithi "lead" lihlotshaniswa negama elithi "iwayini", phakathi kwamaRoma asendulo (naseCaucasus) iwayini laligcinwe ezitsheni zokuhola, okwanikeza ukunambitheka okungavamile. Lokhu kunambitha kwakwaziswa kakhulu kangangokuthi abazange banake ukuthi kungenzeka ukungenwa ubuthi ngezinto ezinobuthi. Yebo, yebo, phila ngokushesha - kufa usemncane ...

Kodwa umthofu we-tetraethyl udinga ukunakwa okukhethekile - uketshezi oluguquguqukayo olungenambala, olunamafutha osekuyisikhathi eside lusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokulwa nokungqongqoza kukaphethiloli (ofanayo noPhetroli Oholayo). E-USSR, udayi wengezwa kuphethiloli wemoto oqukethe i-tetraethyl lead ngenhloso yokumaka: kuze kube ngu-1979, uphethiloli i-AI93, A-76 no-A-66 oqukethe umthofu we-tetraethyl wawudayiwe okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, nowolintshi ngokulandelana; kusukela ngo-1979, uphethiloli onomthofu waqala ukudaywa ngemibala esawolintshi-bomvu (AI-93), ophuzi (A-76), oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (AI-98), oluhlaza okotshani (A-66) noma opinki (A-72).

Lokhu akwenzelwanga neze ubuhle nokuheha abathengi - ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amagesi angcolile angcolisa yonke into ezungezile ngomthofu, i-tetraethyl lead ngokwayo inenani lezinto ezijabulisayo, kusukela ku-carcinogenicity kuya ebuthi obuphezulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukungena kungenzeka kokubili nge-vapors (le mfucumfucu iguquguqukayo, ungakhohlwa), nangesikhumba. Le nto ithinta ngokukhetha isimiso sezinzwa, ibangele ubuthi obunzima, obuncane kanye nobuhlala njalo (yebo, njengomthofu, le nto ithanda ukunqwabelana).

Ubuthi obuningi buyingozi futhi i-subacute. Okokuqala, i-cerebral cortex iyathinteka. Endaweni yezikhungo zezitshalo ze-diencephalon, kugxilwa kakhulu ekuvukeni kwe-congestive, okuholela ekwephuleni okukhulu kobudlelwane be-cortical-subcortical.

Esigabeni sokuqala sobuthi obunzima, ukuphazamiseka kwemifino okuveziwe kuyaphawulwa: izinga lokushisa lomzimba nomfutho wegazi wehla, ukulala kuyaphazamiseka, ukwesaba ukufa okuqhubekayo kubonakala ebusuku, isimo sengqondo sokukhathazeka, esicindezelekile. Kukhona ukuzwa kwebhola lezinwele noma izintambo olimini.

Esigabeni sangaphambi komvuthwandaba, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuveziwe kuvela: ukwesaba ukufa kuqala ukuphazamisa ebusuku kuphela, kodwa futhi phakathi nosuku, kukhona imibono ezwakalayo, ebonakalayo, ethintekayo yemvelo esabekayo, ukukhohlisa kokushushiswa. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-delirium, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuyaqala, isiguli siba nolaka, kunezimo ezivamile lapho, bezama ukusindisa izimpilo zabo kubantu okuthiwa bayabasukela, abantu baphuma ngamafasitela.

Esigabeni somvuthwandaba, ukuvuswa kwengqondo kufinyelela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu. Ukuqonda kudidekile. Ngeshwa kubonakala sengathi uyasikwa abe yizicucu, izinyoka zigcwele umzimba wakhe, njll. Kungase kuqubuke isithuthwane. Ekuphakameni kwe-psychomotor arousal, izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka (kufika ku-40 ° C), ukucindezela nokushaya kwenhliziyo kuyanda. Isiphetho sicacile: ukuwa, ukufa.

Uma usenenhlanhla, ukubikezelwa kuyathandeka: ukuvuswa kwengqondo kushintshaniswa yisimo se-vegetative-asthenic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ubuthuntu ngokomzwelo, ukuncipha kobuhlakani, ukulahlekelwa isithakazelo emvelweni, njll. kuhlala - kodwa uzophila. Angazi noma ijabule.

Hhayi-ke, uyazikhumbula izindaba zogogo mayelana nemilutha yezidakamizwa ezimbi ehogela uphethiloli? Hewu! Ngokombono onethonya ohlongozwayo ukuchaza ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga obugebengu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-1960 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1990, ubuthi be-tetraethyl obuhola ebuntwaneni buhilela ukwephulwa kokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, okuholela ekwandeni. ekuziphatheni okuxekethile lapho esekhulile, okwaholela ekwandeni kobugebengu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ukwehla kwezinga lobugebengu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ngokwale nkolelo-mbono, kuchazwa ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli owenziwe ngomthofu we-tetraethyl kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX.

Uma, noma kunjalo, unebhadi, futhi unobuthi bomthofu we-tetraethyl, khona-ke uzophathwa njengengqondo evamile kakhulu: amaphilisi okulala (barbiturates), i-hexenal, i-chlorpromazine, izidakamizwa (ngaphandle kwe-morphine, enikeza umphumela oyindida, ukuvuswa okwandayo. ). I-glucose ye-intravenous enamavithamini B kanye ne-ascorbic acid, ama-ejenti aqeda amanzi (i-glucose, i-magnesium sulfate), kanye nama-ejenti enhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (ngokuwa) nawo anqunyelwe. Mhlawumbe bayokwenza indoda ngawe emuva. Uma unenhlanhla, ke kunengqondo.

Ngendlela, i-tetraethyl lead ivinjelwe yonke indawo, yebo. ERussia - kusukela ngoNovemba 15, 2002, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ngibheka abanye, ngiyangabaza ...

Indawo yesikhombisa

Ama-DioxinUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwama-dioxin, ingxube ye-polychloroderivatives ehlukahlukene ye-dibenzodioxin ithathwa. Igama livela egameni elifushanisiwe le-tetrachloro derivative - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b, e] -1,4-dioxin - le ndoda ebukekayo yethulwa ngendlela yefomula, nokho, izinhlanganisela nezinye. esikhundleni - halides - nazo zingama-dioxin.

Wonke ama-dioxin angama-poison aqoqayo futhi ayingxenye yeqembu lama-xenobiotics ayingozi - okungukuthi, azikho izinto ezinjalo emvelweni, futhi umbhali wazo ungumuntu. Ama-Dioxin akhiwa njengomkhiqizo ovela ekukhiqizeni ama-herbicides e-chlorophenolic. Futhi umuntu wenzani ngayo yonke imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo? Kulungile!

Ama-Dioxins nawo akhiwa njengokungcola okungathandeki ngenxa yokusabela okuhlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nokuba khona kwe-chlorine. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokukhishwa kwama-dioxin ku-biosphere, okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa kwe-chlorination kanye nokucubungula izinto ze-organochlorine futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukushiswa kwemfucuza yokukhiqiza. Ukuba khona kwe-polyvinyl chloride etholakala yonke indawo namanye ama-polymers, izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-chlorine kudoti obhujisiwe kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwama-dioxin kumagesi e-flue. Omunye umthombo wengozi imboni ye-pulp nephepha. Ukukhishwa kwe-pulp nge-chlorine kuhambisana nokwakheka kwama-dioxin kanye nenani lezinye izinto eziyingozi ze-organochlorine.

Ukujwayelana kokuqala kwesintu esibongayo ngama-dioxin kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1971 njengengxenye yohlelo lweRanch Hand lokucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Agent Orange yayisetshenziswa njenge-defoliant - ingxube ye-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) kanye ne-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), equkethe ukungcola ama-polychlorobenzodioxins. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokuchayeka kuma-dioxin, inani elibalulekile labo bobabili abaseVietnam kanye namasosha ayexhumene ne-Agent Orange bahlupheka. Akekho owayecabanga ngamaVietnam ngaleso sikhathi, kanye namasosha - kunjalo, yilokho abangamasosha, akunjalo?

Ukwazana okuseduze kwenzeka ngoJulayi 11, 1976 edolobheni lase-Italy iSeveso, lapho ukuqhuma kwemboni yamakhemikhali yenkampani yaseSwitzerland i-ICMESA kuholele ekukhululweni kwefu le-dioxin emkhathini. Ifu lalenga phezu kwezindawo zezimboni, ngemva kwalokho ushevu waqala ukuhlala ezindlini nasezingadini. Izinkulungwane zabantu zaqala ukuba neziqubu zokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukubona kwaba buthaka, kwavela isifo samehlo, lapho uhlaka lwezinto lwalubonakala lufiphele futhi lungagxili. Imiphumela edabukisayo yesigameko yaqala ukuzibonakalisa ezinsukwini ezingu-3-4. NgoJulayi 14, izikhungo zikaSeveso sezigcwele abantu abagulayo. Phakathi kwabo bekukhona izingane eziningi ebeziphethwe amathumba namathumba abhibhayo. Bakhala ngobuhlungu beqolo, ubuthakathaka kanye nekhanda elibuhlungu. Iziguli zatshela odokotela ukuthi izilwane nezinyoni ezisemagcekeni nasezingadini zazo zaqala ukufa ngokuzumayo. Eminyakeni eyalandela le ngozi, izindawo ezizungeze ifekthri zaba nokwanda okumangazayo kwezingane ezizalwa zikhubazekile, kuhlanganise ne-spina bifida (i-spina bifida). Akukona okwabantu ababuthakathaka, ukwethembeka.

Ngendlela, bathi lapha ukuthi ukwanda okungavamile kokukhanga kukaMongameli wangaphambili wase-Ukraine uViktor Yushchenko nakho kuhlotshaniswa nama-dioxins. Nokho, mhlawumbe akunjalo. Akekho owaziyo, kuhlanganise noViktor Yushchenko ngokwakhe.

Isizathu sobuthi be-dioxin sisemandleni alezi zinto ukungena ngokunembile kuma-receptors wezinto eziphilayo futhi zicindezele noma ziguqule imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile. Ama-Dioxins, acindezela amasosha omzimba futhi abe nomthelela omkhulu ezinqubweni zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nobungcweti, avusa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ze-oncological. Ama-Dioxin aphinde ahlasele umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi osebenza kahle wezindlala ze-endocrine. Ziphazamisa umsebenzi wokuzala, zehlise ngokuphawulekayo ijubane lokuthomba futhi ngokuvamile ziholela ekungazali kwabesifazane nabesilisa. Babangela ukuphazamiseka okujulile cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo ze-metabolic, bacindezela futhi baphule umsebenzi wamasosha omzimba, okuholela esimweni esibizwa ngokuthi "i-AIDS yamakhemikhali".

Ucwaningo lwakamuva luqinisekisile ukuthi ama-dioxin adala ukukhubazeka nezinkinga zokukhula ezinganeni.

Ama-Dioxins angena emzimbeni womuntu ngezindlela eziningana: amaphesenti angama-90 - ngamanzi nokudla ngomgudu wamathumbu, amaphesenti asele ayishumi - ngomoya nothuli ngamaphaphu nesikhumba. Lezi zinto zijikeleza egazini, zifakwa esicutshini se-adipose kanye nama-lipids awo wonke amangqamuzana omzimba ngaphandle kokukhetha. Nge-placenta nangobisi lwebele, zidluliselwa ku-fetus nengane.

Nali elinye iqoqo lamakhono alithuthukisa kakhulu leli qhawe:

  • Ayincibiliki emanzini.
  • Kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa elingu-900 °C, ukwelashwa kokushisa akuthinti ama-dioxin.
  • Ingxenye yempilo yabo endaweni ezungezile icishe ibe yiminyaka eyi-10.
  • Uma sezisemzimbeni womuntu noma wesilwane, zinqwabelana kuzicubu ze-adipose futhi zibole kancane kancane futhi zikhishwe emzimbeni (ingxenye yempilo emzimbeni womuntu isuka eminyakeni eyi-7-11).
  • I-LD50 - 70 mcg/kg yezinkawu, ngomlomo. Lokhu kuphansi kunoshevu abaningi bezempi. Hhayi-ke, savela ezinkawini, akunjalo?
  • Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obuphezulu kakhulu, i-chromatography-mass spectrometry nokuhlaziya kusetshenziswa ama-bioassays (CALUX) kusetshenziswa ukunquma ama-dioxin endaweni ezungezile futhi, ikakhulukazi, emanzini. Lezi yizindlela ezibiza kakhulu, futhi akuwona wonke amalabhorethri ahlome ngazo, ikakhulukazi ku lokhu izwe.
  • Okwamanje azikho izindlela zokususa ngokuphelele ama-dioxin emzimbeni, noma ama-antidote asebenzayo.

Ngokuvamile, %igama lomsebenzisi%, njengoba ubungase ucabange, kungcono ukuzimosha kunomuntu ngokwakhe, akekho ongakwenza. Njengamanje, kuseshwa ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwezinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lawo lokumunca ama-dioxin. Kodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi wonke umuntu wesaba kanjani ama-GMO, nokuthi isintu sibhekana kanjani nokuzisika - ngesaba ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane zizokwenza konke kube kubi kakhulu.

Asibone.

Ngenhlanhla, awekho ama-dioxins amaningi kangaka okwamanje, amabhaktheriya asathuthuka, ngakho-ke ayindawo yesikhombisa kuphela, kodwa enendawo enkulu yokugcina ikusasa.

Indawo yesithupha

Ubuthi be-botulinumUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Iprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi ye-neurotoxin ekhiqizwa i-bacterium Clostridium botulinum. I-neurotoxin enamandla kakhulu eyaziwayo umthamo obulalayo ocishe ube ngu-0,000001 mg/kg womzimba wakho obuthaka.

Ngendlela, ubuthi be-botulinum bungenye yamaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ahlanganiswe emvelweni. Isebenza kahle kakhulu: i-molecule iyi-globule yezizinda ezimbili. Izizinda A no-B ziyi-polypeptide ewumugqa exhunywe ibhuloho elilodwa le-cystine. Isizinda B sinesibopho sokuthuthwa kobuthi emzimbeni, ukwamukela kulwelwesi lwe-presynaptic ye-neuron, nokuhlelwa kabusha kwesakhiwo kwesifunda esiseduze nesamukeli salolu lwelwesi ngokwakhiwa kweshaneli ye-transmembrane kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibopho se-disulfide siyabuyiselwa, isizinda A siyakhululwa futhi singene ngokusebenzisa lesi siteshi ku-cytoplasm yengqamuzana lezinzwa, lapho kuvimbela ukukhululwa komlamuleli - i-acetylcholine. Okufana kakhulu nesenzo se-organophosphates njenge-Sarin, i-Soman ne-VX - kodwa iphumelela kakhulu. Sengike ngasho ukuthi imvelo kamama idala izinto eziningi kunomuntu?

Uzozizwa kanjani lapho lesi siqongo se-synthesis yemvelo singena esiswini sakho? Okokuqala, kunesikhathi esifihliwe, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-2-3. Khona-ke ngokuzumayo uzozizwa ungaphilile: ubuthi bubangela ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wezinzwa ze-cranial, imisipha yamathambo, izikhungo zezinzwa zenhliziyo. Abafundi bahlanza, inkungu, izimpukane zivela phambi kwamehlo, abaningi baqala i-strabismus (futhi hhayi nakancane ukuthi uphuze kakhulu ephathini). Kamuva, ukwephulwa kwenkulumo nokugwinya, ukujoyina ubuso obufana ne-mask. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa ye-hypoxia ebangelwa ukwephulwa kwezinqubo ze-metabolic ze-oksijeni, i-asphyxia yendlela yokuphefumula, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kanye nemisipha yenhliziyo. Ngamafuphi, uzofa, futhi kabuhlungu impela. Uma unenhlanhla, uzokhawulelwa ekukhubazekeni kwemisipha yobuso kanye ne-strabismus, okuthi, uma bedlula, ngeke kube maduzane. Lucky neze.

Kungani kuphela endaweni yesithupha? Iqiniso liwukuthi i-clostridia botulinum - okuwukuphela kwabaphathi bokukhiqizwa kwalobu buthi abangayivezi imfihlo - abathandi ukusebenza emoyeni, ngakho-ke ungawathola ikakhulukazi ekudleni okusemathinini namasoseji - ikakhulukazi kumakhowe othosiwe. kanye nenyama nenhlanzi evunwa izingcezu ezinkulu ezinomonakalo ongaphezulu. Indawo yesibili imithi: lezi Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Ngakho-ke uma ushaywa ngento enjalo, akhona wonke amathuba okuzwa inkimbinkimbi engachazeki yazo zonke izinzuzo ezichazwe ngenhla. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi ngeke kube khona ozomtshela.

Ngendlela, abantu banomusa kakhulu, ngakho-ke e-USA, Great Britain naseCanada, ubuthi be-botulinum bubhekwa njenge-agent yempi yamakhemikhali kakade kuma-60s-70s ekhulwini elidlule. Sekukonke, kusukela ngo-1975, ubuthi be-botulinum A semukelwe yi-US Army ngaphansi kwekhodi XR. Ukunikezwa kobuthi kwakugcinwe ePine Bluff Arsenal e-Arkansas. Mhlawumbe igcinwa manje, futhi mhlawumbe hhayi kuphela lapho. Ngikhumbula ukuthi i-XR iye yahlolwa (kazi kubani?) njengenobuthi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto ezibulalayo ezaziwayo zemvelaphi yemvelo neyokwenziwa, angibesabi kangako ubusika benuzi.

Indlela yokusindiswa? Ungadli lutho. Futhi uma uyidla, emva kokwelashwa okushisa: ubuthi be-botulinum abuthandi kakhulu uma buthosiwe noma bubilisiwe. Naphezu kokuthi le nto ayesabi ijusi yesisu, ibhujiswa ngokuphelele uma ibilisiwe imizuzu engu-25-30.

Phela, amaqhawe athola ukuthi kunomuthi wokugomela ubuthi be-botulinum! Yebo, njengesimungumungwane. Kodwa ungajahi ukugijimela ekhemisi - umuthi wokugoma awutholakali emphakathini jikelele, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, amaqhawe afanayo athola ukuthi u-10% -30% wabantu abakwazi ukugoma, kuyilapho abanye behlakulela ukungatheleleki kuphela ngemva kwenyanga noma Okuningi. Ngendlela, ngobuningi bemithamo enobuthi eyi-1000-10000 (futhi lokhu akukuningi - kuphela i-0,057-0,57 mg / kg uma isemlonyeni), ubuthi be-botulinum bukhafulela le mithi yokugoma yakho kanye nokugqekeza ukufa.

Indawo yesihlanu

AmatoxinUbuthi obubi kakhulu
Eqinisweni, leli iqoqo likashevu, konke kuncike ekutheni yini ozoyinamathisela esikhundleni sika-R1..R5. Ngokwemvelo, lawa ama-octapeptides angama-cyclic ahlanganisa izinsalela ze-amino acid eziyisishiyagalombili. Atholakala emizimbeni ethela izithelo yamakhowe ohlobo lwe-Amanita, i-Galerin kanye ne-Lepiota - yebo, i-grebe ephaphathekile ivela lapha.

Ama-Amatoxins angenye ye-hepatotoxins enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphuza kangakanani, %igama lomsebenzisi%, alinakuqhathaniswa nale ntelezi: ama-atoxins avimba ngokuthembekile i-RNA polymerase II, evimba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA yesithunywa futhi ibangele i-necrosis ye-hepatocytes. Futhi njengoba emhlabeni wethu umuntu akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi, ngokuvamile, uyaqonda.

I-nuance emnandi kakhulu yalo doti isikhathi eside sokucashile: amahora angama-6-30. Okusho ukuthi, ngeke ube nesikhathi esithembekile sokubuyela ezingqondweni futhi ugeze isisu sakho. Izimpawu zivela ngokuzumayo: ukuhlanza okukhulu (okuqhubekayo), ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo. Emikhiqizweni yohudo (kahle, uyaqonda), igazi liyabonwa, njengoba ukubhujiswa kwama-enterocyte emathunjini kwenzeka. Kwenzekani ngalesi sikhathi ngesibindi ... angifuni ngisho nokucabanga. Ubuthakathaka obukhulayo, ukwephulwa kwamanzi kanye nebhalansi ye-electrolyte. Ngosuku lwe-2 - lwesithathu, izimpawu ze-hepatopathy enobuthi zikhula: isibindi siyakhula, isimo sengqondo siba sibi, kuvela i-jaundice kanye ne-hemorrhagic diathesis - yilapho umbozwe ukuqubuka kwegazi. I-Nephropathy, ukwehluleka kwe-hepatic-renal, i-hepatargia, i-anuria, i-coma ikhula. Konke kudabukisa. Ushevu onzima kakhulu kwenzeka ezinganeni, kuyingozi ikakhulukazi uma inani elikhulu lobuthi (ngaphezu kwama-3 mg) lingene emzimbeni: kulokhu, ukukhula kokudakwa kwenzeka ngesivinini sombani, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-atrophy yesibindi esibi kanye ne-atrophy yesibindi. ukufa okusheshayo.

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa ukwehluleka kwesibindi okunamandla, ukwehluleka kwesibindi esinamandla kakhulu nezinso. Ngisho noma usinda, cishe uzothola izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa ekwakhekeni kwezicubu zesibindi, ezivezwa yi-necrosis ephelele.

Ungasindiswa kanjani kulokhu? Ngeshwa, ama-atoxins amelana kakhulu nokushisa kunobuthi be-botulinum. Kunoma yikuphi, ungazenzi umqobi wamakhowe, futhi uma usuvele ungene ehlathini, zitholele okuthile okungcono ongakwenza! Ungawathengi amakhowe kogogo, ngisho noma ebukeka emuhle kakhulu! Khumbula nge-Snow White - futhi awunawo ama-gnomes noma izikhulu ezijwayelekile!

Okuxakayo ukuthi, imithamo ephezulu ye-penicillin isiza ngokudakwa. Kunamahemuhemu okuthi i-silibinin (i-silybin) - lokhu empeleni ukugxila kwembewu yobisi lwembewu - iyikhambi lama-atoxins, kodwa lokhu akulungile. Abaningi bacela ukubamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni, kodwa ngesizathu esithile akekho ovumayo.

Indawo yesine

I-AflatoxinsUbuthi obubi kakhulu

I-Aflatoxins iyiqembu lama-polyketides akhiqizwa isikhunta esincanyana (micromycetes) wezinhlobo ezimbalwa zohlobo lwe-Aspergillus (ikakhulukazi i-A. flavus kanye ne-A. parasiticus). Lezi zingane zikhula okusanhlamvu, imbewu, nezithelo zezitshalo ezinamafutha amaningi, njengembewu yamakinati. Ama-aflatoxin akhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi anokugcinwa okungafanele emaqoqweni akudala etiye namanye amakhambi. Lobu buthi butholakala obisini lwezilwane ezidle ukudla okungcolile.

Kubo bonke ubuthi obukhiqizwa ngokwebhayoloji, ama-aflatoxin angama-hepatocarcinogens anamandla kakhulu atholakele kuze kube manje. Lapho umthamo omkhulu wobuthi ungena emzimbeni, ukufa kwenzeka phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yokulimala kwesibindi okungenakulungiseka; lapho umthamo ophansi ungeniswa, i-aflatoxicosis engapheli iqala, ebonakala ngokucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba, ukulimala kwe-DNA, ukusebenza kwe-oncogenes - umdlavuza wesibindi. ngenxa yalokho. Yebo, %username%, uma ungawadli amakinati noma imbewu enhle, uzokufa. Mhlawumbe hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe futhi kubuhlungu.

Ama-aflatoxins amelana nokwelashwa kokushisa komkhiqizo - ngakho-ke lokhu kusebenza nakumakinati athosiwe.

Emazweni athuthukile, ukuqapha okuqinile kwemikhiqizo lapho i-aflatoxins ivame ukutholakala khona (amantongomane, ummbila, imbewu yamathanga, njll.) kwenziwa, inkatho enegciwane iyabhujiswa. Emazweni asathuthuka lapho ukulawulwa okunjalo kuntuleka khona, ukungcoliswa kokudla yisikhunta siseyisici esibi kakhulu ekufeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eMozambique, izinga lokufa kwabantu ngenxa yomdlavuza wesibindi liphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunaseFrance.

Iliphi izwe othi elakho libhekisele kulo, %igama lomsebenzisi%?

Ake siphakamise izigxobo! Indawo yesithathu

UMercuryUbuthi obubi kakhulu
futhi ikakhulukazi

I-MethylmercuryUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Wonke umuntu uyazi ngezingozi ze-mercury. Mayelana neqiniso lokuthi ukuphula ama-thermometers nokudlala ngamabhola omlingo amahle akufanelekile - ngithemba futhi.

I-Mercury nazo zonke izinhlanganisela zayo zinobuthi. Ukuchayeka ku-mercury, ngisho nangemali encane, kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína futhi kube usongo ekukhuleni komntwana kanye nokukhula kwengane isencane. I-Mercury ingaba yingozi ezimisweni zezinzwa, zokugaya ukudla, namasosha omzimba, kanye nasemaphashini, izinso, isikhumba namehlo. I-WHO ibala i-mercury njengenye yamakhemikhali ayishumi amakhulu noma amaqembu amakhemikhali akhathaza kakhulu impilo yomphakathi.

Kodwa ngempela manje. Odokotela abafanayo kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1970 babekhuthele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinhlanganisela ze-mercury:

  • i-mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - i-laxative;
  • I-Mercusal ne-Promeran ama-diuretics aqinile;
  • I-mercury (II) i-chloride, i-mercury (II) i-cyanide, i-mercury amidochloride ne-yellow mercury (II) oxide - ama-antiseptics (kuhlanganise nengxenye yamafutha).

Kunezimo lapho, ngesikhathi se-volvulus yamathumbu, ingilazi ye-mercury ithululelwa esiswini sesiguli. Ngokusho kwabelaphi basendulo ababenikeza le ndlela yokwelapha, i-mercury, ngenxa yobunzima nokuhamba kwayo, kwakudingeka idlule emathunjini futhi, ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo, iqondise izingxenye zayo ezisontekile.

Amalungiselelo e-Mercury asetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu le-1963. (e-USSR kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX) ekwelapheni ugcunsula. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi i-treponema ephaphathekile, ebangela ugcunsula, izwela kakhulu kuma-organic and inorganic compounds avimba amaqembu e-sulfhydryl ama-enzyme e-thiol we-microbe - izinhlanganisela ze-mercury, i-arsenic, i-bismuth ne-iodine. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa okunjalo akuzange kuphumelele ngokwanele futhi kunobuthi kakhulu emzimbeni wesiguli, obuye ube namaqembu e-sulfhydryl, naphezu kwe-treponema eneshwa. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kwaholela ekulahlekelweni izinwele okuphelele kanye nengozi enkulu yokuba nezinkinga ezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, odokotela abanomusa, abanomusa baqhubekela phambili: basebenzisa izindlela zokwenza i-mercurization yomzimba jikelele, lapho isiguli sasibekwe esitsheni esishisayo, lapho kunikezwa khona umhwamuko we-mercury. Le nqubo, nakuba iphumelela ngokuqhathaniswa, imiphumela engemihle kanye nobungozi bobuthi obubulalayo be-mercury kwaholela ekuqedweni kwayo kancane kancane emtholampilo.

Ngendlela, i-amalgam yesiliva yayisetshenziswa kudokotela wamazinyo njengento yokugcwalisa amazinyo ngaphambi kokufika kwezinto zokuphulukisa ukukhanya. Khumbula lokhu njalo umakazi omuhle onezibuko egoba phezu kwakho!

Imihwamuko enobuthi kakhulu nezinhlanganisela zemercury ezincibilikayo. I-metallic mercury ngokwayo ayiyona ingozi encane, kodwa kancane kancane iyahwamuka ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, futhi umhwamuko ungabangela ubuthi obunzima - futhi ngendlela, umhwamuko awunuki. I-Mercury kanye nezinhlanganisela zayo (i-sublimate, i-calomel, i-cinnabar, i-mercury cyanide) ithinta isimiso sezinzwa, isibindi, izinso, i-gastrointestinal tract, futhi lapho ihogela, i-respiratory tract. I-Mercury imele oshevu abaqoqiwe.

Izinhlanganisela ze-organic mercury, ikakhulukazi, i-methylmercury, zime ngokuhlukana kancane. Yakhiwa, njengomthetho, ngenxa ye-metabolism yama-microorganisms aphansi lapho i-mercury ikhishwa emanzini. Isidakamizwa sinobuthi obukhulu. Ubuthi bukhulu kunobo be-mercury, ngenxa yokusebenzelana okusebenzayo namaqembu e-sulfhydryl ama-enzyme futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungasebenzi kwalawa ma-enzyme. Njengoba i-substance i-covalent compound futhi ingaphansi kwe-polar kune-mercury cation ngokwayo, umphumela emzimbeni ufana ne-heavy metal poisoning (ikakhulukazi, i-mercury), kodwa inesici esiyingqayizivele: umonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa ubonakala kakhulu. Lesi silonda saziwa ngokuthi isifo saseMinamata.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, lesi sifo sabhaliswa futhi safundwa eJapane, eKumamoto Prefecture edolobheni laseMinamata ngo-1956. Imbangela yalesi sifo kwaba ukukhishwa isikhathi eside kwe-mercury engaphili eMinamata Bay nguChisso, eyaguqulwa yaba i-methylmercury amagciwane e-benthic ekugayweni kwawo kwe-metabolism, futhi njengoba lesi sakhi sivame ukunqwabelana ezintweni eziphilayo, ngenxa yalokho, ukugxila ezicutshini. zezinto eziphilayo ziyanda ngokukhula kwesikhundla sazo eketangeni lokudla. Ngakho, ezinhlanzini zaseMinamata Bay, okuqukethwe kwe-methylmercury kwakusukela ku-8 kuya ku-36 mg/kg, kuma-oyster - kufika ku-85 mg/kg, kuyilapho emanzini kwakungaqukethe okungaphezu kuka-0,68 mg/l.

Izimpawu zihlanganisa i-dysmotility, ukuvutha, ukunkenketha kanye nama-goosebumps emaphethelweni, ukukhubazeka kokuqonda, ukukhathala, ukunkenketha ezindlebeni, ukuncipha kwendawo yokubona, ukungezwa, nokunyakaza okuxakayo. Ezinye zezisulu ezimbi kakhulu zesifo saseMinamata zahlanya, zaquleka, futhi zafa phakathi nenyanga kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo.

Kukhona futhi izisulu ezinezimpawu ezingapheli zesifo saseMinamata, njengekhanda elibuhlungu, ukukhathala njalo, ukulahlekelwa iphunga nokunambitha, nokukhohlwa, okuyizinto ezicashile kodwa ezenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kube nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuneziguli ezinesifo sikaMinamata ezazalwa nazo ezazalwa zinesimo esingavamile ngenxa yokuchayeka ku-methylmercury zisesesiswini sonina abadla izinhlanzi ezingcolile.

Isifo saseMinamata asikaphuluki, ngakho ukwelapha kuhlanganisa ukuzama ukunciphisa izimpawu nokusebenzisa ukwelapha ngokomzimba. Ngaphezu kokulimala okungokomzimba okubangelwa impilo, kukhona nokulimala kwezenhlalo, okuwukubandlululwa kwezisulu zesifo saseMinamata. Hhayi-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, usafuna ukuthuthela Ezweni laseFukushima, Minamata kanye neLanga Eliphumayo?

Ngendlela, ngo-1996, edolobheni laseMeseisei, eliseduze nechweba, iMinamata Disease Museum yakhiwa. Ngo-2006, kwakhiwa iSikhumbuzo ngezizathu zemnyuziyamu ukuze kukhunjulwe izisulu zobuthi be-mercury obubangelwa ukungcola eMinamata Bay. Kuthiwa izisulu azibakhululanga ngalokhu.

Ngendlela, kukhona enye into -

i-dimethylmercuryUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Hhayi-ke, lona sekuwumdlalo ngokuphelele, onobuthi kangangokuthi awusetshenziswa noma awutholakali ndawo. Uketshezi olungenambala lungenye ye-neurotoxins enamandla kakhulu. Kusolwa ukuthi inephunga elimnandi, kodwa isayensi ayibazi abantu abebezokuhlola lokhu futhi bathole isikhathi sokubika imizwa yabo. Nakuba, ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuhlobene, i-dimethylmercury yaba enye yezinhlanganisela zokuqala ze-organometallic. Hhayi-ke, abantu bathanda ukuthola okuthile okubasikayo ngokushesha, kugunyaza u-Oppenheimer.

Ukuze wena, %username%, uqinisekiswe ukuthi uzothunyelwa komunye umhlaba. ngokwanele 0,05-0,1 ml yale nto. Ingozi iyanda futhi umfutho womoya ophezulu walolu ketshezi. Ngendlela, i-dimethylmercury ngokushesha (ngemizuzwana) ingena nge-latex, i-PVC, i-polyisobutylene ne-neoprene, futhi ingena esikhumbeni. Ngakho-ke, amagilavu ​​amaningi elebhu ajwayelekile awasona isivikelo esinokwethenjelwa, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokubalekela ngokuphepha ukuphatha i-dimethylmercury ukusebenzisa amagilavu ​​alamiwe avikeleke kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-neoprene yesibili enobude bendolo noma elinye igilavu ​​lokuvikela eliwugqinsi. Isidingo sokugqoka isihlangu sobuso eside nokusebenza ngaphansi kwe-hood exhaust siyaphawulwa. Ingabe usafuna ukujwayelana naleli phunga elimnandi?

Ubuthi be-dimethylmercury baphinde bagqanyiswa ngokushona kukasokhemisi wezinto ezingaphili uKaren Wetterhahn ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuchitha amaconsi ambalwa enkomponi esandleni sakhe esifakwe amagilavu ​​e-latex.

I-Dimethylmercury yeqa kalula umgoqo wegazi-ubuchopho, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwakheka kwenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi ne-cysteine. Ikhishwa kancane kancane emzimbeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ijwayele ukuqongelela i-bioaccumulate. Izimpawu zobuthi zingase zivele ezinyangeni kamuva, ngokuvamile sekwephuze kakhulu ukuze zelashwe ngempumelelo. Ukuze.

Okuwukuphela kwento esindisa umhlaba ukuthi i-dimethylmercury ayinazo izinhlelo zokusebenza (nakuba u-Alexander Litvinenko othile ezama ukusho okuthile lapha). Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ekulinganisweni kwe-spectrograph ye-NMR ukuze kutholwe i-mercury, nakuba ngisho nalapha abantu abaqondayo okungenani okuthile ngokuvamile bakhetha usawoti omncane we-mercury onobuthi ngale njongo.

Indawo yesibili

MethanolUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Wonke umuntu uyazi nge-methanol. Kodwa ngokubona kwami ​​ibukelwa phansi.

Inkinga ye-methanol akuyona inkinga yakhe ngempela, kodwa inkinga yomzimba wethu. Phela, iqukethe i-enzyme i-alcohol dehydrogenase (noma i-ADH I), esanikezwa yona ngokwemvelo ngokuwohloka kotshwala. Futhi uma, endabeni ye-ethanol evamile, iyiphula ibe yi-acetaldehyde (sawubona, i-hangover!), Futhi uma unenhlanhla, ihlephula ibe i-acetic acid engenangozi futhi enomsoco ngendlela ye-acetyl-coenzyme A, bese i-methanol yonakele: kuvela i-formaldehyde enobuthi kanye ne-formate . Ngokusobala, uMama weMvelo unomqondo ocacile wokuhlekisa.

Inkinga ibhebhethekiswa yiqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kwama-daredevils (ambalwa awo), i-methanol iyanambitheka futhi iphunga ayihlukile kutshwala obujwayelekile, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma ixutshwe nayo. Ngendlela, ukusabela kwe-iodoform, lapho iodoform ephuzi igcwala ngotshwala be-ethyl, futhi akukho lutho oluncibilika nge-methanol, akusebenzi ukunquma okuqukethwe kwe-methanol kusixazululo se-ethanol.

Amamililitha angu-1-2 e-methanol ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesidumbu (okungukuthi, cishe i-100 ml) ngokuvamile aqinisekisiwe ukuthumela ama-daredevils kwabanye ubuso obuthakazelisayo obunamaphiko ngemuva kwawo, futhi ngenxa yesimo esikhethekile salesi sici ku-optic nerve, kuphela. I-10-20 ml yenza umuntu abe yimpumputhe. Phakade.

Ngenhlanhla, umphumela onobuthi we-methanol ukhula emahoreni ambalwa, futhi ama-antidote asebenzayo anganciphisa ukulimala. Ngakho-ke, uma ngesizathu esithile wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uzwa ubuhlungu bekhanda, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, ukudangala, ukugodola, isicanucanu nokuhlanza ngemva kokuhlukunyezwa, uphuze kakhulu. Angidlali: njengoba kukhonjisiwe ebhukwini likadokotela wezimo eziphuthumayo, uma kwenzeka kuba nobuthi be-methanol, i-antidote i-ethanol, ephathwa nge-intravenously ngendlela yesixazululo esingu-10% ngokudriphu noma isixazululo esingu-30-40% ngomlomo. isilinganiso se-1-2 amagremu wesisombululo nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. Umphumela onenzuzo kuleli cala uhlinzekwa ukuphambukiswa kwe-enzyme ye-ADH I ku-oxidation ye-ethanol yangaphandle. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuxilongwa okunembile okunganele, ubuthi be-methanol bungathathwa njengokudakwa kotshwala okulula (njengoba uphawulile ngenhla) noma ubuthi nge-1,2-dichloroethane noma i-carbon tetrachloride (izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, eziseyisipho, kodwa akunjalo. bright) - Kulokhu, ukwethulwa kwenani elengeziwe lotshwala be-ethyl kuyingozi. Ngokuvamile, uphelelwe inhlanhla, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Qina.

Ubuthi be-methanol buvame kakhulu. Ngakho, e-USA ngo-2013, amacala angu-1747 aqoshiwe (futhi yebo - e-USA). Iningi le-methanol poisonings liyaziwa:

  • Ubuthi obukhulu be-methanol eSpain ekuqaleni kuka-1963; inani lokufa elisemthethweni lingama-51, kodwa kunezilinganiso ezisuka ku-1000 kuya ku-5000.
  • Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol e-Bangalore (India) ngoJulayi 1981. Inani labashonile lingama-308.
  • Ubuthi obuningi ngewayini le-methanol-laced e-Italy entwasahlobo ka-1986; Kwafa abantu abangu-23.
  • I-mass methanol poisoning e-El Salvador ngo-Okthoba 2000 yabangela ukufa kwabantu abangu-122. Iziphathimandla zasola ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, njengoba i-methanol ayizange itholakale ophuzweni oludakayo ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo ngesikhathi sophenyo lwalesi sigameko.
  • Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngo-September 9-10, 2001 edolobheni lasePärnu (Estonia); Kwafa abantu abangama-68.
  • Ubuthi obuningi nge-methanol eCzech Republic, ePoland naseSlovakia ngoSepthemba 2012; Kwafa abantu abangu-51.
  • Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngoDisemba 17-20, 2016 e-Irkutsk (Russia). Inani labashonile lingabantu abangama-78.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-methanol ithathe indawo yesibili ezingeni lethu. Futhi akusahleki.

Ta-dam! Umlandeli! Sinendawo yokuqala!

Okokuqala, ngeke sibe nezinto ezinobuthi obusabekayo ezingatholakala ndawana thize ezilwaneni noma ezinhlanzini ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke ake sikhohlwe nge-tetrodotoxin ne-batrachotoxin.

Ngeke kube uhlobo oluthile lwe-inorganic olungatholakala kuphela ezimbonini ezikhethekile - njenge-beryllium nitrate, okuyinto, ngendlela, futhi inambitha ubumnandi, noma i-arsenic chloride, ethandwa kakhulu ngeNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngeke kube uhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo, nazo ezingatholakali emini ngomlilo - njenge-ricin, noma eziye zafundwa kudala futhi zilele ekhabetheni lemithi - njenge-strychnine noma i-digitoxin.

Ngeke kube i-cyanide eshayiwe ne-hydrocyanic acid okungaphumelelanga kakhulu ku-Rasputin.

Ngeke kube yi-polonium-210 noma i-VX, okuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izobulala ngisho nangemithamo emincane - kodwa engatholakali nakancane emphakathini.

Cha, umholi wethu uzoba umbulali wangempela, onezigidi zezimpilo ku-akhawunti yakhe.

I-carbon monoxideUbuthi obubi kakhulu

Eqinisweni, kwakuyi-carbon monoxide eyathumela isixuku sabantu emhlabeni olandelayo. Le gesi engenambala, engenaphunga futhi engenambitheki ingena emoyeni osemkhathini ngesikhathi sanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokusha. I-Carbon monoxide ibophezela ku-hemoglobin, yakhe i-carboxyhemoglobin, futhi ivimbele ukudluliswa komoya-mpilo kumaseli wezicubu, okuholela ohlotsheni lwe-hemic hypoxia. I-Carbon monoxide nayo ibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidative, iphazamisa ibhalansi ye-biochemical ezicutshini. Kulokhu, isenzo saso sifana kakhulu ne-cyanide.

Ubuthi kungenzeka:

  • ngesikhathi somlilo;
  • ekukhiqizeni, lapho i-carbon monoxide isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto eziningi eziphilayo (i-acetone, i-methyl alcohol, i-phenol, njll.);
  • ezakhiweni ezinegesi lapho kusetshenziswa khona okokusebenza kwegesi (izitofu, izifudumezi zamanzi ezisheshayo, amajeneretha okushisa anegumbi lomlilo elivulekile) ngaphansi kwezimo zokungashintshisani komoya okwanele, isibonelo, uma kukhona ukwephulwa kokusalungiswa koshimula kanye / noma imigudu yokukhipha umoya noma ukuntuleka komoya wokunikeza ukuvutha kwegesi;
  • emagaraji angenawo umoya omncane, kwamanye amagumbi angenawo umoya noma angenawo umoya kahle, emhubheni, ngoba ukukhishwa kwemoto kuqukethe kufika ku-1-3% CO ngokwezindinganiso;
  • lapho uhlala emgwaqeni omatasa isikhathi eside noma eduze kwawo - emigwaqweni emikhulu, ukuhlushwa okuphakathi kwe-COXNUMX kudlula umkhawulo wobuthi;
  • ekhaya uma kwenzeka ukuvuza kwegesi yokukhanyisa futhi uma kwenzeka kuvalwe ngokungafanele ama-dampers esitofu emakamelweni anokushisa kwesitofu (izindlu, okugeza);
  • lapho usebenzisa umoya osezingeni eliphansi ezinsizeni zokuphefumula;
  • lapho ubhema i-hookah (yebo, amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu abantu aphathwa yikhanda, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukozela ngemva kokubhema i-hookah, okubangelwa ubuthi be-carbon monoxide obakheka lapho kuntuleka umoya-mpilo emshinini we-hookah).

Ngakho-ke wena, %username%, unamathuba amaningi okujwayela ushevu.

Ngokuqukethwe kwe-CO engu-0,08% emoyeni ohogelwe, umuntu uzwa ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nokuqunjelwa. Ngokunyuka kokugxila kwe-CO kuya ku-0,32%, ukukhubazeka nokulahlekelwa ukwazi kwenzeka (ukufa kwenzeka ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30). Ekugxilweni okungaphezu kuka-1,2%, ukwazi kulahleka ngemva kokuphefumula kabili noma kathathu, umuntu uyafa ngaphansi kwemizuzu emi-3 ngokudlikizela. Ekugxilweni kwe-dotoxic (ngaphansi kuka-0,08%), ungathola lokhu okujabulisayo okulandelayo (njengoba ukugxila kuyanda):

  1. Ukuncipha kwejubane lokusabela kwe-psychomotor, ngezinye izikhathi - ukwanda okuyisinxephezelo kokugeleza kwegazi ezithweni ezibalulekile. Kubantu abanenkinga enkulu ye-cardiovascular insufficiency - ubuhlungu besifuba ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, ukuphefumula.
  2. Ikhanda elibuhlungu elincane, ukuncipha kokusebenza kwengqondo nomzimba, ukuphelelwa umoya ngokuzikhandla okulinganiselwe ngokomzimba. Iziphazamiso ezibonakalayo. Kungase kubulale umbungu, abantu abanesifo senhliziyo esinzima.
  3. Ubuhlungu bekhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ukucasuka, ukungazinzi ngokomzwelo, ukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo, isicanucanu, ukungakwazi ukusebenzisana nokunyakaza okuncane kwezandla.
  4. Ikhanda elibuhlungu elibuhlungu, ubuthakathaka, ikhala eligelezayo, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukungaboni kahle, ukudideka.
  5. Ama-hallucinations, ukwephulwa okukhulu kokuxhumana kokunyakaza kwemisipha - kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi abantu bavame ukufa emlilweni.

Ungasiza kanjani nge-carbon monoxide poisoning? Okokuqala, shiya indawo yokutheleleka. Ngendlela, imaski evamile yegesi, ama-rags amanzi ebusweni kanye namabhandeshi ekotini-gauze awagcini, i-carbon monoxide yawabona wonke endaweni ethakazelisayo futhi idlula kuwo ngokuthula - udinga imaski yegesi ene-cartridge ye-hopkalite - lokhu lena ene-copper oxide ekhipha i-carbon monoxide ibe isikhutha esiphephile. Bese - phefumula, phefumula! Hola umoya omusha, noma okungcono, umoya-mpilo, unikeze izicubu nezitho zakho ezineshwa lokho ezikudingayo!

Umuthi wezwe awuwazi ama-antidote athembekile ongawasebenzisa uma kunobuthi be-carbon monoxide. Kodwa! - ziqhenye: Ososayensi baseRussia baye bahlakulela izidakamizwa ezintsha "Acyzol", ezibekwe njengekhambi (nakuba ngesizathu esithile abanye ososayensi benokholo oluncane kulokhu). Iphathwa nge-intramuscularly njengesixazululo. Ibuye inikezwe njenge-prophylactic. Ososayensi baseRussia bamema ukuhlola lesi sidakamizwa, kodwa ngesizathu esithile ngisho nabantu abambalwa abasifunayo kunesimo se-antidote ye-atoxins.

Yilokho kuphela, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Ngethemba ukuthi angizange ngikonakalise isifiso sakho sokudla, bekuthakazelisa, futhi uzifundele okuthile okusha, futhi hhayi nje ukukhawulela ukudla kwakho nezindawo ongazivakashela.

Impilo kanye nenhlanhla!

“Konke kuwubuthi, futhi akukho lutho olungenashevu; umthamo owodwa wenza ubuthi bungabonakali"

- Paracelsus

Source: www.habr.com

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