Cishe u-80% wethu othweswe iziqu enyuvesi ngohlobo oluthile lwe-IT ekhethekile ayigcini ngokuba ngumhleli. Abantu abaningi bathola imisebenzi njengokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe, abaphathi bezinhlelo, abalungisi bemishini yekhompiyutha, ababonisi-abadayisi bemishini yedijithali, abaphathi emkhakheni we-IT, njalo njalo.
Le ndatshana ingeyalabo abangama-80% abasanda kuthweswa iziqu enyuvesi benobuchwepheshe obuthile be-IT futhi asebeqalile ukuqapha izikhala zemisebenzi, ngokwesibonelo, isikhundla somphathi wesistimu noma umsizi wakhe, noma unjiniyela wensimu wenkampani ekhipha imali, noma ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe komugqa wokuqala/wesibili.
Futhi nokuzifundela wena noma ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abasha.
Phakathi nomsebenzi wami emkhakheni we-IT, ngihlangabezane nenkinga yokuthi amanyuvesi awanikezi ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana namanethiwekhi. Ngaqala ukuhlangana nalokhu ngokwami lapho, ngemva kokuphothula enyuvesi, ngaya ezingxoxweni ngo-2016 futhi angikwazanga ukuphendula imibuzo elula (njengoba kubonakala kimi manje). Khona-ke, kuyiqiniso, kimi kwabonakala sengathi ngimoshekile futhi angizange ngiqedele izifundo zami enyuvesi. Kodwa njengoba kwenzeka, inkinga yayisohlelweni lwemfundo. Kusukela manje, ngiphinde ngibhekane naleli gebe lolwazi lapho ngiqeqesha abasebenzi abasha.
Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kwadingeka ngifunde izihloko eziningi kuyi-Internet ngaphambi kokuba ngiqonde amaphuzu ayisisekelo, nokuthi manje, lapho ngibuza ochwepheshe abasebasha izihloko okufanele bazifunde, banobunzima bokuthola kanye nokulinganisa abakudingayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunenani elikhulu lezindatshana ku-inthanethi futhi zonke zihlakazwe ngesihloko noma zibhalwe ngolimi oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi oluningi olusekuqaleni kwezihloko zabo luqukethe ikakhulukazi izincazelo zesayensi, bese kuba khona ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bokusetshenziswa. Umphumela uba izinto eziningi ezingakaqondwa ngokuphelele kumuntu oqalayo.
Yingakho nginqume ukuqoqa izihloko eziyinhloko esihlokweni esisodwa futhi ngizichaze kalula ngangokunokwenzeka "ngeminwe".
Ngiyakuxwayisa ngaso leso sikhathi ukuthi ngeke kube khona ulwazi olujulile esihlokweni, kuphela izinto eziyisisekelo kanye neziyisisekelo kakhulu.
Izihloko ezihlanganisiwe:
- Amanethiwekhi omhlaba nawendawo
- Amakheli e-IP amhlophe nampunga
- I-NAT
- Iseva ye-DHCP nama-subnet
- Amadivayisi omzila wenethiwekhi (irutha, shintsha, shintsha, ihabhu)
- Imiyalo Eyisisekelo Yokuhlaziywa Kwenethiwekhi
- Imithetho yezokuthutha i-UDP ne-TCP
1. Amanethiwekhi omhlaba nawendawo
Yonke inethiwekhi ye-inthanethi ihlukaniswe yaba global (WAN) и yendawo (LAN).
Onke amadivayisi angaphakathi kwefulethi elilodwa noma ihhovisi noma isakhiwo (amakhompyutha, ama-smartphone, amaphrinta/ama-MFP, ama-TV, njll.) axhunywe kumzila okubahlanganisa inethiwekhi yendawo yendawo.
Ababambiqhaza abakunethiwekhi efanayo yendawo bangashintshanisa idatha phakathi kwamadivayisi abo ngaphandle kokuxhuma kumhlinzeki we-inthanethi. Kodwa ukuya ku-inthanethi (isibonelo, iya ku-Yandex noma injini yokusesha ye-Google, iya ku-VK, Instagram, YouTube noma i-AmoCRM) udinga ukufinyelela inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
Phuma uye inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ihlinzekwa umhlinzeki we-inthanethi, esimkhokhela ngayo imali yokubhalisa. Umhlinzeki usetha ileveli yesivinini kumarutha ayo ekuxhumekeni ngakunye ngokuhambisana nezindleko. Umhlinzeki usithumela ikhebula elisontekile noma i-fiber kumzila wethu (inethiwekhi yethu yendawo) futhi ngemva kwalokho noma iyiphi idivayisi inethiwekhi yendawo ngingaya ku inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
Njengesifaniso, amanethiwekhi angafaniswa nemigwaqo.
Isibonelo, imigwaqo yedolobha lakho elingu-N iyi inethiwekhi yendawo. Le migwaqo ikuxhumanisa nezitolo, amabhizinisi, amapaki nezinye izindawo edolobheni lakho.
Ukuze ufike kwelinye idolobha elingu-N udinga ukungena kuthelawayeka wombuso bese ushayela inombolo ethile yamakhilomitha. Okungukuthi, phuma uye inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuze uthole umbono ocacile wokuthi kuyini inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke neyendawo Ngidwebe umdwebo wohlelo.
2. Amakheli e-IP amhlophe nampunga
Idivayisi ngayinye ekunethiwekhi ineyayo ikheli le-IP elihlukile. Kudingeka ukuze amadivayisi enethiwekhi aqonde ukuthi asithumela kuphi isicelo nempendulo.
Lokhu kufana nokuthi izindlu zethu namafulethi anekheli lawo eliqondile (ikhodi ye-zip, idolobha, umgwaqo, inombolo yendlu, inombolo yefulethi).
Ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yangakini (ifulethi, ihhovisi noma isakhiwo) kunohlu lwamakheli ahlukile. Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi ikheli le-IP lekhompyutha, isibonelo, liqala ngezinombolo 192.168.XX.
Ngakho leli ikheli lendawo ledivayisi yakho.
Kukhona amabanga avunyelwe amanethiwekhi endawo:
Ngicabanga ukuthi kusukela kuthebula elethulwe kuvele kucace ngokushesha ukuthi kungani ububanzi obuvame kakhulu buyi-192.168.XX
Ukuze uthole, isibonelo, ikheli le-IP lekhompyutha yakho (ngokusekelwe ku-Windows OS), thayipha umyalo kutheminali ipconfig
Njengoba ubona, ikheli le-IP lekhompyutha yami liku-LAN yami yasekhaya 192.168.88.251
Ukuze ufinyelele amanethiwekhi omhlaba, yakho ikheli le-IP lendawo ithathelwa indawo irutha nge global, owanikezwa umhlinzeki wakho. Amakheli e-IP yomhlaba wonke awaweli phakathi kobubanzi obubalwe ngenhla.
Ngakho lapha amakheli e-ip endawo amakheli e-ip ampunga futhi amakheli e-ip womhlaba wonke amhlophe.
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okwengeziwe, cabangela umdwebo ongezansi. Kuyo ngisayine idivayisi ngayinye nekheli layo le-IP.
Umdwebo ubonisa ukuthi umhlinzeki usikhulula kumanethiwekhi omhlaba (i-inthanethi) nge ikheli le-IP elimhlophe 91.132.25.108
Ngomzila wethu, umhlinzeki ukhiphe okumpunga Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi 172.17.135.11
Futhi kunethiwekhi yethu yendawo, wonke amadivaysi, ngokulandelana, nawo abe nawo amakheli e-IP ampunga 192.168.Х.Х
Ungathola ngaphansi kokuthi yiliphi ikheli le-IP ofinyelela kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke kuwebhusayithi
Kodwa kukho konke lokhu kufanelekile ukukhumbula isici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu!
Njengamanje, inkinga yokushoda kwamakheli e-IP amhlophe iye yaba yimbi kakhulu, njengoba inani lamadivayisi wenethiwekhi sekuyisikhathi eside lidlula inani lama-IP atholakalayo. Futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abahlinzeki be-inthanethi bakhipha abasebenzisi amakheli e-ip ampunga (ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo yomhlinzeki, isibonelo, ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo eziningi zokuhlala) futhi ikhishwe kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwesinye ikheli le-ip elimhlophe.
Ukuthola ukuthi ingabe umhlinzeki wakho ukunika ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi elimpunga noma elimhlophe, ungaya kumzila wakho futhi ubone ukuthi irutha yakho ithola liphi ikheli le-IP kumhlinzeki wakho.
Noma hamba, ngokwesibonelo, uye kuwebhusayithi futhi ezansi (phansi kwesayithi) uzobona ikheli le-IP lerutha yakho.
Isibonelo, lapha ngingene ngisuka ku-inthanethi yami yasekhaya:
Njengoba ubona, eqinisweni nginakho ikheli le-IP elimpunga 172.17.132.2 (bona ububanzi bamakheli endawo). Ukuze uxhume ikheli le-IP elimhlophe, abahlinzeki ngokuvamile bahlinzeka ngamasevisi engeziwe. isevisi nobhalisile imali.
Eqinisweni, ku-inthanethi yasekhaya lokhu akubalulekile neze. Futhi lapha Emahhovisi enkampani, kunconywa ukuthi uthenge ikheli le-IP elimhlophe kumhlinzeki, njengoba ukusebenzisa ikheli le-IP elimpunga kuhlanganisa nezinkinga ngokusebenza kwe-IP telephony, futhi ngeke kwenzeke futhi ukusetha uxhumano olukude nge-VPN. Okusho ukuthi, ikheli le-IP elimpunga ngeke likuvumele ukuthi uxhume iseva yakho emisiwe ku-inthanethi futhi ngeke likuvumele ukuthi umise ukuxhumana okukude kuseva evela kwenye inethiwekhi.
3.NAT
Engxenyeni edlule ngiphawule ukuthi “Njengamanje, inkinga yokushoda kwamakheli e-IP amhlophe iye yaba yimbi kakhulu” ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokuxhumana oluvamile phakathi kwabahlinzeki be-inthanethi manje ukuxhuma amaklayenti amaningi namakheli e-IP ampunga, futhi awakhulule ku-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwe-IP eyodwa evamile emhlophe.
Kodwa lokhu kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ekuqaleni wonke umuntu wanikezwa amakheli e-IP amhlophe, futhi ngokushesha, ukuze kugwenywe inkinga yokushoda kwamakheli e-IP amhlophe, kwaba yilokho okwasungulwa. I-NAT (I-Network Address Translation) - indlela yokuguqula amakheli e-IP.
I-NAT isebenza kuwo wonke amarutha futhi isivumela ukuthi sifinyelele inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke kunethiwekhi yendawo.
Ukuze siqonde kangcono, ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbili:
1. Indaba yokuqala: kuthengwe kuwe ikheli le-ip elimhlophe 91.105.8.10 futhi kukhona amadivaysi amaningana axhunywe kunethiwekhi yendawo.
Idivayisi ngayinye yendawo inekheli layo le-IP elimpunga. Kodwa ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kungenzeka kuphela ekhelini le-IP elimhlophe.
Ngakho-ke, lapho, ngokwesibonelo, i-PC1 enekheli le-IP 192.168.1.3 inquma ukuya enjini yokusesha ye-Yandex, i-router, ikhulula isicelo se-PC1 kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke, ixhuma indlela. I-NAT, okuyinto iguqula ikheli le-IP le-PC1 libe ikheli le-IP elimhlophe lomhlaba wonke elithi 91.105.8.10
Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho i-router ithola impendulo evela kuseva ye-Yandex, isebenzisa umshini I-NAT izothumela le mpendulo ekhelini le-IP 192.168.1.3 lapho i-PC1 ixhunywe khona.
2. Icala lesibili: Futhi unamadivayisi ambalwa axhunywe kunethiwekhi yangakini, kodwa awuthenganga ikheli le-IP elimhlophe kumnikezeli wakho we-inthanethi.
Kulokhu ikheli lendawo I-PC1(192.168.1.3) kuqala iguqulwe I-NAT'om ku-router yakho futhi iphenduka ibe ikheli le-IP elimpunga 172.17.115.3, owanikezwa umhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi, bese ikheli lakho le-IP elimpunga liyaguqulwa I-NAT'om router yomhlinzeki ikheli le-ip elimhlophe 91.105.108.10, futhi ngemva kwalokhu ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi (inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke).
Okusho ukuthi, kulokhu kuvela ukuthi amadivayisi akho angemuva kabili I-NAT'ohm.
Lolu hlelo lunezinga eliphezulu lokuvikeleka kumadivayisi akho, kodwa futhi linenani lokubi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukubhaliswa okungazinzile kokuphuza kwemishini ye-VoIP noma ukuzwakala kwendlela eyodwa lapho ushayela ngocingo lwe-IP.
Imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nokusebenza komshini I-NAT, mayelana nezinzuzo nezingozi zayo, mayelana nokwabiwa kwechweba, mayelana namasokhethi kanye nezinhlobo I-NAT Ngizobhala isihloko esihlukile.
4. I-DHCP - iseva nama-subnets
Ukuxhuma idivayisi, isibonelo, ikhompuyutha kwi-inthanethi, ngokuvamile umane uxhuma ucingo (ibhangqa elisontekile) kukhompyutha bese udlulela echwebeni lamahhala kumzila, ngemva kwalokho ikhompyutha ithola ikheli le-IP ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ifinyelele I-inthanethi iyavela.
Futhi nge-Wi-Fi, isibonelo kusuka ku-smartphone noma i-laptop, uxhuma kunethiwekhi oyidingayo, faka iphasiwedi, idivayisi ithola ikheli le-IP futhi une-Inthanethi.
А yini evumela idivayisi ukuthi ithole ikheli le-IP lendawo ngokuzenzakalelayo?
Lo msebenzi uyenziwa Iseva ye-DHCP.
Irutha ngayinye ifakwe Iseva ye-DHCP. Amakheli e-IP atholwe ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-ip ashukumisayo.
Kungani i-dynamic?
Ngoba, ngakho konke ukuxhumana okusha noma ukuqalisa kabusha i-router, Iseva ye-DHCP futhi iqala kabusha futhi inganikeza amadivayisi amakheli e-IP ahlukile.
Okusho ukuthi, isibonelo, manje ikhompuyutha yakho inekheli le-IP 192.168.1.10, ngemva kokuqalisa kabusha umzila, ikheli le-IP lekhompyutha lingase libe 192.168.1.35
Ukuze uvimbele ikheli le-IP ukuthi lingashintshi, ungalisetha ngokwezibalo. Lokhu kungenziwa kokubili kukhompuyutha kuzilungiselelo zenethiwekhi naku-router ngokwayo.
Futhi Iseva ye-DHCP Ungakwazi ukuyikhubaza ku-router futhi usethe amakheli e-IP mathupha.
Izilungiselelo eziningi zingalungiselelwa Amaseva e-DHCP kumzila owodwa. Khona-ke inethiwekhi yendawo izohlukaniswa ama-subnet.
Isibonelo, sizoxhuma amakhompyutha ku-subnet enguziro ebangeni elithi 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, amaphrinta ku-subnet yokuqala ebangeni elithi 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, futhi i-Wi-Fi izosatshalaliswa ku-subnet yesihlanu ububanzi 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (bona umdwebo ngezansi)
Ngokuvamile, asikho isidingo sokuhlukanisa phakathi kwama-subnet. Lokhu kwenziwa lapho inkampani inenani elikhulu lamadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi nalapho isetha ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi.
Kodwa uhlelo olunjalo lwenzeka kaningi ezinkampanini.
Ngakho-ke, nakanjani udinga ukwazi iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuqapha
Uma udinga ukufinyelela ku-interface yewebhu, isibonelo, iphrinta noma ifoni ye-IP evela ku-PC, futhi i-PC yakho itholakala ku-subnet ehlukile, lapho-ke ngeke ukwazi ukuxhuma.
Ukuze siqonde, ake sibheke isibonelo:
Ake sithi usebenzela I-PC1 ngekheli le-IP lendawo 10.10.5.2 futhi ufuna ukuya kusixhumi esibonakalayo sewebhu ip ifoni ngekheli le-IP lendawo 192.168.1.3, lapho-ke ngeke ukwazi ukuxhuma. Njengoba amadivaysi atholakala kuma-subnet ahlukene. Kumafoni e-IP atholakala ku-subnet 192.168.1.X., ungaxhuma kuphela I-PC3 (192.168.1.5).
Futhi ukuze I-MFP (172.17.17.12) ungaxhumana naye kuphela I-PC4 (172.17.17.10).
Ngakho-ke, uma uxhuma ukude kumsebenzisi ku-PC ukuze ufinyelele ku-inthanethi yocingo lwe-IP, qiniseka ukuthi uqala ngokuhlola amakheli e-IP endawo ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi womabili amadivaysi axhunywe ku-subnet efanayo.
5. Amadivayisi omzila wenethiwekhi (irutha, shintsha, shintsha, ihabhu)
Kungase kungabi yinqaba, kodwa kukhona iqiniso lokuthi abasanda kungena ku-IT (ngezinye izikhathi abalawuli besistimu abakhona kakade) abazi noma badide imibono enjengokuthi irutha, shintsha, shintsha, isango lenethiwekhi nehabhu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi isizathu sokudideka okunjalo savela ngenxa yokwanda komqondo ofanayo kanye ne-jargon emagameni emishini yenethiwekhi, futhi lokhu manje sekudukisa onjiniyela abaningi abasafufusa.
Ake sikuthole.
a) Irutha, irutha kanye nesango lenethiwekhi
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kuyini umzila. Ukuthi yilona kanye idivayisi esabalalisa i-inthanethi endlini, exhunywe kumhlinzeki we-inthanethi.
Ngakho lapha irutha kanye nesango lenethiwekhi iyirutha.
Lesi sixhobo siyisisetshenziswa esikhulu ekuhleleni inethiwekhi. Kwezobunjiniyela, igama elisetshenziswa kakhulu lithi “umzila".
Ngendlela, i-router ingaba yibhokisi le-set-top kuphela, kodwa futhi iyunithi yesistimu yekhompyutha, uma ufaka elinye ikhadi lenethiwekhi lapho bese ufaka, isibonelo, i-RouterOS Mikrotik. Okulandelayo, sabalalisa inethiwekhi kumadivayisi amaningi usebenzisa iswishi.
b) Iyini I-Switch futhi ihluke kanjani ku-Switch kanye ne-Hub
Shintsha futhi Ushintshe kunjalo futhi bomcondvofana. Futhi lapha ihabhu idivayisi ehluke kancane. Mayelana nakho endimeni elandelayo (c).
Shintsha (shintsha) isebenzela ukuhlanganisa inethiwekhi yendawo. Njengesivikelo se-tee noma i-surge lapho sixhuma khona amadivayisi ethu ukuze abanike amandla ngogesi ophuma endaweni eyodwa.
Iswishi ayikwazi ukuhambisa inethiwekhi njengerutha. Ngeke inikeze idivayisi yakho ikheli le-IP futhi ngeke ikwazi ukukuxhuma ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kosizo lwerutha.
Umzila ojwayelekile uvamise ukuba nezimbobo ezingu-4-5 zokuxhuma amadivayisi. Ngokufanelekile, uma amadivaysi akho exhunywe ngezintambo futhi maningi awo kunamachweba kumzila, udinga ukushintsha. Ungakwazi ukuxhuma iswishi enezimbobo ezingu-24 embobeni eyodwa yomzila futhi uhlele kalula inethiwekhi yendawo yamadivayisi angu-24.
Futhi uma unenye i-router elele nxazonke, ungavumela imodi yokushintsha kusixhumi esibonakalayo sewebhu futhi uyisebenzise njengokushintsha.
c) Ihabhu
Ihabhu yenza imisebenzi efanayo neswishi. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe bayo bokusabalalisa buyinkuni kakhulu futhi kakade buphelelwe yisikhathi.
Ihabhu ihambisa amaphakethe avela kumzila kuwo wonke amadivaysi axhunyiwe ngokungakhethi, futhi amadivaysi ngokwawo kufanele aqonde ukuthi iphakethe noma cha.
А inkinobho inetafula le-MAC ngakho-ke isabalalisa amaphakethe angenayo kudivayisi eyodwa ethile, ecele leli phakethe. Ngakho ukudluliswa kwedatha shintsha ngokushesha nangempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Kulezi zinsuku awuvamisile ukubona ukusetshenziswa kwe ihabhu, kodwa noma kunjalo ziyavela, udinga ukulungela lokhu futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uncoma ukuthi umsebenzisi amiselele ihabhu ngokushintsha.
6. Imiyalo eyisisekelo yokuhlaziya inethiwekhi
a) Umyalo we-ping
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ingabe ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi noma idivayisi ngokwayo iyasebenza, ungakwazi “i-ping” yona.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, bhala umyalo "ping" kulayini womyaloikheli le-ip".
Lapha "sifake" iseva ye-Google dns futhi, njengoba sibona, iseva iyasebenza (kukhona impendulo kuma-pings futhi i-83 ms).
Uma indawo okuyiwa kuyo ingatholakali noma leli kheli le-IP lingekho, sizobese sibona isithombe esilandelayo:
Okusho ukuthi, asiyitholi impendulo kuma-pings.
Nokho I-Ping kuwusizo kakhulu ukusebenzisa nokhiye:
-t - "ping" ngokuqhubekayo (ukumisa, cindezela u-Ctrl+C)
a -bonisa igama le-node "pinged" (isayithi / idivayisi / iseva)
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ukhiye “a” usibonise ukuthi igama le-pinged node lithi “dns.google”.
Futhi ngenxa yokhiye "-t“I-ping yaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuma, ngiyimise ngokucindezela u-Ctrl+C.
Nge-ping eqhubekayo, ungabona ukuthi i-pinged node iziphatha ngendlela efanele yini kanye nekhwalithi elinganiselwe yesiteshi se-inthanethi.
Njengoba singabona kusithombe-skrini, ukubambezeleka kokwamukela iphakethe kufika ku-418 ms kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile; leli inani elibucayi kakhulu, njengoba ukweqa ukusuka ku-83 ms kuya ku-418 ms kungathinta ukuxhumana kwevidiyo ngokwehlisa ijubane/ukubanda kwesithombe noma nge-IP. ucingo ngokwehlisa izinga lezwi.
Endabeni yami, cishe i-inthanethi yasekhaya ibhekene nesiphepho.
Kodwa ukuze uthole imbangela ngokuningiliziwe, udinga ukugijima ukulahla. Futhi lesi yisihloko se-athikili yonke.
Ukuqapha Kwesinye isikhathi ukuthumela kukhutshaziwe kumarutha I-ICMP amaphakethe (amanye ayayikhubaza ngenhloso, futhi kwenye indawo ayivunyelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo), kulokhu i-node enjalo ngeke iphendule kuma-pings, nakuba yona ngokwayo izosebenza futhi isebenze ngokujwayelekile kunethiwekhi.
Enye indlela "ping" kungenzeka thola ukuthi yiliphi ikheli le-IP elifihliwe ngemuva kwesizinda sewebhusayithi. Okungukuthi, kusiphi iseva umsingathi wesayithi efakwe.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, mane ubhale iwebhusayithi esikhundleni sekheli le-IP:
Njengoba ubona, ihabhu linekheli le-IP 178.248.237.68
b) Landzelela
Kwesinye isikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ukuthi iphakethe liya ngayiphi indlela kudivayisi ethile.
Mhlawumbe kukhona umgodi endaweni ethile futhi iphakheji alifinyeleli kumamukeli. Ngakho nakhu Insiza yokulandela isiza ukunquma ukuthi le phakheji ibambeke kusiphi isigaba.
Ku-Windows OS lolu hlelo lubizwa ngomyalo "tracert" ikheli le-IP noma isizinda:
Lapha sibonile ukuthi yimaphi amanodi isicelo sethu esidlula kuwo ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele kuseva ye-ya.ru
In I-Linux OS lolu hlelo lokusebenza lubizwa ngomyalo i-traceroute.
Amanye amadivayisi, amarutha noma amasango ezwi le-VoIP nawo anensiza yokulandelela.
c) Usizo lukabani
Lokhu Uhlelo lokusebenza likuvumela ukuthi uthole lonke ulwazi mayelana nekheli le-IP noma umbhalisi wesizinda.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake sihlole Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi 145.255.1.71. Ukwenza lokhu, ngifaka umyalo kutheminali uphi 145.255.1.71
Sithole ulwazi mayelana nomhlinzeki wekheli le-IP, izwe, idolobha, ikheli, ububanzi, njll.
Ngiyisebenzisa ku-Linux kuphela. Insiza ingalandwa kalula futhi ifakwe kusuka endaweni yokugcina yesistimu yokusebenza.
Kodwa ngifunde nokuthi kunesixazululo esifanayo ku-Windows.
7. Imithetho yezokuthutha i-TCP ne-UDP
Konke ukudluliswa kwezicelo nokwamukelwa kwezimpendulo phakathi kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izivumelwano zokuthutha I-TCP ne-UDP.
Iphrothokholi ye-TCP iqinisekisa ukulethwa kwesicelo kanye nobuqotho bokudluliswa kwaso. Ihlola ngokuqhubekayo ukutholakala komsingathi ngaphambi kokuthumela iphakethe. Futhi uma endleleni ubuqotho bephakheji buphulwa, khona-ke I-TCP izohambisana nezingxenye ezingekho.
Ngokuvamile, lena iphrothokholi ezokwenza konke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isicelo sakho sifinyelela obhalelwayo ngendlela efanele.
Ngakho-ke, I-TCP iphrothokholi yezokuthutha evame kakhulu. Isetshenziswa lapho umsebenzisi esebenzisa i-inthanethi, ekhuphuka amasayithi, izinsizakalo, izinkundla zokuxhumana. amanethiwekhi, njll.
UDP iphrothokholi ayinakho ukudluliswa kwedatha okuqinisekisiwe njenge I-TCP. Ayihloli ukutholakala kwe-node yokugcina ngaphambi kokuyithumela futhi ayigcwalisi iphakethe uma lonakalisiwe. Uma iphakethe elithile noma amaphakethe ambalwa elahleka endleleni, umlayezo uzofinyelela kumamukeli ngendlela engaphelele.
Kungani-ke udinga i-UDP?
Iqiniso liwukuthi le protocol yezokuthutha inenzuzo enkulu I-TCP ngesivinini sokudlulisa idatha. Yingakho ke I-UDP isetshenziswa kabanzi ukudlulisa amaphakethe ezwi nawevidiyo ngesikhathi sangempela. Okungukuthi, ngocingo lwe-IP namakholi wevidiyo.
Isibonelo, noma iyiphi ikholi nge-WhatsApp noma i-Viber isebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo wezokuthutha UDP. Futhi namakholi wevidiyo, isibonelo, nge-Skype noma izithunywa ezisheshayo ezifanayo i-WhatsApp ne-Viber.
Kungenxa yokuthi i-UDP ayiqinisekisi ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphelele kanye nobuqotho bephakethe elidluliswayo ukuthi izinkinga zivame ukuvela lapho ushaya izingcingo nge-inthanethi.
Lezi iziphazamiso zezwi, ukubambezeleka, ama-echoes, noma ama-robovoice.
Le nkinga yenzeka ngenxa yesiteshi se-inthanethi esilayishiwe, i-NAT ephindwe kabili noma isiteshi somsakazo.
Kungaba kuhle, kunjalo, ukusebenzisa ezimweni ezinjalo I-TCP, kodwa maye, ukudluliswa kwezwi kudinga ukudluliswa okusheshayo kwamaphakethe aphelele, futhi kulo msebenzi kufanelekile UDP.
Ukuze ugweme izinkinga usebenzisa UDP protocol, udinga nje ukuhlela isiteshi se-inthanethi sekhwalithi ephezulu. Futhi usethe ibhande elizinikele ku-router ye UDPukulayisha kusuka kwamanye amadivaysi asebenzisayo I-TCP ayizange iphazamise ukusebenza kwephrothokholi yezokuthutha UDP.
Yilokho kuphela.
Angizange nginqwabele indatshana futhi ngikopishe-nginamathisele izincazelo zesayensi zawo wonke amagama asetshenziswe lapha; kulabo abayidingayo, i-Google kuphela.
Ngazama ukuhlanganisa i-7 ebaluleke kakhulu, ngokubona kwami, amaphuzu, ulwazi oluzosiza "uchwepheshe we-IT" osemusha ukuthi aphumelele izigaba zokuqala zenhlolokhono yezikhundla ze-"IT", noma okungenani azise umqashi ukuthi wazi ngokucacile ngaphezu komsebenzisi ojwayelekile.
Tadisha, bhala amaphuzu. Ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sizoba usizo kwabaningi.
Source: www.habr.com