Ukuvumelanisa Isikhathi Se-Linux: NTP, Chrony kanye ne-systemd-timesyncd

Abantu abaningi bagcina umkhondo wesikhathi. Sivuka ngesikhathi ukuze siqedele amasiko ethu asekuseni futhi siye emsebenzini, sithathe ikhefu lesidlo sasemini, sihlangabezane nezinsuku zokugcina zephrojekthi, sigubhe izinsuku zokuzalwa namaholide, sigibele indiza, nokunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho: abanye bethu bamatasa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iwashi lami linikwa amandla amandla elanga futhi lithola isikhathi esinembile ku-National Institute of Standards and Technology (UNYAZI) ukuya e-Fort Collins, e-Colorado ngomsakazo we-longwave I-WWVB. Izimpawu zesikhathi zivunyelaniswa newashi le-athomu, elitholakala e-Fort Collins. I-Fitbit yami ivumelanisa nefoni yami evumelaniswa neseva NTP, egcina ivumelanisa newashi le-athomu.

Amadivayisi alandelela isikhathi futhi

Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani amadivaysi ethu namakhompyutha adinga isikhathi esinembile. Isibonelo, emabhange, ezimakethe zamasheya, nakwamanye amabhizinisi ezezimali, ukuthengiselana kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, futhi ukulandelana kwesikhathi okunembile kubalulekile kulokhu.

Amafoni ethu, amathebulethi, izimoto, amasistimu e-GPS namakhompyutha konke kudinga izilungiselelo ezinembile zesikhathi nedethi. Ngifuna iwashi elikubuso bekhompuyutha yami libonise isikhathi esifanele. Ngifuna izikhumbuzi zivele ekhalendeni lami lendawo ngesikhathi esifanele. Isikhathi esifanele futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi ye-cron ne-systemd isebenza ngesikhathi esifanele.

Idethi nesikhathi nakho kubalulekile ekugawulweni kwemithi, ngakho-ke kulula kancane ukuthola amalogi athile asekelwe osukwini nesikhathi. Isibonelo, ngake ngasebenza ku-DevOps (yayingabizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi) futhi ngangisetha uhlelo lwe-imeyili esifundazweni saseNorth Carolina. Sasivame ukucubungula ama-imeyili angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 ngosuku. Ukulandelela i-imeyili ngochungechunge lwamaseva, noma ukucacisa ukulandelana kwangempela kwezehlakalo kusetshenziswa amafayela welogi kubasingathi abahlakazekile ngokwendawo, kungaba lula kakhulu uma amakhompyutha afanele avumelaniswa ngesikhathi.

Isikhathi esisodwa - amahora amaningi

Abasingathi be-Linux kufanele bacabangele ukuthi kunesikhathi sesistimu nesikhathi se-RTC. I-RTC (Iwashi Lesikhathi Sangempela) igama eliyinqaba kancane futhi alinembile kakhulu lewashi lehadiwe.

Iwashi lehadiwe lisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngisho nalapho ikhompuyutha icishiwe, kusetshenziswa ibhethri ebhodini lomama lesistimu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-RTC ukugcina isikhathi lapho uxhumano kwiseva yesikhathi lungatholakali. Ezinsukwini lapho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuxhuma kuseva yesikhathi nge-inthanethi, yonke ikhompuyutha kwakudingeka ibe newashi langaphakathi elinembile. Amasistimu okusebenza bekufanele afinyelele i-RTC ngesikhathi sokuqalisa futhi umsebenzisi bekufanele azibekele mathupha isikhathi sesistimu esebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo sokucushwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha ze-BIOS ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi silungile.

Amawashi ezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha awawuqondi umqondo wezindawo zesikhathi; I-RTC igcina isikhathi kuphela, hhayi izoni yesikhathi noma i-offset kusuka ku-UTC (Isikhathi Esihlanganisiwe Sendawo Yonke, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-GMT noma i-Greenwich Mean Time). Ungafaka i-RTC usebenzisa ithuluzi engizolifaka kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Isikhathi sesistimu yisikhathi i-OS esibonisa ewashini le-GUI kudeskithophu yakho, ekuphumeni komyalo wedethi, ezitembu zesikhathi zamalogi. Lokhu kusebenza nalapho amafayela edalwa, elungiswa, futhi evulwa.

Ekhasini indoda ye rtc kukhona incazelo egcwele ye-RTC kanye newashi lesistimu.

Yini nge-NTP?

Amakhompyutha kuwo wonke umhlaba asebenzisa i-NTP (Network Time Protocol) ukuze avumelanise isikhathi sawo namawashi ayizethenjwa ajwayelekile ku-inthanethi esebenzisa i-hierarchy yamaseva e-NTP. Amaseva esikhathi esiyinhloko akusendlalelo 1 futhi axhunywe ngokuqondile ezinsizeni zesikhathi ezihlukahlukene zikazwelonke kusendlalelo 0 ngesathelayithi, umsakazo noma ngisho namamodemu ngocingo. Izinsizakalo zesikhathi zesendlalelo esingu-0 zingaba iwashi le-athomu, isamukeli somsakazo esishunwa kumasiginali adluliswa amawashi e-athomu, noma isamukeli se-GPS esisebenzisa amasignali ewashi anembe kakhulu asakazwa amasathelayithi e-GPS.

Iningi lamaseva ereferensi anezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaseva zomphakathi we-NTP stratum 2 avulekele umphakathi. Izinhlangano eziningi nabasebenzisi (kuhlanganise nami) enababungazi abaningi abadinga iseva ye-NTP bakhetha ukumisa amaseva abo esikhathi ukuze umsingathi oyedwa kuphela wendawo ofinyelela ku-stratum 2 noma 3. Bese belungisa amanodi asele kunethiwekhi ukuze asebenzise indawo. iseva yesikhathi. Endabeni yenethiwekhi yami yasekhaya, lena iseva engu-3.

Ukuqaliswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-NTP

Ukuqaliswa kwangempela kwe-NTP yi-ntpd. Yabe isijoyinwa ngabasha ababili, i-chronyd ne-systemd-timesyncd. Zontathu zivumelanisa isikhathi sosokhaya sendawo neseva yesikhathi ye-NTP. Isevisi ye-systemd-timesyncd ayithembekile njenge-chronyd, kodwa yinhle ngokwanele ngezinjongo eziningi. Uma i-RTC ingaphandle kokuvumelanisa, ingalungisa kancane kancane isikhathi sesistimu ukuze ivumelanise neseva ye-NTP lapho isikhathi sesistimu yendawo sinyakaza kancane. Isevisi ye-systemd-timesync ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengeseva yesikhathi.

I-Chrony ukuqaliswa kwe-NTP equkethe izinhlelo ezimbili: i-chronyd daemon kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo okuthiwa i-chronyc. I-Chrony inezici ezithile ezibalulekile ezimweni eziningi:

• I-Chrony ingavumelanisa neseva yesikhathi ngokushesha kakhulu kunesevisi yakudala ye-ntpd. Lokhu kuhle kumakhompyutha aphathekayo noma amadeskithophu angasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi.
• Ingakwazi ukunxephezela ukushintshashintsha kwewashi, njengalapho umsingathi elala noma engena kumodi yokulala, noma lapho iwashi lishintsha ngenxa yokugxuma okuyimvamisa, okwenza ukubambezela amawashi ekulayisheni okuphansi.
• Ixazulula izinkinga zesikhathi ezihlobene nokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi okungazinzile noma ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi.
• Ilawula ukubambezeleka kwenethiwekhi.
• Ngemuva kokuvumelanisa isikhathi sokuqala, i-Chrony ayilokothi imise iwashi. Lokhu kunikeza izikhathi ezizinzile nezingaguquguquki ezinsizeni eziningi zesistimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
• I-Chrony ingasebenza ngisho nangaphandle koxhumano lwenethiwekhi. Kulokhu, umsingathi wendawo noma iseva ingabuyekezwa ngesandla.
• I-Chrony ingasebenza njengeseva ye-NTP.

Nakulokhu, i-NTP iyiphrothokholi engasetshenziswa kubasingathi be-Linux kusetshenziswa i-Chrony noma i-systemd-timesyncd.

I-NTP, Chrony, kanye ne-systemd-timesyncd RPMs ayatholakala kumakhosombe ajwayelekile e-Fedora. I-systemd-udev RPM ingumphathi womcimbi we-kernel ofakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-Fedora, kodwa uyazikhethela.

Ungazifaka zontathu bese ushintsha phakathi kwazo, kodwa lokhu kuzodala ikhanda elibuhlungu elengeziwe. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukungakwenzi. Ukukhishwa kwesimanje kwe-Fedora, i-CentOS, ne-RHEL kuthuthele ku-Chrony njengokuqaliswa okuzenzakalelayo, futhi bane-systemd-timesyncd. Ngithola i-Chrony isebenza kahle, ihlinzeka ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esingcono kunesevisi ye-NTP, inikeza ulwazi nokulawula okwengeziwe, okuyinto abaphathi besistimu abazoyijabulela ngokuqinisekile.

Ikhubaza Amasevisi e-NTP

Isevisi ye-NTP kungenzeka isivele isebenza kumsingathi wakho. Uma kunjalo, udinga ukuyikhubaza ngaphambi kokushintshela kwenye into. Bengine-chronyd esebenzayo ngakho-ke ngisebenzise imiyalo elandelayo ukuyimisa futhi ngiyikhubaze. Qalisa imiyalo efanelekile yanoma iyiphi i-daemon ye-NTP oyisebenzisayo kumsingathi wakho:

[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl disable chronyd ; systemctl stop chronyd
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/chronyd.service.
[root@testvm1 ~]#

Hlola ukuthi isevisi imisiwe futhi ivaliwe:

[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: inactive (dead)
       Docs: man:chronyd(8)
             man:chrony.conf(5)
[root@testvm1 ~]#

Ukuhlola isimo ngaphambi kokuqaliswa

Isimo sokuvumelanisa iwashi lesistimu sikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi isevisi ye-NTP iyasebenza yini. Njengoba ungakayiqali i-NTP, umyalo we-timesync-status uzobonisa lokhu:

[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl timesync-status
Failed to query server: Could not activate remote peer.

Isicelo sesimo esiqondile sinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile. Isibonelo, umyalo we-timedatectl ongena-agumenti noma izinketho usebenzisa i-subcommand yesimo ngokuzenzakalelayo:

[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl status
           Local time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:10 EDT  
           Universal time: Fri 2020-05-15 12:43:10 UTC  
                 RTC time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:08      
                Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: no                          
              NTP service: inactive                    
          RTC in local TZ: yes                    

Warning: The system is configured to read the RTC time in the local time zone.
         This mode cannot be fully supported. It will create various problems
         with time zone changes and daylight saving time adjustments. The RTC
         time is never updated, it relies on external facilities to maintain it.
         If at all possible, use RTC in UTC by calling
         'timedatectl set-local-rtc 0'.
[root@testvm1 ~]#

Lokhu kuzokunikeza isikhathi sasendaweni somsingathi wakho, isikhathi se-UTC, nesikhathi se-RTC. Kulokhu, isikhathi sesistimu sisethelwe kuzoni yesikhathi yaseMelika/New_York (TZ), i-RTC isethelwe kusikhathi endaweni yesikhathi, futhi isevisi ye-NTP ayisebenzi. Isikhathi se-RTC sesiqalile ukuchezuka kancane kusikhathi sesistimu. Lokhu kuvamile kumasistimu amawashi awo angavumelaniswanga. Inani le-offset kumsingathi lincike esikhathini esidlulile kusukela isistimu yagcina ukuvumelanisa.

Siphinde sathola isexwayiso mayelana nokusebenzisa isikhathi sasendaweni se-RTC - lokhu kusebenza ezinguqukweni zendawo yesikhathi kanye nezilungiselelo ze-DST. Uma ikhompuyutha icishiwe lapho kudingeka kwenziwe izinguquko, i-RTC ngeke ishintshe. Kodwa kumaseva noma abanye ababungazi abagijima ubusuku nemini, lokhu akuyona inkinga nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma iyiphi isevisi enikeza ukuvumelanisa kwesikhathi se-NTP izolungisa isikhathi sosokhaya phakathi nesigaba sokuqala sokuqalisa, ukuze isikhathi sizolunga futhi ngemva kokuba ukuqalisa sekuqediwe.

Ukusetha izoni yesikhathi

Ngokuvamile, ucacisa indawo yesikhathi phakathi nenqubo yokufaka futhi awunawo umsebenzi wokuyishintsha kamuva. Nokho, kunezikhathi lapho udinga ukushintsha izoni yesikhathi. Kunamathuluzi amaningana angasiza. I-Linux isebenzisa amafayela wendawo yesikhathi ukuze inqume izoni yesikhathi yasendaweni yomsingathi. Lawa mafayela akuhla lwemibhalo /usr/share/zoneinfo. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, endaweni yami yesikhathi, isistimu ibeka lokhu: /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York. Kodwa awudingi ukwazi ubuqili obunjalo ukuze ushintshe indawo yesikhathi.

Into eyinhloko ukwazi igama lendawo yesikhathi esemthethweni yendawo yakho kanye nomyalo ohambisanayo. Ake sithi ufuna ukushintsha izoni yesikhathi ibe yi-Los Angeles:

[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | column
<SNIP>
America/La_Paz                  Europe/Budapest
America/Lima                    Europe/Chisinau
America/Los_Angeles             Europe/Copenhagen
America/Maceio                  Europe/Dublin
America/Managua                 Europe/Gibraltar
America/Manaus                  Europe/Helsinki
<SNIP>

Manje ungasetha indawo yesikhathi. Ngisebenzise umyalo wedethi ukuhlola izinguquko, kodwa ungasebenzisa futhi i-timedatectl:

[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 04:47:49 PM EDT
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 01:48:23 PM PDT
[root@testvm2 ~]#

Manje usungakwazi ukushintsha izoni yesikhathi yosokhaya wakho ubuyele kusikhathi sasendaweni.

systemd-timesyncd

I-systemd timesync daemon inikeza ukusetshenziswa kwe-NTP okulula ukukuphatha kumongo we-systemd. Ifakwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-Fedora naku-Ubuntu. Noma kunjalo, iqala ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-Ubuntu. Angiqiniseki ngokunye ukusatshalaliswa. Ungakwazi ukuzihlolela wena:

[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncd

Ilungiselela i-systemd-timesyncd

Ifayela lokumisa le-systemd-timesyncd lithi /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf. Leli yifayela elilula elinezinketho ezimbalwa ezinikwe amandla kune-NTP endala nezinsizakalo ze-chronyd. Nakhu okuqukethwe kwaleli fayela (ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okwengeziwe) ku-Fedora VM yami:

#  This file is part of systemd.
#
#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
# You can change settings by editing this file.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
#
# See timesyncd.conf(5) for details.

[Time]
#NTP=
#FallbackNTP=0.fedora.pool.ntp.org 1.fedora.pool.ntp.org 2.fedora.pool.ntp.org 3.fedora.pool.ntp.org
#RootDistanceMaxSec=5
#PollIntervalMinSec=32
#PollIntervalMaxSec=2048

Okuwukuphela kwengxenye equkethe, ngaphandle kwamazwana, ithi [Isikhathi]. Yonke eminye imigqa iphawuliwe. Lawa amanani azenzakalelayo futhi akufanele ashintshwe (ngaphandle uma unesizathu sokwenza). Uma ungenayo iseva yesikhathi ye-NTP echazwe kulayini we-NTP=, i-Fedora ishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo kuseva yesikhathi ye-Fedora yokubuyela emuva. Ngokuvamile ngingeza iseva yami yesikhathi:

NTP=myntpserver

Isebenzisa ukuvumelanisa kwesikhathi

Ungaqala futhi wenze i-systemd-timesyncd isebenze kanje:

[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl enable systemd-timesyncd.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.timesync1.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants/systemd-timesyncd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl start systemd-timesyncd.service
[root@testvm2 ~]#

Ukusetha iwashi lehadiwe

Nakhu ukuthi isimo sibukeka kanjani ngemuva kokusebenza kwe-timesyncd:

[root@testvm2 systemd]# timedatectl
               Local time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:54 EDT  
           Universal time: Sat 2020-05-16 18:34:54 UTC  
                 RTC time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:53      
                Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes                          
              NTP service: active                      
          RTC in local TZ: no    

Ekuqaleni, umehluko phakathi kwe-RTC nesikhathi sendawo (EDT) ungaphansi kwesekhondi, futhi umehluko ukhula ngamanye amasekhondi ambalwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo. Njengoba ungekho umqondo wezindawo zesikhathi ku-RTC, umyalo we-timedatectl kufanele wenze isiqhathaniso ukuze unqume izoni yesikhathi efanele. Uma isikhathi se-RTC singafani ncamashi nesikhathi sasendaweni, ngakho-ke asifani nendawo yesikhathi yasendaweni.

Ngibheka ulwazi olwengeziwe, ngibheke isimo se-systemd-timesync futhi ngathola lokhu:

[root@testvm2 systemd]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service
● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT; 18h ago
       Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)
   Main PID: 822 (systemd-timesyn)
     Status: "Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org)."
      Tasks: 2 (limit: 10365)
     Memory: 2.8M
        CPU: 476ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/systemd-timesyncd.service
             └─822 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd

May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Starting Network Time Synchronization...
May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: System clock time unset or jumped backwards, restoring from recorded timestamp: Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT
May 16 13:56:53 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Started Network Time Synchronization.
May 16 13:57:56 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org).
[root@testvm2 systemd]#

Qaphela umlayezo welogi othi isikhathi sohlelo asikasethwa noma sisethwe kabusha. Isevisi ye-Timesync isetha isikhathi sohlelo ngokusekelwe kusitembu sesikhathi. Izitembu zesikhathi zigcinwa yi-daemon yesikhathi futhi zidalwe kukho konke ukuvumelanisa okuphumelelayo.

Umyalo we-timedatectl awunayo indlela yokuthatha inani lewashi lehadiwe ewashini lesistimu. Ingasetha kuphela isikhathi nosuku ukusuka enanini elifakwe emugqeni womyalo. Ungasetha i-RTC enanini elifanayo nesikhathi sohlelo usebenzisa umyalo we-hwclock:

[root@testvm2 ~]# /sbin/hwclock --systohc --localtime
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl
               Local time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46 EDT  
           Universal time: Mon 2020-05-18 17:56:46 UTC  
                 RTC time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46      
                Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes                          
              NTP service: active                      
          RTC in local TZ: yes

Inketho ye --localtime itshela iwashi lehadiwe ukuthi libonise isikhathi sasendaweni, hhayi i-UTC.

Kungani udinga i-RTC nhlobo?

Noma yikuphi ukuqaliswa kwe-NTP kuzosetha iwashi lesistimu ngesikhathi sokuqalisa. Futhi kungani-ke i-RTC? Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele: lokhu kuzokwenzeka kuphela uma unoxhumano lwenethiwekhi kwiseva yesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, amasistimu amaningi awakwazi njalo ukufinyelela ekuxhumekeni kwenethiwekhi, ngakho-ke iwashi lehadiwe liwusizo ku-Linux ukuze lisetshenziswe ukusetha isikhathi sesistimu. Lokhu kungcono kunokusetha isikhathi mathupha, nakuba kungase kuphambuke esikhathini sangempela.

isiphetho

Lesi sihloko sibuyekeze amathuluzi athile okukhohlisa idethi, isikhathi, nezindawo zesikhathi. Ithuluzi le-systemd-timesyncd lihlinzeka ngeklayenti le-NTP elingavumelanisa isikhathi kumsingathi wendawo ngeseva ye-NTP. Nokho, i-systemd-timesyncd ayinikezi isevisi yeseva, ngakho-ke uma udinga iseva ye-NTP kunethiwekhi yakho, kufanele usebenzise enye into, njenge-Chrony, ukuze usebenze njengeseva.

Ngincamela ukuba nokuqaliswa okukodwa kwanoma iyiphi isevisi kunethiwekhi yami, ngakho ngisebenzisa i-Chrony. Uma ungayidingi iseva yendawo ye-NTP, noma uma ungenandaba nokusebenzisa i-Chrony njengeseva kanye ne-systemd-timesyncd njengeklayenti le-SNTP. Phela, asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa izici ezengeziwe ze-Chrony njengeklayenti uma wanelisekile ngokusebenza kwe-systemd-timesyncd.

Enye inothi: akudingekile ukuthi usebenzise amathuluzi we-systemd ukuze usebenzise i-NTP. Ungasebenzisa inguqulo endala ye-ntpd, Chrony, noma okunye ukufakwa kwe-NTP. Phela, i-systemd iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinsizakalo; eziningi zazo azikhethele, ngakho ungazivala futhi usebenzise enye into esikhundleni salokho. Lesi akusona isilo esikhulu se-monolithic. Ungase ungathandi i-systemd noma izingxenye zayo, kodwa kufanele wenze isinqumo unolwazi.

Ngithanda ukuqaliswa kwe-systemd kwe-NTP, kodwa ngincamela i-Chrony ngoba ihambisana nezidingo zami kangcono. Yi-Linux, baby -)

Emalungelo Wokukhangisa

I-VDSina inikeza amaseva awo wonke umsebenzi, ukukhethwa okukhulu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokufakwa ngokuzenzakalela, kungenzeka ukufaka noma iyiphi i-OS kusuka kweyakho ISO, ntofontofo Iphaneli yokulawula ukuthuthukiswa kwakhe kanye nenkokhelo yansuku zonke. Khumbula ukuthi sinamaseva aphakade angaphelelwa yisikhathi 😉

Source: www.habr.com