Isingeniso
"Ukukhiqizwa kwezinombolo okungahleliwe kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungashiywa uzenzekele."
URobert Cavue, ngo-1970
Lesi sihloko sinikezelwe ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwezixazululo kusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinombolo ezingahleliwe ezihlangene endaweni engathenjwa. Ngamafuphi, kanjani futhi kungani kusetshenziswa okungahleliwe kuma-blockchains, futhi kancane mayelana nendlela yokuhlukanisa "okuhle" okungahleliwe kokuthi "okubi". Ukukhiqiza inombolo engahleliwe ngempela kuyinkinga enzima kakhulu, ngisho nakukhompuyutha eyodwa, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside icwaningwa ngabadwebi be-cryptographer. Nokho, kumanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe, ukukhiqizwa kwezinombolo ezingahleliwe kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kubalulekile.
Kukumanethiwekhi lapho ababambiqhaza bengathembani lapho ikhono lokukhiqiza inombolo engahleliwe engenakuphikiswa lisivumela ukuthi sixazulule ngempumelelo izinkinga eziningi ezibucayi futhi sithuthukise ngokuphawulekayo izikimu ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugembula namalotho akuwona umgomo wokuqala lapha, njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni kumfundi ongenalwazi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenombolo okungahleliwe
Amakhompyutha awakwazi ukwenza izinombolo ezingahleliwe ngokwawo; adinga usizo lwangaphandle ukwenza kanjalo. Ikhompyutha ingathola inani elithile elingahleliwe kusuka, isibonelo, ukunyakaza kwegundane, inani lememori esetshenzisiwe, imisinga elahlekile kumaphini okucubungula, neminye imithombo eminingi ebizwa ngokuthi imithombo ye-entropy. Lawa manani ngokwawo awawona nje angahleliwe, ngoba akubanga elithile noma anephethini yoshintsho ebikezelwayo. Ukuze uguqule izinombolo ezinjalo zibe inombolo engahleliwe phakathi kwebanga elinikeziwe, i-cryptotransformations isetshenziswa kuzo ukuze kukhiqizwe amanani mbumbulu angahleliwe asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo kusuka kumanani asakazwe ngokungalingani omthombo we-entropy. Amanani avelayo abizwa ngokuthi i-pseudorandom ngoba awawona nje ngokungahleliwe, kodwa asuselwa ku-entropy. Noma iyiphi i-algorithm enhle ye-cryptographic, lapho ibhala idatha, ikhiqiza imibhalo ye-cipher okufanele ngokwezibalo ihlukaniseke ngokulandelana okungahleliwe, ngakho-ke ukukhiqiza okungahleliwe ungathatha umthombo we-entropy, ohlinzeka ngokuphindaphinda okuhle nokungabikezeli kwamanani ngisho nakumabanga amancane, umsebenzi osele ukuhlakazeka nokuxuba izingcezu Inani eliwumphumela lizothathwa yi-algorithm yokubethela.
Ukuze ngiqedele uhlelo olufushane lwezemfundo, ngizongeza ukuthi ukukhiqiza izinombolo ezingahleliwe ngisho na kudivayisi eyodwa kungenye yezinsika zokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwedatha yethu. Izinombolo ezikhiqiziwe ezingahleliwe zisetshenziswa lapho kusungulwa ukuxhumana okuvikelekile kumanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene, ukuze kukhiqizwe okhiye be-cryptographic, bokulinganisa umthwalo, ukuqapha ubuqotho, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi. Ukuvikeleka kwamaphrothokholi amaningi kuncike emandleni okukhiqiza okungahleliwe okuthembekile, okungalindelekile ngaphandle, ukukugcina, futhi ungakuvezi kuze kube yisinyathelo esilandelayo sephrothokholi, ngaphandle kwalokho ukuphepha kuzoba sengozini. Ukuhlasela i-pseudorandom value generator kuyingozi kakhulu futhi ngokushesha kusongela yonke isofthiwe esebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungahleliwe.
Kufanele ukwazi konke lokhu uma uthathe isifundo esiyisisekelo se-cryptography, ngakho-ke asiqhubeke mayelana namanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe.
Okungahleliwe kuma-blockchains
Okokuqala, ngizokhuluma ngama-blockchains asekelwa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile; yibo abangasebenzisa ngokugcwele amathuba anikezwa izinga eliphezulu, ukungahleliwe okungenakuphikwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokufushane, ngizobiza lobu buchwepheshe “Amabhikhoni Angahleliwe Aqinisekiswa esidlangalaleni” noma i-PVRB. Njengoba ama-blockchains amanethiwekhi lapho ulwazi lungaqinisekiswa khona yinoma yimuphi umhlanganyeli, ingxenye eyinhloko yegama ithi "Ukuqinisekiswa Komphakathi", i.e. Noma ubani angasebenzisa izibalo ukuze athole ubufakazi bokuthi inombolo ewumphumela ethunyelwe ku-blockchain inalezi zakhiwo ezilandelayo:
- Umphumela kufanele ube nokusatshalaliswa okufanayo okufanayo, okungukuthi, kusekelwe ekubhalweni kwemfihlo okunamandla.
- Akunakwenzeka ukulawula noma yiziphi izingcezu zomphumela. Ngenxa yalokho, umphumela awukwazi ukubikezelwa kusengaphambili.
- Awukwazi ukucekela phansi iphrothokholi yokukhiqiza ngokungahlanganyeli kuphrothokholi noma ngokulayisha ngokweqile inethiwekhi ngemilayezo yokuhlasela.
- Konke lokhu okungenhla kumele kumelane nokuhlangana kwenani elivumelekile labahlanganyeli bephrothokholi abangathembekile (isibonelo, u-1/3 wabahlanganyeli).
Noma yikuphi ukungahle kwenzeke kweqembu elincane labahlanganyeli ukukhiqiza ngisho okungahleliwe okulawulwayo okulinganayo/okuxakile kuyimbobo yokuphepha. Noma yiliphi ikhono leqembu lokumisa ukukhishwa okungahleliwe liyimbobo yokuphepha. Ngokuvamile, ziningi izinkinga, futhi lo msebenzi awulula...
Kubonakala sengathi isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu se-PVRB imidlalo ehlukahlukene, ilotho, futhi ngokuvamile noma yiluphi uhlobo lokugembula ku-blockchain. Ngempela, lokhu kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile, kodwa okungahleliwe kuma-blockchains kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke nakakhulu. Ake sibheke kubo.
I-Consensus Algorithms
I-PVRB idlala indima enkulu ekuhleleni ukuvumelana kwenethiwekhi. Ukuthengiselana kuma-blockchains kuvikelwe isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi, ngakho-ke "ukuhlasela kokuthengiselana" kuhlale kuhlanganisa / ukukhishwa kokuthengiselana kubhulokhi (noma amabhlogo amaningana). Futhi umsebenzi oyinhloko we-algorithm yokuvumelana ukuvumelana ngokuhleleka kwalokhu kuthengiselana kanye nokuhleleka kwamabhulokhi afaka lokhu kuthengiselana. Futhi, impahla edingekayo ye-blockchains yangempela iyisiphetho - ikhono lenethiwekhi ukuze livumelane ukuthi iketango kuze kufike ku-block eqediwe liwukugcina, futhi ngeke likhishwe ngenxa yokubonakala kwemfoloko entsha. Ngokuvamile, ukuze uvumelane ukuthi i-block ivumelekile futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekugcineni, kuyadingeka ukuqoqa amasignesha avela kuningi labakhiqizi be-block (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi i-BP - block-producers), okudinga okungenani ukuletha i-block chain. kuwo wonke ama-BP, nokusabalalisa amasignesha phakathi kwawo wonke ama-BP. Njengoba inani le-BPs likhula, inani lemilayezo edingekayo kunethiwekhi likhula ngokuqhubekayo, ngakho-ke, ama-algorithms okuvumelana adinga isiphetho, asetshenziswe ngokwesibonelo ekuvumelwaneni kwe-Hyperledger pBFT, azisebenzi ngesivinini esidingekayo, kusukela kuma-BP ayishumi nambili, adinga inombolo enkulu yokuxhumana.
Uma kukhona i-PVRB engenakuphikwa futhi ethembekile kunethiwekhi, ngakho-ke, ngisho nasekulinganiseni okulula, umuntu angakhetha omunye wabakhiqizi vimba ngokusekelwe kulo futhi amqoke "njengomholi" ngesikhathi esisodwa sephrothokholi. Uma sinakho N block abakhiqizi, okuyinto M: M > 1/2 N zithembekile, ungakuhloli okwenzekile futhi ungalifaki iketango ukuze wenze ukuhlasela "ukuchitha kabili", bese usebenzisa i-PVRB esatshalaliswe ngokufanayo engaphonswa inselelo kuzovumela ukukhetha umholi othembekile okungenzeka M / N (M / N > 1/2). Uma umholi ngamunye enikezwa isikhawu sakhe sesikhathi lapho angakhiqiza khona ibhulokhi futhi aqinisekise uchungechunge, futhi lezi zikhathi zilingana ngesikhathi, khona-ke i-block chain ye-BPs ethembekile izoba yinde kunochungechunge olwakhiwe ama-BP anonya, kanye nokuvumelana. I-algorithm incike kubude beketango. izovele ilahle “okubi”. Lesi simiso sokwaba izingcezu zesikhathi ezilinganayo ku-BP ngayinye saqala ukusetshenziswa ku-Graphene (umanduleli we-EOS), futhi sivumela amabhlogo amaningi ukuba avaliwe ngesiginesha eyodwa, okunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wenethiwekhi futhi kuvumela lokhu kuvumelana ukuthi kusebenze ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, inethiwekhi ye-EOS manje kufanele isebenzise amabhulokhi akhethekile (I-Last Irreversible Block), eqinisekiswa ngamasignesha we-2/3 BP. Lawa mabhuloki asebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe isiphetho (ukungenzeki kwemfoloko yeketango kuqala ngaphambi kwe-Last Irreversible Block).
Futhi, ekuqalisweni kwangempela, uhlelo lwephrothokholi luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - ukuvotela amabhulokhi ahlongozwayo kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana ukuze kugcinwe inethiwekhi uma kwenzeka kuba nezinkinga ezingekho kanye nezinkinga ngenethiwekhi, kodwa ngisho nokucabangela lokhu, ama-algorithms wokuvumelana usebenzisa i-PVRB idinga. imiyalezo embalwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-BP, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuwenza ngokushesha kune-PVFT evamile, noma ukuguqulwa kwayo okuhlukahlukene.
Ummeleli ovelele kakhulu wama-algorithms anjalo: eqenjini leCardano, okuthiwa lingafakazelwa ngokwezibalo ngokumelene nokuhlangana kwe-BP.
Ku-Ouroboros, i-PVRB isetshenziselwa ukuchaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ishejuli ye-BP" - isimiso lapho i-BP ngayinye inikezwa isikhathi sayo sokushicilela ibhulokhi. Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa i-PVRB “ukulingana” okuphelele kwama-BP (ngokobukhulu bamashidi awo ebhalansi). Ubuqotho be-PVRB buqinisekisa ukuthi ama-BP anonya awakwazi ukulawula ukuhlelwa kwezikhala zesikhathi, ngakho-ke awakwazi ukuphatha iketango ngokulungiselela nokuhlaziya izimfoloko zeketango kusengaphambili, futhi ukukhetha imfoloko kwanele ukumane uthembele kubude beketango. chain, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela ezikhohlisayo zokubala "usizo" lwe-BP "nesisindo" samabhulokhi ayo.
Ngokuvamile, kuzo zonke izimo lapho umhlanganyeli ongahleliwe edinga ukukhethwa kunethiwekhi enwetshiwe, i-PVRB cishe ihlale iyinketho engcono kakhulu, kunenketho enqunyiwe esekelwe, isibonelo, i-block hash. Ngaphandle kwe-PVRB, ikhono lokuba nomthelela ekukhetheni kombambi qhaza kuholela ekuhlaselweni lapho umhlaseli angakhetha kusukela esikhathini esizayo esiningi ukuze akhethe umhlanganyeli olandelayo okhohlakele noma abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze aqinisekise ukwabelana okukhulu esinqumweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-PVRB kwehlisa lezi zinhlobo zokuhlasela.
Ukukala nokulinganisa umthwalo
I-PVRB futhi ingaba yinzuzo enkulu emisebenzini efana nokunciphisa umthwalo kanye nokukalwa kwenkokhelo. Okokuqala, kunengqondo ukuzijwayeza I-Rivesta “Amathikithi Elotho Ye-elekthronikhi njenge-Micropayments”. Umbono ojwayelekile wukuthi esikhundleni sokukhokha i-100 1c kusuka kumkhokhi uye kumamukeli, ungadlala ilotho ethembekile ngomklomelo we-1$ = 100c, lapho umkhokhi enikeza ibhange elinye "lamathikithi akhe elotho" ayi-1 ngayinye. 100c inkokhelo. Elinye lala mathikithi liwina imbiza ka-$1, futhi yileli thikithi umamukeli angakwazi ukuliqopha ku-blockchain. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amathikithi asele angu-99 adluliswa phakathi komamukeli nomkhokhi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwangaphandle, ngesiteshi esiyimfihlo nanganoma isiphi isivinini esifunwayo. Incazelo enhle yephrothokholi esekelwe kulolu hlelo kunethiwekhi ye-Emercoin ingafundwa .
Lolu hlelo lunezinkinga ezimbalwa, njengokuthi umamukeli angase ayeke ukunikeza okhokhayo ngokushesha ngemva kokuthola ithikithi eliwinile, kodwa izicelo eziningi ezikhethekile, ezifana nokukhokhiswa ngomzuzu ngamunye noma okubhaliselwe nge-elekthronikhi ezinsizeni, lezi zinganakwa. Imfuneko eyinhloko, yiqiniso, ukulunga kwelotho, futhi ukuze isetshenziswe i-PVRB iyadingeka ngokuphelele.
Ukukhethwa komhlanganyeli okungahleliwe nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni amaphrothokholi, inhloso yakho okuwukukala ngokuvundlile i-block chain, okuvumela ama-BP ahlukene ukuthi acubungule kuphela ububanzi bawo bemisebenzi. Lona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuphepha lapho uhlanganisa ama-shards. Ukukhetha okulungile kwe-BP engahleliwe ngenjongo yokwabela labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo ku-shard ethile, njengama-algorithms okuvumelana, nakho kuwumsebenzi we-PVRB. Ezinhlelweni ezimaphakathi, ama-shards anikezwa ibhalansi; imane ibala i-hashi esicelweni bese iyithumela kumabi odingekayo. Kuma-blockchains, ikhono lokuthonya lesi sabelo lingaholela ekuhlaselweni kokuvumelana. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe kokuthengiselana kungalawulwa umhlaseli, angakwazi ukulawula ukuthi yikuphi ukuthengiselana okuya ku-shard ayilawulayo futhi asebenzise uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi kuwo. Ungafunda ingxoxo yenkinga yokusebenzisa izinombolo ezingahleliwe ukuze uhlukanise imisebenzi ku-Ethereum
I-Sharding ingenye yezinkinga ezifisa kakhulu futhi ezingathi sína emkhakheni we-blockchain; isixazululo sayo sizovumela ukwakha amanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe ukusebenza okumnandi nevolumu. I-PVRB ingenye yamabhulokhi abalulekile wokuyixazulula.
Imidlalo, imigomo yezomnotho, ukulamula
Iqhaza lezinombolo ezingahleliwe embonini yemidlalo kunzima ukulilinganisa ngokweqile. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kumakhasino aku-inthanethi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okusobala lapho kubalwa imiphumela yesenzo somdlali konke kuyizinkinga ezinzima kakhulu kumanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe, lapho ingekho indlela yokuncika emthonjeni omaphakathi wokungahleliwe. Kodwa ukukhetha okungahleliwe kungaphinda kuxazulule izinkinga eziningi zomnotho futhi kusize ukwakha amaphrothokholi alula futhi asebenza ngempumelelo. Ake sithi kuphrothokholi yethu kukhona izingxabano mayelana nenkokhelo yezinsizakalo ezithile ezishibhile, futhi lezi zingxabano zenzeka kuyaqabukela. Kulokhu, uma kune-PVRB engaphikiswa, amakhasimende nabathengisi bangavuma ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokungahleliwe, kodwa ngamathuba athile. Isibonelo, ngamathuba angu-60% iklayenti liyawina, futhi ngamathuba angu-40% umthengisi uyawina. Le ndlela, engenangqondo ngokombono wokuqala, ikuvumela ukuba uxazulule ngokuzenzakalelayo izingxabano ngesabelo esibikezelwe ngokunembile sokuwina/ukulahlekelwa, esifanelana nezinhlangothi zombili ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu wesithathu nokumosha isikhathi ngokungadingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso samathuba singashintsha futhi sincike kwezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo zomhlaba. Isibonelo, uma inkampani yenza kahle, inenani eliphansi lezingxabano kanye nenzuzo ephezulu, inkampani ingashintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo amathuba okuxazulula ingxabano ibe phakathi kwamakhasimende, isibonelo 70/30 noma 80/20, futhi okuphambene nalokho, uma izingxabano zithatha imali eningi futhi ziwumgunyathi noma zingenele, ungakwazi ukushintshela kwelinye icala.
Inani elikhulu lamaphrothokholi ahlukene anentshisekelo, afana nokubhaliswa kwamathokheni akhethiwe, izimakethe zokubikezela, ama-bonding curves nokunye okuningi, imidlalo yezomnotho lapho ukuziphatha okuhle kuklonyeliswa khona nokuziphatha okubi kujeziswa. Ngokuvamile ziqukethe izinkinga zokuphepha lapho ukuvikela kungqubuzana khona. Okuvikelwe ekuhlaselweni “imikhomo” enezigidigidi zamathokheni (“isigxobo esikhulu”) kusengozini yokuhlaselwa izinkulungwane zama-akhawunti anamabhalansi amancane (“isiteki se-sybil”), kanye nezinyathelo ezithathwayo ngokumelene nokuhlasela okukodwa, njengokungewona- Izimali ezikhokhwayo ezidalelwe ukwenza ukusebenza nesiteki esikhulu kungabi nanzuzo ngokuvamile zichithwa ngokunye ukuhlasela. Njengoba sikhuluma ngomdlalo wezomnotho, izisindo zezibalo ezihambisanayo zingabalwa kusenesikhathi, futhi zivele zimiselele amakhomishana angenangqondo ngokusabalalisa okufanele. Amakhomishana anjalo angenzeka asetshenziswa kalula nje uma i-blockchain inomthombo onokwethenjelwa wokungahleliwe futhi ingadingi izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza ukuphila kube nzima kuyo yomibili imikhomo nama-sybils.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nokukhumbula ukuthi ukulawula kancane kancane kulokhu okungahleliwe kukuvumela ukuthi ukhohlise, unciphise futhi ukhulise amathuba ngesigamu, ngakho-ke i-PVRB ethembekile iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezivumelwano ezinjalo.
Ungakutholaphi okungahleliwe okulungile?
Ngokombono, ukukhetha okungahleliwe okulungile kumanethiwekhi ahlukanisiwe kwenza cishe noma iyiphi iphrothokholi ivikeleke ngokuhlanganyela. Isizathu silula - uma inethiwekhi ivumelana ngebhithi elingu-0 noma elingu-1, futhi abahlanganyeli abangaphansi kwengxenye abathembekile, ngakho-ke, uma kunikezwe ukuphindaphinda okwanele, inethiwekhi iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izofinyelela ukuvumelana kuleyo bhithi ngokungenzeka okungaguquki. Ngoba nje okungahleliwe okuthembekile kuzokhetha ababambiqhaza abangama-51 kwabayi-100 u-51% wesikhathi. Kodwa lokhu kusethiyori, ngoba... kumanethiwekhi wangempela, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga elinjalo lokuphepha njengakuma-athikili, imilayezo eminingi phakathi kwabasingathi, i-cryptography eyinkimbinkimbi ye-multi-pass iyadingeka, futhi noma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi yephrothokholi yengeza ngokushesha ama-vector amasha okuhlasela.
Yingakho singakaboni i-PVRB eqinisekisiwe ephikisanayo kuma-blockchains, obekuzosetshenziswa isikhathi esanele sokuhlolwa ngezicelo zangempela, ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe, imithwalo, futhi-ke, ukuhlaselwa kwangempela, ngaphandle kwalokho okunzima ukubiza umkhiqizo uphephile ngempela.
Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezithembisayo, ziyahlukahluka ngemininingwane eminingi, futhi enye yazo izoxazulula inkinga. Ngezinsiza zesimanje zokwenza ikhompuyutha, ithiyori ye-cryptographic ingahunyushwa ngobuhlakani ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezingokoqobo. Esikhathini esizayo, sizokujabulela ukukhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kwe-PVRB: manje sekuneziningana zazo, ngayinye inesethi yayo yezakhiwo ezibalulekile nezici zokuqalisa, futhi ngemuva komunye kunombono omuhle. Awekho amaqembu amaningi abandakanyekayo ekwenzeni okungahleliwe, futhi ulwazi lwalelo nalelo qembu libaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu. Sithemba ukuthi ulwazi lwethu luzovumela amanye amaqembu ukuthi ahambe ngokushesha, kucatshangelwa ulwazi lwalabo abandulele.
Source: www.habr.com