Ipheya lamadivayisi asuka kunjiniyela wase-Russian "Kroks" ahanjiswe ukuze abuyekezwe ukuhlolwa okuzimele. Lawa amamitha amafrikhwensi omsakazo amancane, okungukuthi: i-spectrum analyzer ene-generator yesignali eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kanye ne-vector network analyzer (reflectometer). Zombili izisetshenziswa zinebanga elingafika ku-6,2 GHz kumafrikhwensi aphezulu.
Kube nesithakazelo ekuqondeni ukuthi lawa amanye nje ephaketheni “amamitha okubonisa” (amathoyizi), noma amathuluzi aphawuleka ngempela, ngoba umenzi uwabeka endaweni: - “Umshini uhloselwe ukusetshenziswa umsakazo wezimfundamakhwela, njengoba ungelona ithuluzi lokulinganisa elichwepheshile. .”
Qaphelani bafundi! Lezi zivivinyo zenziwe yizimfundamakhwela, azisho neze ukuthi ziyizifundo ze-metrological zamathuluzi okulinganisa, ngokusekelwe kumazinga erejista yombuso nakho konke okunye okuhlobene nalokhu. Izimfundamakhwela zomsakazo zinentshisekelo yokubheka izilinganiso zokuqhathanisa zamadivayisi avame ukusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni (izinti, izihlungi, izifinyezo), hhayi “okushunqayo” okusezingqondweni, njengoba kuwumkhuba ku-metrology, isibonelo: imithwalo engafani, imigqa yokudlulisela engafani, noma izigaba. kwemigqa emifushane ejikelezayo, engafakiwe kulokhu kuhlolwa isetshenzisiwe.
Ukuze ugweme ithonya lokuphazamiseka lapho uqhathanisa izimpondo, i-anechoic chamber, noma indawo evulekile, iyadingeka. Ngenxa yokungabikho kweyokuqala, izilinganiso zenziwa ngaphandle, wonke ama-antenna anamaphethini aqondisayo “abheke” esibhakabhakeni, egibele i-tripod, ngaphandle kokugudluzwa emkhathini lapho kushintsha amadivaysi.
Ukuhlolwa kusebenzise i-coaxial feeder yesigaba esizinzile yekilasi lokulinganisa, i-Anritsu 15NNF50-1.5C, nama-adaptha e-N-SMA avela ezinkampanini ezaziwa kakhulu: Midwest Microwave, Amphenol, Pasternack, Narda.
Ama-adaptha enziwe ngamaShayina ashibhile awazange asetshenziswe ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuphindaphinda kokuxhumana phakathi nokuxhunywa kabusha, futhi nangenxa yokuchitheka koqweqwe olubuthakathaka lwe-antioxidant, alusebenzisa esikhundleni sokucwecwa kwegolide okuvamile...
Ukuze uthole izimo ezilinganayo zokuqhathanisa, ngaphambi kokulinganisa ngakunye, amathuluzi alinganiswa ngesethi efanayo yezikali ze-OSL, kubhendi yefrikhwensi efanayo kanye nebanga lokushisa lamanje. I-OSL imele ukuthi “Open”, “Short”, “Layisha”, okungukuthi, isethi ejwayelekile yamazinga okulinganisa: “open circuit test”, “short circuit test” kanye “nomthwalo onqanyuliwe ongu-50,0 ohms”, okuvamise ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa. abahlaziyi benethiwekhi ye-vector. Ngefomethi ye-SMA, sisebenzise ikhithi yokulinganisa ye-Anritsu 22S50, eyenziwe yajwayelekile ebangeni lefrikhwensi ukusuka ku-DC kuye ku-26,5 GHz, isixhumanisi sedatha yedatha (amakhasi angama-49):
Ngokulinganisa kwefomethi yohlobo lwe-N, ngokulandelana i-Anritsu OSLN50-1, eyenziwe yavama ukusuka ku-DC ukuya ku-6 GHz.
Ukumelana okulinganiselwe kumthwalo ofanisiwe wama-calibrator kwakungu-50 ±0,02 Ohm. Izilinganiso zenziwe ngama-multimeters aqinisekisiwe, ebanga laselabhorethri okunemba kusukela ku-HP naku-Fluke.
Ukuqinisekisa ukunemba okungcono kakhulu, kanye nezimo ezilingana kakhulu ekuhlolweni okuqhathanisayo, umkhawulokudonsa wokuhlunga we-IF ofanayo ufakwe kumadivayisi, ngoba ukuncipha kwaleli bhande, kuphakama ukunemba kokulinganisa kanye nesilinganiso sesignali-kuya-nomsindo. Inombolo enkulu yamaphoyinti okuskena (eduze kwayi-1000) nayo yakhethwa.
Ukuze uzijwayeze ngayo yonke imisebenzi ye-refleometer okukhulunywa ngayo, kunesixhumanisi semiyalo yefekthri enezithombe:
Ngaphambi kokulinganisa ngakunye, zonke izindawo zokukhwelana ezixhunyweni ze-coaxial (i-SMA, i-RP-SMA, uhlobo lwe-N) zazihlolisiswa ngokucophelela, ngoba kumaza angaphezulu kuka-2-3 GHz, ukuhlanzeka nesimo sendawo ye-antioxidant yalaba abathintwayo iqala ukubonakala kahle. umphumela emiphumeleni yokulinganisa kanye nokuzinza ukuphindaphinda kwazo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ingaphandle lephinikhodi emaphakathi kusixhumi se-coaxial lihlanzekile, kanye nendawo engaphakathi yokukhwelana yekholethi engxenyeni yokukhwelana. Kungokufanayo koxhumana nabo abalukiwe. Ukuhlola okunjalo nokuhlanza okudingekayo ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, noma ngaphansi kwelensi yokukhulisa kakhulu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuvimbela ukutholakala kwe-metal shavings edilikayo ebusweni be-insulators ekuxhumaneni kwe-coaxial yokukhwelana, ngoba baqala ukwethula i-parasitic capacitance, ephazamisa kakhulu ukusebenza nokudluliswa kwesignali.
Isibonelo sokuvinjwa okuyinsimbi okujwayelekile kwezixhumi ze-SMA ezingabonakali ngeso:
Ngokwezidingo zefekthri zabakhiqizi bezixhumi ze-microwave coaxial ezinohlobo lokuxhunywa olunentambo, lapho uxhuma, AKUVUMELEKILE ukuzungezisa othintana naye omaphakathi engena kukholethi eyitholayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukubamba isisekelo se-axial se-screw-on isigamu sesixhumi, okuvumela kuphela ukujikeleza kwentongomane ngokwayo, hhayi isakhiwo sonke se-screw-on. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuklwebheka nokunye ukugqokwa kwemishini kwezindawo zokukhwelana kwehliswa kakhulu, kunikeza ukuthintana okungcono nokwelula inani lemijikelezo yokushintsha.
Ngeshwa, abambalwa abayizimfundamakhwela bazi ngalokhu, futhi abaningi bayakugoqa ngokuphelele, isikhathi ngasinye beklwebha ungqimba oluncane oseluvele luncane lwezindawo zokusebenza zabathintwayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa njalo ngamavidiyo amaningi ku-Yu.Tube, avela kwababizwa ngokuthi “abahloli” bemishini emisha ye-microwave.
Kulesi sibuyekezo sokuhlola, konke ukuxhumeka okuningi kwezixhumi ze-coaxial nama-calibrator kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokusebenza ezingenhla.
Ezivivinyweni zokuqhathanisa, kukalwa ama-antenna amaningana ahlukene ukuze kubhekwe ukufundwa kwe-refleometer kumabanga ahlukene wefrikhwensi.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-antenna ye-7-elementi ye-Uda-Yagi yobubanzi be-433 MHz (LPD)
Njengoba izimpondo zalolu hlobo zihlala zine-lobe engemuva ephinyiselwe, kanye nama-lobes amaningi aseceleni, ukuze kube nobumsulwa bokuhlolwa, zonke izimo ezizungezile zokunganyakazi zazibhekwa ikakhulukazi, kuze kufike ekukhiyeleni ikati endlini. Ukuze uma uthwebula amamodi ahlukene ezibukweni, kungapheli ngokungabonakali kububanzi be-lobe engemuva, ngaleyo ndlela yethule ukuphazamiseka kugrafu.
Izithombe ziqukethe izithombe ezivela kumadivayisi amathathu, izindlela ezi-4 ukusuka kuleyo naleyo.
Isithombe esiphezulu sisuka ku-VR 23-6200, esimaphakathi sisuka ku-Anritsu S361E, kanti esingezansi sisuka ku-GenCom 747A.
Amashadi e-VSWR:
Amagrafu okulahlekelwa abonisiwe:
Amagrafu we-Wolpert-Smith impedance diagram:
Amagrafu wesigaba:
Njengoba ubona, amagrafu avelayo afana kakhulu, futhi amanani okulinganisa ane-scatter ngaphakathi kwe-0,1% yephutha.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-1,2 GHz coaxial dipole
I-VSWR:
Buyisela ukulahlekelwa:
Ishadi le-Wolpert-Smith:
Isigaba:
Lapha, futhi, wonke amadivaysi amathathu, ngokusho kwe-resonance frequency elinganisiwe yale antenna, awela ngaphakathi kuka-0,07%.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-antenna yophondo engu-3-6 GHz
Ikhebuli enwetshiwe enezixhumi zohlobo lwe-N isetshenziswe lapha, eyethule kancane ukungalingani ezilinganisweni. Kodwa njengoba umsebenzi wawumane uqhathanise amadivaysi, hhayi izintambo noma izimpondo, khona-ke uma kwakukhona inkinga endleleni, khona-ke amadivaysi kufanele ayibonise njengoba injalo.
Ukulinganiswa kwendiza yokulinganisa (inkomba) kucatshangelwa i-adaptha nesiphakeli:
I-VSWR ebhendini ukusuka ku-3 kuye ku-6 GHz:
Buyisela ukulahlekelwa:
Ishadi le-Wolpert-Smith:
Amagrafu wesigaba:
5,8 GHz Ukuqhathanisa kwe-Circular Polarization Antenna
I-VSWR:
Buyisela ukulahlekelwa:
Ishadi le-Wolpert-Smith:
Isigaba:
Isilinganiso sokuqhathanisa se-VSWR sesihlungi se-Chinese 1.4 GHz LPF
Ukubukeka kwesihlungi:
Amashadi e-VSWR:
Ukuqhathaniswa kobude bomphakeli (DTF)
Nginqume ukukala ikhebuli entsha ye-coaxial ngezixhumi zohlobo lwe-N:
Ngisebenzisa ukulinganisa kwetheyiphu yamamitha amabili ngezinyathelo ezintathu, ngilinganise amamitha ama-3 namasentimitha ama-5.
Nakhu okwaboniswa amadivayisi:
Lapha, njengoba besho, ukuphawula akudingekile.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokunemba kwejeneretha yokulandelela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi
Lesi sithombe se-GIF siqukethe izithombe eziyi-10 zokufundwa kwemitha yefrikhwensi ye-Ch3-54. Uhhafu ophezulu wezithombe ukufundwa kwe-VR 23-6200 kwesihloko esihlolwayo. Ama-halves aphansi amasiginali ahlinzekwa kusuka ku-refleometer ye-Anritsu. Amafrikhwensi amahlanu akhethelwe ukuhlolwa: 23, 50, 100, 150 kanye no-200 MHz. Uma u-Anritsu ehlinzeke imvamisa ngoziro ngamadijithi aphansi, khona-ke i-VR ehlangene inikeze ngokweqisa kancane, ikhula ngezinombolo ngokukhula okuvama:
Nakuba, ngokwezici zokusebenza komkhiqizi, lokhu akukwazi ukuba yinoma yikuphi "ukususa", ngoba akudluli amadijithi amabili ashiwo, ngemuva kophawu lwedesimali.
Izithombe eziqoqwe ku-gif mayelana nengaphakathi "lomhlobiso" wedivayisi:
Izinzuzo:
Izinzuzo zedivayisi ye-VR 23-6200 izindleko zayo eziphansi, ukubumbana okuphathekayo nokuzimela okugcwele, okungadingi isibonisi sangaphandle esivela kukhompuyutha noma i-smartphone, enobubanzi befrikhwensi ebanzi ngokufanele ekhonjiswe kulebula. Okunye okuhlanganisayo yiqiniso lokuthi lesi akusona isikali, kodwa imitha ye-vector ngokugcwele. Njengoba kungabonakala emiphumeleni yezilinganiso zokuqhathanisa, i-VR empeleni ayikho ngaphansi kumadivayisi amakhulu, adumile futhi abiza kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, ukugibela ophahleni (noma insika) ukuze uhlole isimo sezinto eziphakelayo nezinti kungcono ngengane enjalo kunomshini omkhulu futhi osindayo. Futhi ochungechungeni olusemfashinini manje lwe-5,8 GHz lomjaho we-FPV (ama-multicopter ezindizayo alawulwa ngomsakazo nezindiza, ezisakazwa ngevidiyo ebhodini ezingilazini noma ezibukweni), ngokuvamile kufanele ube nakho. Njengoba ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe kalula i-antenna kwezisele khona kanye empukaneni, noma ngisho nasempukaneni qondisa futhi ulungise uthi olwalushwabene ngemva kokuwa kwemoto endizayo yomjaho. Idivayisi ingashiwo ukuthi "isayizi ephaketheni", futhi ngesisindo sayo esiphansi esifile ingalenga kalula ngisho nakumphakeli omncane, okulungele lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi yasensimini.
Ukubi nakho kuyaqashelwa:
1) I-drawback enkulu kakhulu yokusebenza kwe-refleometer ukungakwazi ukuthola ngokushesha ubuncane noma ubukhulu eshadini elinomaka, ingasaphathwa eyokuseshwa “kwe-delta”, noma ukusesha okuzenzakalelayo kwezincane/ubukhulu obulandelayo (noma obudlule).
Lokhu kuvame ukudingeka kakhulu ezindleleni ze-LMag ne-SWR, lapho leli khono lokulawula omaka lintuleka kakhulu. Kufanele uvule umaka kumenyu ehambisanayo, bese uhambisa umaka ngesandla ubuncane bejika ukuze ufunde imvamisa nevelu ye-SWR ngaleso sikhathi. Mhlawumbe ku-firmware elandelayo umenzi uzongeza umsebenzi onjalo.
1 a) Futhi, idivayisi ayikwazi ukunikeza kabusha imodi yokubonisa efiselekayo yomaka lapho ishintsha phakathi kwamamodi okulinganisa.
Isibonelo, ngisuke kumodi ye-VSWR ngaya ku-LMag (Ukulahlekelwa Kokubuyisela), futhi omaka basabonisa inani le-VSWR, kuyilapho ngokunengqondo kufanele babonise inani lemojula yokubonisa ku-dB, okungukuthi, lokho okubonisa igrafu ekhethiwe okwamanje.
Okufanayo kuyiqiniso kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela. Ukuze ufunde amanani ahambisana negrafu ekhethiwe kuthebula lomaka, isikhathi ngasinye udinga ukunikeza kabusha imodi yokubonisa komaka ngamunye kwabangu-4. Kubonakala sengathi kuyinto encane, kodwa ngingathanda "i-automation" encane.
1 b) Kumodi yokulinganisa edume kakhulu ye-VSWR, isikali se-amplitude asikwazi ukushintshelwa kwesinemininingwane eminingi, ngaphansi kuka-2,0 (isibonelo, 1,5, noma 1.3).
2) Kukhona okungavamile okuncane ekulinganisweni okungahambisani. Njengoba bekunjalo, kuhlale kukhona ukulinganisa "okuvulekile" noma "okuhambisanayo". Okusho ukuthi, alikho ikhono elingaguquki lokurekhoda isilinganiso se-calibrator efundwayo, njengoba kuvamile kwamanye amadivaysi e-VNA. Imvamisa kumodi yokulinganisa, idivayisi iyaziyalela ngokulandelana ukuthi iyiphi okufanele ifakwe manje (okulandelayo) izinga lokulinganisa futhi iyifundele ukubalwa kwezimali.
Futhi ku-ARINST, ilungelo lokukhetha konke ukuchofoza okuthathu kwezinyathelo zokurekhoda linikezwa kanyekanye, okubeka imfuneko eyengeziwe yokulalelisisa ku-opharetha lapho enza isigaba esilandelayo sokulinganisa. Nakuba ngingakaze ngidideke, uma ngicindezela inkinobho engahambisani nesiphetho esixhunywe njengamanje se-calibrator, kunethuba elilula lokwenza iphutha elinjalo.
Mhlawumbe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-firmware okulandelayo, abadali "bazoshintsha" lokhu "parallelism" evulekile yokuzikhethela ibe "ukulandelana" ukuze kuqedwe iphutha elingenzeka ku-opharetha. Phela, akukhona ngaphandle kwesizathu ukuthi izinsimbi ezinkulu zisebenzisa ukulandelana okucacile ezenzweni ngezinyathelo zokulinganisa, ukuze nje kuqedwe amaphutha anjalo ekudidekeni.
3) Ibanga lokulinganisa izinga lokushisa elincane kakhulu. Uma i-Anritsu ngemva kokulinganisa ihlinzeka ngobubanzi (ngokwesibonelo) ukusuka ku-+18°C ukuya ku-+48°C, khona-ke i-Arinst ingu-± 3°C kuphela ukusuka kuzinga lokushisa lokulinganiswa, okungenzeka libe lincane phakathi nomsebenzi wasensimini (ngaphandle), endaweni. ilanga, noma emthunzini.
Isibonelo: Ngiyilinganise ngemva kwesidlo sasemini, kodwa usebenza ngezilinganiso kuze kube kusihlwa, ilanga selihambile, izinga lokushisa lehlile futhi ukufundwa akulungile.
Ngesizathu esithile, umlayezo wokumisa awuveli uthi “linganisa kabusha ngenxa yebanga lokushisa lokulinganiswa kwangaphambilini elingaphandle kwebanga lokushisa.” Esikhundleni salokho, izilinganiso eziyiphutha ziqala ngoziro oshintshile, othinta kakhulu umphumela wokulinganisa.
Ukuze uqhathanise, nansi indlela i-Anritsu OTDR ibika ngayo:
4) Ngaphakathi endlini kuyinto evamile, kodwa ezindaweni ezivulekile isibonisi sifiphele kakhulu.
Ngosuku libalele ngaphandle, akukho okufundekayo nhlobo, ngisho noma umthunzi isikrini ngesandla sakho.
Ukukhanya kwesibonisi akukwazi ukulungiswa nhlobo.
5) Ngingathanda ukuthengisa izinkinobho zehadiwe kwabanye, ngoba abanye abaphenduli ngokushesha ekucindezeleni.
6) Isikrini esithintwayo asisabeli kwezinye izindawo, futhi kwezinye izindawo sizwela ngokweqile.
Iziphetho ku-VR 23-6200 reflectometer
Uma ungabambeleli kuma-minus, lapho-ke uma uqhathanisa nesinye isabelomali, izixazululo eziphathwayo nezitholakala mahhala emakethe, njenge-RF Explorer, N1201SA, KC901V, RigExpert, SURECOM SW-102, NanoVNA - le Arinst VR 23-6200 kubukeka njengokukhetha okuphumelele kakhulu. Ngoba ezinye zinenani elingathengeki kakhulu, noma zikhawulelwe kubhendi yefrikhwensi ngakho azikho emhlabeni wonke, noma zingamamitha wokubonisa ohlobo lwamathoyizi. Naphezu kwesizotha kanye nentengo ephansi, i-VR 23-6200 vector reflectometer iphenduke idivayisi ehloniphekile ngokumangazayo, futhi ephathekayo. Ukube abakhiqizi bebeqedele ukungalungi kuyo futhi banweba kancane unqenqema oluphansi lwefrikhwensi yezimfundamakhwela zomsakazo we-shortwave, idivayisi ibizothatha indawo yesikhulumi phakathi kwazo zonke izisebenzi zomhlaba wonke zomkhakha womphakathi zalolu hlobo, ngoba umphumela ubuyoba ukumbozwa okuthengekayo: kusuka. I-“KaVe to eFPeVe”, okungukuthi, ukusuka ku-2 MHz ku-HF (amamitha angu-160), kufika ku-5,8 GHz ku-FPV (amasentimitha angu-5). Futhi okungcono ngaphandle kwamakhefu kulo lonke ibhendi, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ku-RF Explorer:
Ngokungangabazeki, ngisho nezixazululo ezishibhile zizovela maduze kububanzi obubanzi obunjalo, futhi lokhu kuzoba kuhle! Kepha okwamanje (ngesikhathi sikaJuni-Julayi 2019), ngokombono wami othobekile, lesi silinganisi sihamba phambili emhlabeni, phakathi kwezipesheli eziphathwayo nezingabizi kakhulu, ezitholakala ngokwentengiso.
- Ingxenye yesibili
I-Spectrum analyzer enejeneretha yokulandelela i-SSA-TG R2
Idivayisi yesibili ayithakazelisi kangako kune-refleometer ye-vector.
Ikuvumela ukuthi ulinganise amapharamitha “ekupheleni-kuya-ekupheleni” wamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-microwave kumodi yokulinganisa yembobo engu-2 (uhlobo lwe-S21). Isibonelo, ungahlola ukusebenza futhi ulinganise ngokunembile inzuzo yama-booster, ama-amplifiers, noma inani lokunciphisa isignali (ukulahlekelwa) kuma-attenuators, izihlungi, izintambo zamakhoaxial (iziphakeli), namanye amadivaysi namamojula asebenzayo kanye ne-passive, angakwazi kwenziwa nge-reflectometer yembobo eyodwa.
Lena i-spectrum analyzer egcwele ngokugcwele, emboza ububanzi befrikhwensi ebanzi kakhulu futhi eqhubekayo, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu phakathi kwemishini eshibhile ye-amateur. Ukwengeza, kukhona ijeneretha yokulandelela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yamasignali efrikhwensi yomsakazo, futhi ku-spectrum ebanzi. Futhi usizo oludingekayo lwe-refleometer kanye nemitha ye-antenna. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi kukhona yini ukuchezuka kwemvamisa yenkampani yenethiwekhi kuma-transmitters, i-intermodulation ye-parasitic, ukusika, njll....
Futhi ukuba nejeneretha yokulandela umkhondo kanye nokuhlaziya i-spectrum, okwengeza i-coupler yokuqondisa yangaphandle (noma ibhuloho), kuyenzeka ukukala i-VSWR efanayo yezimpondo, noma ngabe kumodi yokulinganisa isikali, ngaphandle kokucabangela isigaba, njengoba kungaba njalo. icala eline-vector eyodwa.
Isixhumanisi semanyuwali yefekthri:
Le divayisi iqhathaniswe ngokuyinhloko ne-GenCom 747A eyinkimbinkimbi yokulinganisa, enomkhawulo ophezulu wokuvama ofika ku-4 GHz. Okunye okubambe iqhaza ezivivinyweni kube imitha yamandla entsha yesigaba sokunemba i-Anritsu MA24106A, enamathebula okulungisa anentambo yefekthri yefrikhwensi elinganisiwe nezinga lokushisa, elijwayeleke libe ngu-6 GHz ngobuningi.
Ishalofu lomsindo le-Spectrum analyzer, “ne-stub” efanisiwe kokokufakayo:
Okungenani kwakungu -85,5 dB, okuvele ukuthi kusesifundeni se-LPD (426 MHz).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba imvamisa ikhula, umkhawulo womsindo nawo ukhuphuka kancane, okungokwemvelo impela:
1500 MHz - 83,5 dB. 2400 MHz - 79,6 dB. Ku-5800 MHz - 66,5 dB.
Ilinganisa inzuzo ye-Wi-Fi booster esebenzayo ngokusekelwe kumojula ye-XQ-02A
Isici esikhethekile sale booster ukushintshwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuthi, lapho amandla esetshenziswa, kungagcini ngokushesha i-amplifier esimweni. Ngokuhlela ngokunamandla ama-attenuators kudivayisi enkulu, sikwazile ukuthola umkhawulo wokuvula i-automation eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Kuvele ukuthi i-booster ishintshela esimweni esisebenzayo futhi iqala ukukhulisa isignali edlulayo kuphela uma inkulu kune-minus 4 dBm (0,4 mW):
Kulokhu kuhlolwa kudivayisi encane, izinga lokuphumayo lejeneretha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, enobubanzi bokulungisa obubhalwe ezicini zokusebenza, ukusuka ku-minus 15 kuya ku-minus 25 dBm, belinganele. Futhi lapha besidinga okungango-minus 4, okungaphezulu ngokuphawulekayo kunokususa u-15. Yebo, kwakungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-amplifier yangaphandle, kodwa umsebenzi wawuhlukile.
Ngilinganise inzuzo ye-booster evuliwe ngedivayisi enkulu, kwavela ukuthi i-11 dB, ngokuhambisana nezici zokusebenza.
Ngalokho, idivayisi encane ikwazile ukuthola inani lokuncishiswa kwe-booster IVALIWE, kodwa kusetshenziswe amandla. Kuvele ukuthi i-booster engasebenzi amandla yenza buthaka isiginali edlulayo ku-antenna izikhathi eziyi-12.000. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uma indiza futhi yakhohlwa ukunikeza amandla ku-booster yangaphandle ngesikhathi esifanele, i-Longrange hexacopter, eyayindize ngamamitha angu-60-70, yema futhi yashintshela ekubuyiseleni okuzenzakalelayo endaweni yokusuka. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela isidingo sokuthola inani lokuncishiswa kokudlula kwe-amplifier ecishiwe. Kuvele ukuthi icishe ibe ngu-41-42 dB.
Ijeneretha yomsindo 1-3500 MHz
Ijeneretha yomsindo ye-amateur elula, eyenziwe e-China.
Ukuqhathaniswa komugqa wokufundwayo ku-dB ngandlela thize akufanelekile lapha, ngenxa yoshintsho oluqhubekayo ku-amplitude kumaza ahlukene okubangelwa imvelo yomsindo.
Kodwa nokho, bekungenzeka ukuthatha amagrafu okuphendula amamvamisa afanayo kakhulu kuwo womabili amadivayisi:
Lapha ububanzi bemvamisa kumadivayisi bubekwe bulingana, kusuka ku-35 kuye ku-4000 MHz.
Futhi ngokuya nge-amplitude, njengoba ubona, amanani afanayo nawo atholakala.
Impendulo yemvamisa yokudlula (isilinganiso S21), isihlungi se-LPF 1.4
Lesi sihlungi sekushiwo kakade engxenyeni yokuqala yokubuyekeza. Kepha lapho i-VSWR yayo yalinganiswa, futhi lapha impendulo yemvamisa yokudlulisela, lapho ungabona khona ngokucacile ukuthi idlula ini nokuthi idlula ini, kanye nokuthi isika kuphi futhi kangakanani.
Lapha ungabona ngemininingwane eminingi ukuthi womabili amadivayisi aqophe impendulo yemvamisa yalesi sihlungi cishe ngokufana:
Kumvamisa yokusika engu-1400 MHz, u-Arinst ubonise i-amplitude yokususa u-1,4 dB (umaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uMkr 4), kanye ne-GenCom khipha 1,79 dB (umaka M5).
Ukulinganisa ukuncishiswa kwama-attenuators
Ngezilinganiso zokuqhathanisa ngikhethe izibambisi ezinembe kakhulu, ezinophawu. Ikakhulukazi hhayi amaShayina, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwawo okukhulu.
Ibanga lemvamisa lisafana, ukusuka ku-35 kuye ku-4000 MHz. Ukulinganisa imodi yokulinganisa yamachweba amabili kwenziwa ngokucophelela, ngokulawulwa okuphoqelekile kwezinga lokuhlanzeka kobuso babo bonke othintana nabo kuzixhumi ze-coaxial zokukhwelana.
Umphumela wokulinganisa ezingeni le-0 dB:
Imvamisa yesampula yenziwa i-median, maphakathi nebhendi enikeziwe, okungukuthi 2009,57 MHz. Inombolo yamaphoyinti okuskena nayo ibilingana, 1000+1.
Njengoba ubona, umphumela wokulinganisa wesibonelo esifanayo se-40 dB attenuator uvele useduze, kodwa wehluke kancane. U-Arinst SSA-TG R2 ubonise u-42,4 dB, kanye ne-GenCom 40,17 dB, zonke ezinye izinto ziyalingana.
I-Attenuator 30 dB
I-Arinst = 31,9 dB
I-GenCom = 30,08 dB
Cishe ukusabalala okuncane okufanayo ngokwemibandela yamaphesenti nakho kwatholakala lapho kukalwa ezinye izibambisi. Kodwa ukuze ulondoloze isikhathi nesikhala somfundi esihlokweni, azizange zifakwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa, ngoba zifana nezilinganiso ezivezwe ngenhla.
Ithrekhi encane nephezulu
Ngaphandle kokuphatheka nokubalula kwedivayisi, nokho, abakhiqizi bengeze inketho ewusizo njengokubonisa ubuncane obuqongelelayo kanye nobukhulu bokushintshwa kwamathrekhi, okudingekayo ngezilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene.
Izithombe ezintathu eziqoqwe esithombeni se-gif, kusetshenziswa isibonelo sesihlungi se-LPF esingu-5,8 GHz, ukuxhumana kwaso okwethule ngamabomu ukushintshwa komsindo neziphazamiso:
Ithrekhi ephuzi iyijika lamanje lokushanela ngokwedlulele.
Ithrekhi ebomvu yinani elikhulu eliqoqwe ngenkumbulo kusuka ekushaneleni kwangaphambilini.
Ithrekhi eluhlaza okotshani (mpunga ngemva kokucubungula nokucindezelwa kwesithombe) iyimpendulo yefrikhwensi encane, ngokulandelanayo.
Isilinganiso se-Antenna VSWR
Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni kokubuyekeza, le divayisi inamandla okuxhuma i-coupler eqondile yangaphandle, noma ibhuloho lokulinganisa elinikezwa ngokuhlukile (kodwa kufika ku-2,7 GHz kuphela). Isofthiwe ihlinzeka ngokulinganisa kwe-OSL ukuze kuboniswe kudivayisi indawo eyinkomba ye-VSWR.
Okuboniswa lapha i-coupler eqondisayo eneziphakeli zokulinganisa ezizinzile, kodwa isivele inqanyuliwe kudivayisi ngemva kokuqeda izilinganiso ze-SWR. Kodwa lapha kwethulwe endaweni enwetshiwe, ngakho-ke unganaki ukungezwani nokuxhumana okusobala. I-coupler eqondisayo ixhunywe kwesokunxele sedivayisi, kodwa ihlanekezelwe ngezimpawu zibheke emuva. Bese unikezela ngegagasi lesigameko kusuka kujeneretha (imbobo engenhla) nokukhipha igagasi elibonisiwe kokokufaka kwe-analyzer (imbobo engezansi) kuzosebenza kahle.
Izithombe ezimbili ezihlanganisiwe zibonisa isibonelo soxhumano olunjalo kanye nesilinganiso se-VSWR sothi olulinganiselwe ngaphambili oluyindilinga lwe-polarization lohlobo lwe-“Clover”, ibanga elingu-5,8 GHz.
Njengoba leli khono lokulinganisa i-VSWR lingekho phakathi kwezinjongo eziyinhloko zale divayisi, kodwa nokho kunemibuzo ephusile ngayo (njengoba ingabonwa kusithombe-skrini sokufundwa kwesibonisi). Isilinganiso esicaciswe ngokuqinile nesingenakuguquleka sokubonisa igrafu ye-VSWR, enenani elikhulu elingafika kumayunithi angu-6. Nakuba igrafu ikhombisa cishe ukuboniswa okulungile kwejika le-VSWR lale antenna, ngesizathu esithile inani eliqondile kumaka aliboniswa ngenani lenombolo, okweshumi nokwekhulu akuboniswa. Amanani aphelele kuphela aboniswayo, njengokuthi 1, 2, 3... Kusele, njengokungathi, isitatimende esingaphansi komphumela wokulinganisa.
Nakuba ezilinganisweni ezilukhuni, ukuqonda ngokuvamile ukuthi uthi i-antenna iyasebenziseka noma yonakele, kwamukeleka kakhulu. Kodwa ukulungiswa okuhle ekusebenzeni nge-antenna kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukwenza, nakuba kungenzeka.
Ukulinganisa ukunemba kwejeneretha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi
Njenge-refleometer, nalapha, izindawo zedesimali ezi-2 kuphela ezishiwo ekucacisweni kobuchwepheshe.
Noma kunjalo, kuwubuwula ukulindela ukuthi idivayisi yesikhwama sebhajethi izoba ne-rubidium frequency standard ebhodini. *isithombe-mzwelo sokumamatheka*
Kodwa noma kunjalo, umfundi othanda ukwazi cishe uzoba nesithakazelo ngobukhulu bephutha kujeneretha elincane elinjalo. Kodwa njengoba imitha yemvamisa yokunemba eqinisekisiwe yayitholakala kuphela kufika ku-250 MHz, ngizikhawulele ekubukeni amafrikhwensi angu-4 kuphela ngaphansi kobubanzi, ukuze nje ngiqonde umkhuba wephutha, uma ukhona. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izithombe zomunye umshini nazo zalungiswa ngamaza aphezulu. Kodwa ukuze wonge isikhala esihlokweni, nazo azifakwanga kulokhu kubuyekezwa, ngenxa yokuqinisekiswa kwenani lephesenti lenani elifanayo lephutha elikhona kumadijithi aphansi.
Izithombe ezine zamafrikhwensi amane zaqoqwa ezithombeni ze-gif, futhi ukuze kongiwe isikhala: 50,00; 100,00; 150,00 futhi 200,00 MHz
Ithrendi nobukhulu bephutha elikhona bubonakala ngokucacile:
I-50,00 MHz inokudlulela kancane kwefrikhwensi ye-generator, okungukuthi ku-954 Hz.
100,00 MHz, ngokulandelana, kancane kancane, +1,79 KHz.
150,00 MHz, ngisho nangaphezulu +1,97 KHz
200,00 MHz, +3,78 KHz
Ngokuqhubekayo, i-frequency ikalwa ngumhlaziyi we-GenCom, ovele waba nemitha yefrikhwensi enhle. Isibonelo, uma i-generator eyakhelwe ku-GenCom ingazange ilethe ama-hertz angu-800 ngemvamisa engu-50,00 MHz, akukhona nje kuphela imitha yefrikhwensi yangaphandle ebonisa lokhu, kodwa i-spectrum analyzer ngokwayo ilinganise inani elifanayo ncamashi:
Ngezansi esinye sezithombe zesibonisi, nemvamisa elinganisiwe yejeneretha eyakhelwe ku-SSA-TG R2, kusetshenziswa ububanzi be-Wi-Fi obumaphakathi obungu-2450 MHz njengesibonelo:
Ukuze kuncishiswe isikhala esihlokweni, futhi angizange ngithumele ezinye izithombe ezifanayo zesibonisi; esikhundleni salokho, isifinyezo esifushane semiphumela yokulinganisa yamabanga angaphezu kuka-200 MHz:
Ngemvamisa engu-433,00 MHz, okweqile kube ngu-+7,92 KHz.
Imvamisa ye-1200,00 MHz, = +22,4 KHz.
Imvamisa engu-2450,00 MHz, = +42,8 KHz (esithombeni sangaphambilini)
Imvamisa ye-3999,50 MHz, = +71,6 KHz.
Kodwa nokho, izindawo ezimbili zamadesimali ezishiwo ekucacisweni kwefekthri zigcinwa ngokucacile kuzo zonke izigaba.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesilinganiso se-amplitude yesignali
Isithombe se-gif esivezwe ngezansi siqukethe izithombe ezingu-6 lapho i-Arinst SSA-TG R2 analyzer yona ikala i-oscillator yayo kumafrikhwensi ayisithupha akhethwe ngokungahleliwe.
50 MHz -8,1 dBm; 200 MHz -9,0 dBm; 1000 MHz -9,6 dBm;
2500 MHz -9,1 dBm; 3999 MHz - 5,1 dBm; 5800 MHz -9,1 dBm
Nakuba ubukhulu bejeneretha kuthiwa abukho ngaphezu kuka-15 dBm, empeleni amanye amanani ayabonakala.
Ukuze uthole izizathu zalesi sibonakaliso se-amplitude, izilinganiso zithathwe kujeneretha ye-Arinst SSA-TG R2, kunzwa ye-Anritsu MA24106A enembayo, enokulinganisa okuyiziro kumthwalo ofanisiwe, ngaphambi kokuqala izilinganiso. Futhi, isikhathi ngasinye lapho kufakwa inani lemvamisa, ukuze kube nokunemba kokulinganisa kucatshangelwa ama-coefficient, ngokuya ngethebula lokulungisa imvamisa nezinga lokushisa elithungwe kusukela efekthri.
35 MHz -9,04 dBm; 200 MHz -9,12 dBm; 1000 MHz -9,06 dBm;
2500 MHz -8,96 dBm; 3999 MHz - 7,48 dBm; 5800 MHz -7,02 dBm
Njengoba ubona, amanani we-amplitude yesiginali akhiqizwe ijeneretha eyakhelwe ku-SSA-TG R2, umhlaziyi ukala kahle impela (ekilasini lokunemba le-amateur). Futhi i-amplitude yejeneretha ekhonjiswe ngezansi kwesibonisi sedivayisi ivele "idonswe", ngoba empeleni ivele ikhiqize izinga eliphakeme kunalokho okufanele libe ngaphakathi kwemingcele eguquguqukayo ukusuka ku -15 kuya ku -25 dBm.
Ngaba nokungabaza ngokunyenya ukuthi ingabe inzwa entsha ye-Anritsu MA24106A yayidukisa, ngakho ngenze ukuqhathanisa ngokuqondile nomunye umhlaziyi wesistimu yaselabhorethri yakwaGeneral Dynamics, imodeli engu-R2670B.
Kodwa cha, umehluko we-amplitude ubonakale ungemkhulu neze, ngaphakathi kwe-0,3 dBm.
Imitha yamandla ku-GenCom 747A iphinde yabonisa, hhayi kude, ukuthi kunezinga eleqile kusuka kujeneretha:
Kodwa ezingeni lika-0 dBm, i-Arinst SSA-TG R2 analyzer ngesizathu esithile idlule kancane izinkomba ze-amplitude, futhi kusukela emithonjeni yesignali ehlukene nge-0 dBm.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inzwa ye-Anritsu MA24106A ikhombisa i-0,01 dBm kusuka kusikali se-Anritsu ML4803A.
Ukulungisa inani lokuncishiswa kwe-attenuator esikrinini esithintwayo ngomunwe wakho akuzange kubonakale kulula kakhulu, njengoba itheyipu enohlu iyeqa noma ivamise ukubuyela kunani elidlulele. Kuvele ukuthi kulula kakhulu futhi kunembe kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-stylus yakudala kulokhu:
Lapho ubuka ama-harmonics wesiginali yemvamisa ephansi engu-50 MHz, cishe kulo lonke ibhendi yokusebenza ye-analyzer (kufika ku-4 GHz), “okudidayo” okuthile kuhlangatshezwane nakho kumafrikhwensi angaba ngu-760 MHz:
Ngebhendi ebanzi kumafrikhwensi aphezulu (kufika ku-6035 MHz), ukuze i-Span ibe ngu-6000 MHz ncamashi, i-anomaly nayo iyabonakala:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isignali efanayo, kusukela kujeneretha efanayo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ku-SSA-TG R2, lapho idliswa kwenye idivayisi, ayinakho ukudideka okunjalo:
Uma lokhu kuphazamiseka kungazange kuqashelwe kwenye i-analyzer, khona-ke inkinga ayikho ku-generator, kodwa ku-spectrum analyzer.
I-attenuator eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokunciphisa i-amplitude yejeneretha incipha ngokucacile ezinyathelweni ezingu-1 dB, zonke izinyathelo zayo ezingu-10. Lapha ezansi kwesikrini ungabona ngokucacile ithrekhi enyathelwe emugqeni wesikhathi, obonisa ukusebenza kwe-attenuator:
Ngishiya imbobo yokukhipha yejeneretha kanye nembobo yokufaka ye-analyzer kuxhunyiwe, ngivale idivayisi. Ngosuku olulandelayo, lapho ngiyivula, ngathola isignali enama-harmonics avamile ngemvamisa ethokozisayo ye-777,00 MHz:
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-generator yayishiywe icishiwe. Ngemva kokuhlola imenyu, ivaliwe ngempela. Ngokombono, akukho okwakufanele kuvele ekuphumeni kwejeneretha ukube yayicishiwe ngayizolo. Bekufanele ngiyivule nganoma isiphi imvamisa kumenyu ye-generator, bese ngiyivala. Ngemuva kwalesi senzo, imvamisa eyinqaba iyanyamalala futhi ayibonakali futhi, kodwa kuze kube yisikhathi esilandelayo lapho yonke idivayisi ivuliwe. Impela ku-firmware elandelayo umkhiqizi uzolungisa ukuzishintsha okunjalo ekuphumeni kwejeneretha ecishiwe. Kodwa uma kungekho ikhebula phakathi kwamachweba, ngakho-ke akubonakali nhlobo ukuthi kukhona okungalungile, ngaphandle kokuthi izinga lomsindo liphakeme kancane. Futhi ngemva kokuvula nokuvala ijeneretha ngenkani, izinga lomsindo liba ngaphansi kancane, kodwa ngenani elingabonakali. Lokhu kuyisiphazamiso esincane sokusebenza, isisombululo esithatha imizuzwana emi-3 eyengeziwe ngemuva kokuvula idivayisi.
Ingaphakathi le-Arinst SSA-TG R2 liboniswa ezithombeni ezintathu eziqoqwe ku-gif:
Ukuqhathaniswa kobukhulu ne-Arinst SSA Pro spectrum analyzer endala, ene-smartphone phezulu njengesibonisi:
Izinzuzo:
Njengase-Arinst VR 23-6200 reflectometer yangaphambilini ekubuyekezweni, isihlaziyi se-Arinst SSA-TG R2 esibuyekezwe lapha, sisesimweni esifanayo ncamashi nesici nobukhulu, umsizi omncane kodwa ongathi sína wemfundamakhwela yomsakazo. Futhi ayidingi ukuboniswa kwangaphandle kukhompyutha noma i-smartphone njengamamodeli wangaphambilini we-SSA.
Ibanga elibanzi kakhulu, elingenamthungo futhi elingaphazamiseki, ukusuka ku-35 kuye ku-6200 MHz.
Angizange ngifunde ukuphila kwebhethri okuyiyonayona, kodwa amandla ebhethri ye-lithium eyakhelwe ngaphakathi anele impilo yebhethri ende.
Iphutha elincane impela ezilinganisweni zedivayisi yekilasi elincane kangaka. Kunoma yikuphi, ezingeni le-amateur kungaphezu kokwanele.
Isekelwa umenzi, kokubili nge-firmware nokulungiswa komzimba, uma kunesidingo. Isivele itholakala kabanzi ukuze ithengwe, okungukuthi, hhayi nge-oda, njengoba kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi kwabanye abakhiqizi.
Kuphinde kwaqashelwa ukungalungi kahle:
Okungaziwa futhi okungabhalisiwe, ukunikezwa okuzenzakalelayo kwesignali enemvamisa engu-777,00 MHz ekukhishweni kwejeneretha. Impela ukungaqondi okunjalo kuzoqedwa nge-firmware elandelayo. Noma ngabe wazi ngalesi sici, singaqedwa kalula kumasekhondi angu-3 ngokuvula nokuvala ijeneretha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Isikrini esithintwayo sithatha kancane ukujwayela, njengoba isilayidi asizivuli ngokushesha zonke izinkinobho ezibonakalayo uma uzihambisa. Kodwa uma unganyakazi izilayidi, kodwa uchofoze ngokushesha endaweni yokugcina, khona-ke konke kusebenza ngokushesha nangokucacile. Lokhu akukhona ukususa, kodwa kunalokho "isici" sezilawuli ezidwetshiwe, ikakhulukazi kumenyu yokukhiqiza kanye nesilayida sokulawula i-attenuator.
Uma ixhunywe nge-Bluetooth, i-analyzer ibonakala ixhuma ngempumelelo ku-smartphone, kodwa ayibonisi ithrekhi yegrafu yokuphendula imvamisa, njengesibonelo se-SSA Pro esiphelelwe yisikhathi. Lapho uxhuma, zonke izidingo zemiyalo zabonwa ngokugcwele, ezichazwe esigabeni 8 semiyalo yefekthri.
Ngacabanga ukuthi njengoba iphasiwedi yamukelwe, ukuqinisekiswa kokushintsha kuboniswa esikrinini se-smartphone, mhlawumbe lo msebenzi ungowokuthuthukisa i-firmware nge-smartphone.
Kodwa cha.
Iphuzu lomyalo 8.2.6 libeka ngokucacile:
8.2.6. Idivayisi izoxhumeka kuthebhulethi/i-smartphone, igrafu yobubanzi besignali kanye nomlayezo wolwazi mayelana nokuxhuma kudivayisi i-ConnectedtoARINST_SSA izovela esikrinini, njengakuMfanekiso 28. (c)
Yebo, isiqinisekiso siyavela, kodwa ayikho ithrekhi.
Ngixhume kabusha izikhathi ezimbalwa, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ingoma ingaveli. Futhi kusukela ku-SSA Pro endala, ngokushesha.
Okunye okungalungile mayelana nedumela elibi “lokusebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene”, ngenxa yomkhawulo onqenqemeni oluphansi lwamaza okusebenza, akubalungele ama-shortwave amateurs omsakazo. Ku-RC FPV, banelisa ngokugcwele futhi ngokuphelele izidingo zabangafundile nabanochwepheshe, nangaphezu kwalokho.
Iziphetho:
Ngokuvamile, zombili lezi zisetshenziswa zishiye umbono omuhle kakhulu, njengoba zihlinzeka ngohlelo oluphelele lokulinganisa, okungenani ngisho nakwabasafufusa bomsakazo abathuthukile. Inqubomgomo yamanani akuxoxwa ngayo lapha, kodwa nokho iphansi ngokuphawulekayo kunamanye ama-analogue aseduze kakhulu emakethe kubhendi yefrikhwensi ebanzi neqhubekayo, engakwazi kodwa ukujabula.
Inhloso yokubuyekezwa kwakuwukumane uqhathanise lawa madivaysi nemishini yokulinganisa ethuthuke kakhulu, kanye nokuhlinzeka abafundi ngokufundwa kokuboniswa okubhalwe ngesithombe, ukuze bakhe umbono wabo futhi benze isinqumo esizimele mayelana nokwenzeka kokutholwa. Akubangakho noma iyiphi injongo yokukhangisa ephishekelwa. Ukuhlola okuvela eceleni kuphela kanye nokushicilelwa kwemiphumela yokubuka.
Source: www.habr.com