Okwamanje ngisebenzela umthengisi wesofthiwe, ikakhulukazi izixazululo zokulawula ukufinyelela. Futhi isipiliyoni sami "kusukela empilweni edlule" sixhumene nohlangothi lwekhasimende - inhlangano enkulu yezezimali. Ngaleso sikhathi, iqembu lethu lokulawula ukufinyelela emnyangweni wezokuphepha wolwazi alikwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngamakhono amakhulu ku-IdM. Sifunde okuningi kule nqubo, kudingeke ukuthi sishaye izingqimba eziningi ukuze sakhe indlela yokusebenza yokuphatha amalungelo abasebenzisi ezinhlelweni zolwazi enkampanini.
Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwami lwekhasimende engiluzuze kanzima nolwazi lomthengisi nekhono, ngifuna ukwabelana nawe ngokuyisisekelo imiyalelo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo: indlela yokudala imodeli yokulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe indima enkampanini enkulu, nokuthi lokhu kuzonikeza ini njengomphumela. . Imiyalo yami iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: eyokuqala ilungiselela ukwakha imodeli, eyesibili iwukwakha. Nansi ingxenye yokuqala, ingxenye yokulungiselela.
NB Ukwakha umuntu oyisibonelo, ngeshwa, akuwona umphumela, kodwa inqubo. Noma kunalokho, ngisho nengxenye yenqubo yokudala i-ecosystem yokulawula ukufinyelela enkampanini. Ngakho-ke lungiselela umdlalo isikhathi eside.
Okokuqala, ake sikuchaze - kuyini ukulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni? Ake sithi unebhange elikhulu elinamashumi, noma amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi (izinhlangano), ngasinye sazo esinamalungelo amaningi okufinyelela amakhulu ezinhlelo zolwazi lwamabhange angaphakathi (izinto). Manje phindaphinda inani lezinto ngenani lezifundo - lena inombolo encane yokuxhumana oyidingayo ukuze wakhe kuqala bese ulawula. Ingabe kungenzeka ngempela ukwenza lokhu ngesandla? Akunjalo - izindima zadalwa ukuxazulula le nkinga.
Indima isethi yezimvume umsebenzisi noma iqembu labasebenzisi abazidingayo ukuze benze imisebenzi ethile yomsebenzi. Isisebenzi ngasinye singaba nendima eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, futhi indima ngayinye ingaqukatha imvume esuka kweyodwa kuye kweziningi ezivunyelwe kumsebenzisi kuleyo ndima. Izindima zingaboshelwa ezikhundleni ezithile, iminyango noma imisebenzi yokusebenza yabasebenzi.
Izindima ngokuvamile zidalwe ngokugunyazwa komsebenzi ngamunye ohlelweni ngalunye lolwazi. Bese kwakhiwa izindima zebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke kusuka ezindimeni zohlelo ngalunye. Isibonelo, indima yebhizinisi "umphathi wesikweletu" izobandakanya izindima ezimbalwa ezihlukene ezinhlelweni zolwazi ezisetshenziswa ehhovisi lamakhasimende ebhange. Isibonelo, njengohlelo oluyinhloko lwebhange oluzenzakalelayo, imojula yemali, uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemibhalo kagesi, umphathi wesevisi nabanye. Izindima zebhizinisi, njengomthetho, zihlanganiswe nesakhiwo senhlangano - ngamanye amazwi, kusethi yezigaba zenkampani kanye nezikhundla kuzo. Le yindlela i-matrix yendima yomhlaba eyakhiwe ngayo (nginikeza isibonelo kuthebula elingezansi).
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwakha imodeli eyi-100%, ukunikeza wonke amalungelo adingekayo kubasebenzi besikhundla ngasinye esakhiweni sezentengiselwano. Yebo, lokhu akudingekile. Phela, isibonelo asikwazi ukuma, ngoba sincike endaweni ehlala ishintsha. Futhi kusukela ekushintsheni emisebenzini yebhizinisi yenkampani, okuyinto, ngokufanele, ithinta izinguquko esakhiweni senhlangano nokusebenza. Futhi kusukela ekuntuleni ukuhlinzekwa okugcwele kwezinsiza, kanye nokungahambisani nezincazelo zemisebenzi, kanye nesifiso senzuzo ngezindleko zokuphepha, nakwezinye izici eziningi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwakha isibonelo esingafinyelela ku-80% wezidingo zabasebenzisi zamalungelo ayisisekelo adingekayo lapho unikezwa isikhundla. Futhi bangakwazi, uma kunesidingo, bacele ama-20% asele kamuva ezinhlelweni ezihlukene.
Yiqiniso, ungase ubuze: “Ingabe azikho izinto ezinjengamamodeli angu-100% okulingisa?” Hhayi-ke, kungani, lokhu kwenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, ezakhiweni ezingenzi nzuzo ezingekho ngaphansi kwezinguquko ezivamile - kwesinye isikhungo socwaningo. Noma ezinhlanganweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezempi-yezimboni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha, lapho ukuphepha kuza kuqala. Kwenzeka esakhiweni sezentengiselwano, kodwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesigaba esihlukile, umsebenzi wawo oyinqubo emile futhi ebikezelwa.
Inzuzo enkulu yokuphatha okusekelwe endimeni ukwenza lula kwamalungelo okukhishwa, ngoba inani lezindima lincane kakhulu kunenani labasebenzisi bohlelo lolwazi. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso kunoma iyiphi imboni.
Ake sithathe inkampani yokudayisa: iqashe izinkulungwane zabathengisi, kodwa banamalungelo afanayo ohlelweni N, futhi bazodalelwa indima eyodwa kuphela. Lapho umthengisi omusha efika enkampanini, unikezwa ngokuzenzakalelayo indima edingekayo ohlelweni, oluvele lunazo zonke iziphathimandla ezidingekayo. Futhi, ngokuchofoza okukodwa ungashintsha amalungelo ezinkulungwane zabathengisi ngesikhathi esisodwa, isibonelo, engeza inketho entsha yokukhiqiza umbiko. Asikho isidingo sokwenza imisebenzi eyinkulungwane, ukuxhumanisa ilungelo elisha ku-akhawunti ngayinye - mane ungeze le nketho endimeni, futhi izovela kubo bonke abathengisi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Enye inzuzo yokuphatha okusekelwe indima ukuqedwa kokukhishwa kwezigunyazo ezingahambelani. Okusho ukuthi, isisebenzi esinendima ethile ohlelweni ngeke ngesikhathi esisodwa sibe nenye indima, amalungelo okungafanele ahlanganiswe namalungelo ekuqaleni. Isibonelo esimangalisayo ukuvinjelwa kokuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokufaka nokulawula umsebenzi wezezimali.
Noma ubani onentshisekelo yokuthi ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni kwenzeka kanjani
ngena emlandweni
Uma sibheka umlando, umphakathi we-IT uqale wacabanga ngezindlela zokulawula ukufinyelela emuva kuma-70s wekhulu lama-XNUMX. Nakuba izinhlelo zokusebenza zazilula ngaleso sikhathi, njengamanje, wonke umuntu wayefuna ngempela ukuphatha ukufinyelela kuzo. Nikeza, shintsha futhi ulawule amalungelo abasebenzisi - ukuze wenze kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi ngamunye wabo unakuphi ukufinyelela. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi zazingekho izindinganiso ezivamile, izinhlelo zokuqala zokulawula ukufinyelela zazithuthukiswa, futhi inkampani ngayinye yayisekelwe emibonweni nemithetho yayo.
Amamodeli amaningi ahlukene okulawula ukufinyelela ayaziwa manje, kodwa awazange avele ngokushesha. Ake sigxile kulabo ababambe elikhulu iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwale ndawo.
Imodeli yokuqala futhi mhlawumbe elula kakhulu Ukulawula ukufinyelela kokuzikhethela (okukhethiwe). (I-DAC – Ukulawula ukufinyelela kokuzikhethela). Le modeli isho ukwabelana ngamalungelo yibo bonke ababambiqhaza enqubweni yokufinyelela. Umsebenzisi ngamunye unokufinyelela ezintweni ezithile noma imisebenzi. Empeleni, lapha iqoqo lezihloko zamalungelo lihambisana neqoqo lezinto. Le modeli itholwe ivumelana nezimo kakhulu futhi inzima kakhulu ukuyigcina: izinhlu zokufinyelela ekugcineni ziba zinkulu futhi kube nzima ukuzilawula.
Imodeli yesibili Ukulawula ukufinyelela okuphoqelekile (MAC - Ukulawula ukufinyelela okuphoqelekile). Ngokwale modeli, umsebenzisi ngamunye uthola ukufinyelela entweni ngokuhambisana nokufinyelela okukhishiwe ezingeni elithile lokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwedatha. Ngokunjalo, izinto kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokwezinga lazo lokugcinwa kuyimfihlo. Ngokungafani nemodeli yokuqala eguquguqukayo, lena, ngokuphambene nalokho, yabonakala iqinile kakhulu futhi inemingcele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo akulungile uma inkampani inezinsiza eziningi zolwazi ezihlukene: ukuze uhlukanise ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezahlukene, kuzodingeka wethule izigaba eziningi ezingeke zidlulelane.
Ngenxa yokungapheleli okusobala kwalezi zindlela ezimbili, umphakathi we-IT uye waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amamodeli avumelana nezimo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwendawo yonke ukusekela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinqubomgomo zokulawula ukufinyelela kwenhlangano. Kwabe sekuvela imodeli yesithathu yokulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni! Le ndlela ifakazele ukuthi iyona ethembisa kakhulu ngoba ayidingi kuphela ukugunyazwa kobunikazi bomsebenzisi, kodwa futhi nemisebenzi yakhe yokusebenza ezinhlelweni.
Isakhiwo sokuqala esichazwe ngokucacile esiyisibonelo sahlongozwa ososayensi baseMelika uDavid Ferrailo noRichard Kuhn abavela e-US National Institute of Standards and Technology ngo-1992. Labe selivela igama kuqala I-RBAC (Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni). Lezi zifundo nezincazelo zezingxenye eziyinhloko, kanye nobudlelwano bazo, zakha isisekelo sezinga le-INCITS 359-2012, elisasebenza nanamuhla, eligunyazwe yiKomidi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazinga Obuchwepheshe Bolwazi (INCITS).
Izinga lichaza indima "njengomsebenzi womsebenzi kumongo wenhlangano enama-semantics athile ahlobene ngokuphathelene negunya nesibopho esinikezwe umsebenzisi onikezwe indima." Lo mbhalo usungula izinto eziyisisekelo ze-RBAC - abasebenzisi, izikhathi, izindima, izimvume, imisebenzi nezinto, kanye nobudlelwano nokuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
Izinga lihlinzeka ngesakhiwo esincane esidingekayo sokwakha isibonelo - ukuhlanganisa amalungelo abe yindima bese unikeza ukufinyelela kubasebenzisi ngalezi zindima. Izindlela zokuqamba izindima ezivela ezintweni kanye nokusebenza zichaziwe, isigaba sezindima kanye nefa lamandla liyachazwa. Phela, kunoma iyiphi inkampani kunezindima ezihlanganisa amandla ayisisekelo adingekayo kubo bonke abasebenzi benkampani. Lokhu kungaba ukufinyelela ku-imeyili, i-EDMS, ingosi yebhizinisi, njll. Lezi zimvume zingafakwa endimeni eyodwa evamile ebizwa ngokuthi “isisebenzi”, futhi ngeke sibe khona isidingo sokufaka ohlwini wonke amalungelo ayisisekelo kaningi kundima ngayinye yezinga eliphezulu. Kwanele ukumane ubonise isici sefa lendima "yesisebenzi".
Kamuva, izinga lengezwe ngezibaluli ezintsha zokufinyelela ezihlobene nendawo ehlala ishintsha. Ikhono lokwethula imikhawulo emile neguqukayo lengeziwe. Okumile kusho ukungenzeki kokuhlanganisa izindima (ukufaka okufanayo nokulawula imisebenzi eshiwo ngenhla). Imikhawulo eguquguqukayo inganqunywa ngokushintsha amapharamitha, isibonelo, isikhathi (amahora okusebenza/okungewona awokusebenza noma izinsuku), indawo (ihhovisi/ikhaya), njll.
Kufanelekile ukusho ngokwehlukana Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe kusibaluli (ABAC - Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe kusibaluli). Indlela isuselwe ekunikezeni ukufinyelela kusetshenziswa imithetho yokwabelana ngesibaluli. Le modeli ingasetshenziswa ngokwehlukana, kodwa ngokuvamile ihambisana ngokugcwele nemodeli yendima yakudala: izici zabasebenzisi, izinsiza namadivayisi, kanye nesikhathi noma indawo, ingangezwa endimeni ethile. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izindima ezimbalwa, wethule imikhawulo eyengeziwe futhi wenze ukufinyelela kube kuncane ngangokunokwenzeka, bese uthuthukisa ukuphepha.
Isibonelo, i-accountant ingavunyelwa ukufinyelela kuma-akhawunti uma isebenza endaweni ethile. Khona-ke indawo kachwepheshe izoqhathaniswa nenani elithile lereferensi. Noma unganikeza ukufinyelela kuma-akhawunti kuphela uma umsebenzisi engena evela kudivayisi efakwe ohlwini lwabavunyelwe. Ukwengeza okuhle kumuntu oyisibonelo, kodwa okungavamile ukusetshenziswa ngokwawo ngenxa yesidingo sokudala imithetho eminingi namatafula ezimvume noma imikhawulo.
Ake ngikunike isibonelo sokusebenzisa i-ABAC "empilweni yami edlule". Ibhange lethu belinamagatsha amaningana. Izisebenzi zamahhovisi amaklayenti kulawa magatsha zenze imisebenzi efanayo, kodwa kwakudingeka zisebenze ohlelweni oluyinhloko kuphela ngama-akhawunti esifundeni sabo. Okokuqala, siqale ukudala izindima ezihlukene zesifunda ngasinye - futhi beziningi izindima ezinjalo ezinomsebenzi ophindaphindayo, kodwa ngokufinyelela kuma-akhawunti ahlukene! Bese, ngokusebenzisa isibaluli sendawo somsebenzisi futhi siyihlobanise nebanga elithile lama-akhawunti okufanele abuyekezwe, sehlise ngokuphawulekayo inani lezindima kusistimu. Ngenxa yalokho, izindima zasala zegatsha elilodwa kuphela, elaphinde laphindwa ezikhundleni ezihambisanayo kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye zezindawo zebhange.
Manje ake sikhulume ngezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokulungiselela, ngaphandle kwalokho akunakwenzeka ukwakha imodeli esebenzayo.
Isinyathelo 1. Dala imodeli esebenzayo
Kufanele uqale ngokwakha imodeli esebenzayo - idokhumenti esezingeni eliphezulu echaza ngokuningiliziwe ukusebenza komnyango ngamunye kanye nesikhundla ngasinye. Njengomthetho, ulwazi lungena kulo kusuka kumadokhumenti ahlukahlukene: izincazelo zemisebenzi kanye nemithethonqubo yamayunithi ngamanye - iminyango, izigaba, iminyango. Imodeli yokusebenza kufanele kuvunyelwane ngayo nayo yonke iminyango enentshisekelo (yebhizinisi, yokulawula kwangaphakathi, ezokuphepha) futhi igunyazwe abaphathi benkampani. Ngowani lo mbhalo? Ukuze umuntu oyisibonelo akwazi ukubhekisela kukho. Isibonelo, uzokwakha isibonelo esisekelwe emalungelweni akhona abasebenzi - akhishwe ohlelweni futhi "ehliswa abe idinominator efanayo". Khona-ke, lapho uvumelana ngezindima ezitholiwe nomnikazi webhizinisi wesistimu, ungabhekisela endaweni ethile kumodeli osebenzayo, ngesisekelo sokuthi lokhu noma lelo lungelo lifakiwe endimeni.
Isinyathelo sesi-2. Sihlola izinhlelo ze-IT bese senza uhlelo lokubeka phambili
Esigabeni sesibili, kufanele wenze ucwaningo lwezinhlelo ze-IT ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukufinyelela kuzo kuhlelwa kanjani. Isibonelo, inkampani yami yezezimali ibisebenzisa amasistimu olwazi angamakhulu amaningana. Zonke izinhlelo zazinezisekelo ezithile zokuphatha okusekelwe endimeni, eziningi zinezindima ezithile, kodwa ikakhulukazi ephepheni noma kuhla lwemibhalo yesistimu - zazinesikhathi eside ziphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi ukufinyelela kuzo kwavunyelwa ngokusekelwe ezicelweni zangempela zabasebenzisi. Ngokwemvelo, akunakwenzeka ukwakha imodeli kuzinhlelo ezingamakhulu amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa; kufanele uqale ndawana thize. Senze ukuhlaziya okujulile kwenqubo yokulawula ukufinyelela ukuze sinqume izinga layo lokuvuthwa. Phakathi nenqubo yokuhlaziya, kwasungulwa indlela yokubeka phambili izinhlelo zolwazi - ukugxeka, ukulungela, izinhlelo zokuyekisa ukusebenza, njll. Ngosizo lwabo, sihlele ukuthuthukiswa/ukuvuselelwa kwamamodeli alezi zinhlelo. Sabe sesifaka amamodeli amahle ohlelweni lokuhlanganiswa nesixazululo sokuphathwa kobunikazi ukuze kube nokulawula ukufinyelela ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngakho-ke unquma kanjani ukugxeka kwesistimu? Ziphendule imibuzo elandelayo:
- Ingabe uhlelo luxhumene nezinqubo zokusebenza lapho imisebenzi eyinhloko yenkampani incike kuzo?
- Ingabe ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu kuzothinta ubuqotho bempahla yenkampani?
- Isiphi isikhathi sokuphumula esiphezulu esivumelekile sesistimu, esifinyelela lapho okungenakwenzeka ukubuyisela khona umsebenzi ngemva kokuphazamiseka?
- Ingabe ukwephulwa kobuqotho bolwazi ohlelweni kungaholela emiphumeleni engenakuhlehliswa, kokubili kwezezimali nesithunzi?
- Okubucayi ekukhwabaniseni. Ukuba khona kokusebenza, uma kungalawulwa kahle, kungaholela ezenzweni zokukhwabanisa zangaphakathi/zangaphandle;
- Yiziphi izidingo zomthetho kanye nemithetho yangaphakathi nezinqubo zalezi zinhlelo? Ingabe kuzoba nenhlawulo evela kubaqondisi ngokungathobeli?
Enkampanini yethu yezezimali, senze ucwaningo olufana nalolu. Abaphathi bathuthukise inqubo yokuhlola Ukubuyekezwa Kwamalungelo Okufinyelela ukuze babheke abasebenzisi abakhona kanye namalungelo kuqala kulezo zinhlelo zolwazi ezazisohlwini olubaluleke kakhulu. Umnyango wezokuphepha wajutshwa njengomnikazi walolu hlelo. Kodwa ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele samalungelo okufinyelela enkampanini, kwakudingeka ukubandakanya i-IT neminyango yebhizinisi kule nqubo. Futhi lapha izingxabano, ukungaqondi kahle, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokucekela phansi kwaqala: akekho ofuna ukuhlukana nemithwalo yabo yamanje futhi ahileleke kwezinye, ekuboneni kuqala, imisebenzi engaqondakali.
NB Izinkampani ezinkulu ezinezinqubo ze-IT ezithuthukisiwe cishe zijwayelene nenqubo yokuhlolwa kwe-IT - Izilawuli ezijwayelekile ze-IT (ITGC), ezikuvumela ukuthi ubone amaphutha ezinqubweni ze-IT futhi usungule ukulawula ukuze uthuthukise izinqubo ngokuhambisana nokusebenza okungcono kakhulu (ITIL, COBIT, IT Ukuphatha njll.) Ukucwaninga okunjalo kuvumela i-IT nebhizinisi ukuthi baqondane kangcono futhi bakhe isu lokuthuthukisa elihlanganyelwe, bahlaziye ubungozi, bandise izindleko, futhi bakhe izindlela ezisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu zokusebenza.
Enye yezindawo zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ukunquma imingcele yokufinyelela okunengqondo nokubonakalayo kumasistimu olwazi. Sithathe idatha etholakele njengesisekelo sokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ekwakheni isibonelo esihle. Njengomphumela walokhu kuhlolwa, sibe nerejista yezinhlelo ze-IT, lapho imingcele yazo yezobuchwepheshe yanqunywa futhi kwanikezwa izincazelo. Ukwengeza, ohlelweni ngalunye, umnikazi wayekhonjwe indlela yebhizinisi okwakuqhutshwa ngayo izithakazelo zakhe: nguye owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wezinqubo zebhizinisi lolu hlelo olusebenzayo. Umphathi wesevisi ye-IT naye waqokwa, obhekele ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe kwezidingo zebhizinisi ze-IS ethile. Kwarekhodwa izinhlelo ezibucayi kakhulu zenkampani kanye nemingcele yazo yezobuchwepheshe, imigomo yokugunyazwa nokuyekiswa komsebenzi, njll.. Le mingcele yaba usizo kakhulu ekulungiseleleni ukwakhiwa kwesibonelo.
Isinyathelo sesi-3 Yakha indlela yokwenza
Ukhiye wempumelelo yanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi indlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, ukuze sakhe isibonelo esihle nokwenza ucwaningo, sidinga ukwakha indlela lapho sichaza khona ukusebenzisana phakathi kweminyango, ukusungula isibopho emithethweni yenkampani, njll.
Okokuqala udinga ukuhlola wonke amadokhumenti atholakalayo asungula inqubo yokunikeza ukufinyelela namalungelo. Ngendlela enhle, izinqubo kufanele zibhalwe emazingeni amaningana:
- izidingo ezijwayelekile zebhizinisi;
- izidingo zezindawo zokuphepha zolwazi (kuye ngokuthi izindawo zemisebenzi yenhlangano);
- izidingo zezinqubo zobuchwepheshe (iziyalezo, amatrices okufinyelela, imihlahlandlela, izidingo zokumisa).
Enkampanini yethu yezezimali, sithole amadokhumenti amaningi aphelelwe yisikhathi; bekufanele silethe ngokuhambisana nezinqubo ezintsha eziqaliswayo.
Ngomyalelo wokuphatha, kwasungulwa iqembu elisebenzayo, elihlanganisa abameleli bezokuphepha, i-IT, ibhizinisi kanye nokulawulwa kwangaphakathi. Lo myalelo uveze izinhloso zokudala iqembu, isiqondiso somsebenzi, isikhathi sokuba khona kanye nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangothini ngalunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sakha indlela yokucwaninga kanye nenqubo yokwakha isibonelo esihle: kwavunyelwana ngakho yibo bonke abameleli abanomthwalo wemfanelo bezindawo futhi kwavunyelwa abaphathi benkampani.
Amadokhumenti achaza inqubo yokwenza umsebenzi, izinsuku zokugcina, izibopho, njll. - isiqinisekiso sokuthi endleleni eya emgomweni othandwayo, okuyinto ekuqaleni engabonakali kuwo wonke umuntu, akekho oyoba nemibuzo "kungani sikwenza lokhu, kungani sikudinga, njll." futhi ngeke libe khona ithuba "lokweqa" noma ukunciphisa inqubo.
Isinyathelo sesi-4. Lungisa amapharamitha emodeli ekhona yokulawula ukufinyelela
Sidweba lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “iphasipoti yesistimu” mayelana nokulawula ukufinyelela. Empeleni, lolu uhlu lwemibuzo ohlelweni oluthile lolwazi, olurekhoda wonke ama-algorithms okulawula ukufinyelela kulo. Izinkampani esezivele zisebenzise izixazululo ze-IdM-class cishe ziyalwazi uhlu lwemibuzo olunjalo, njengoba kulapho kuqala khona ukufundwa kwezinhlelo.
Amanye amapharamitha mayelana nesistimu nabanikazi ageleze kuhlu lwemibuzo esuka kurejista ye-IT (bona isinyathelo sesi-2, ukuhlolwa), kodwa kwanezelwa emisha:
- indlela ama-akhawunti aphathwa ngayo (ngokuqondile kusizindalwazi noma ngokusebenzisa i-software interface);
- abasebenzisi abangena kanjani ohlelweni (besebenzisa i-akhawunti ehlukile noma besebenzisa i-akhawunti ye-AD, i-LDAP, njll.);
- yimaphi amazinga okufinyelela ohlelweni asetshenziswayo (izinga lesicelo, izinga lesistimu, ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu yezinsiza zefayela lenethiwekhi);
- incazelo kanye nemingcele yamaseva lapho uhlelo lusebenza khona;
- imiphi imisebenzi yokuphatha i-akhawunti esekelwayo (ukuvimbela, ukuqamba kabusha, njll.);
- imaphi ama-algorithms noma imithetho esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza isihlonzi somsebenzisi wesistimu;
- isiphi isici esingasetshenziswa ukusungula ukuxhumana nerekhodi lomsebenzi ohlelweni lwabasebenzi (igama eligcwele, inombolo yabasebenzi, njll.);
- zonke izici ze-akhawunti ezingenzeka kanye nemithetho yokuyigcwalisa;
- yimaphi amalungelo okufinyelela akhona ohlelweni (izindima, amaqembu, amalungelo e-athomu, njll., ingabe akhona amalungelo akhiwe noma ezigaba);
- izindlela zokuhlukanisa amalungelo okufinyelela (ngezikhundla, umnyango, ukusebenza, njll.);
- Ingabe uhlelo lunemithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo (SOD - Segregation of Duties), futhi isebenza kanjani;
- ukuthi izehlakalo zokungabikho, ukudluliswa, ukuxoshwa, ukubuyekezwa kwedatha yesisebenzi, njll. zicutshungulwa kanjani ohlelweni.
Lolu hlu lungaqhutshekwa ngemininingwane kumapharamitha ahlukahlukene nezinye izinto ezihilelekile kunqubo yokulawula ukufinyelela.
Isinyathelo sesi-5. Dala incazelo yezimvume ezigxile ebhizinisini
Omunye umbhalo esizowudinga lapho sakha isibonelo yincwadi eyireferensi yawo wonke amandla angenzeka (amalungelo) anganikezwa abasebenzisi ohlelweni lolwazi ngencazelo eningiliziwe yomsebenzi webhizinisi omile ngemuva kwawo. Ngokuvamile, iziphathimandla ohlelweni zibethelwa ngamagama athile ahlanganisa izinhlamvu nezinombolo, futhi izisebenzi zebhizinisi azikwazi ukuthola ukuthi yini engemuva kwalezi zimpawu. Bese beya kusevisi ye-IT, futhi lapho ... futhi abakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo, isibonelo, mayelana namalungelo angavamile ukusetshenziswa. Khona-ke ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kufanele kwenziwe.
Kuhle uma sekukhona incazelo yebhizinisi noma ngabe kukhona inhlanganisela yalawa malungelo ngamaqembu nezindima. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, inkambiso engcono kakhulu ukudala ireferensi enjalo esigabeni sokuthuthuka. Kodwa lokhu akwenzeki kaningi, ngakho siphinde siye emnyangweni we-IT ukuze siqoqe ulwazi mayelana nawo wonke amalungelo angenzeka futhi siwachaze. Umhlahlandlela wethu ekugcineni uzoqukatha okulandelayo:
- igama lesiphathimandla, okuhlanganisa into lapho ilungelo lokufinyelela lisebenza khona;
- isenzo esivunyelwe ukwenziwa ngento (ukubuka, ukushintsha, njll., amathuba okuvinjelwa, isibonelo, ngesisekelo sendawo noma ngeqembu lamakhasimende);
- ikhodi yokugunyazwa (ikhodi negama lomsebenzi wesistimu/isicelo esingenziwa kusetshenziswa ukugunyazwa);
- incazelo yegunya (incazelo enemininingwane yezenzo ku-IS lapho kusetshenziswa igunya kanye nemiphumela yazo yenqubo;
- isimo semvume: “Iyasebenza” (uma imvume yabelwe okungenani umsebenzisi oyedwa) noma “Ayisebenzi” (uma imvume ingasetshenziswa).
Isinyathelo 6 Silanda idatha emayelana nabasebenzisi namalungelo kumasistimu futhi siwaqhathanise nomthombo wabasebenzi
Esigabeni sokugcina sokulungiselela, udinga ukulanda idatha evela ezinhlelweni zolwazi mayelana nabo bonke abasebenzisi namalungelo abanawo njengamanje. Kunezimo ezimbili ezingenzeka lapha. Okokuqala: umnyango wezokuphepha unokufinyelela okuqondile ohlelweni futhi unezindlela zokulanda imibiko efanele, okungenzeki kaningi, kodwa kulula kakhulu. Okwesibili: sithumela isicelo ku-IT sokwamukela imibiko ngefomethi edingekayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukufika esivumelwaneni ne-IT futhi uthole idatha edingekayo okokuqala. Kudingekile ukwenza izindlela ezimbalwa kuze kube yilapho ulwazi lutholwa ngendlela oyifunayo kanye nefomethi.
Iyiphi idatha okufanele ilandwe:
- Igama le-akhwunti
- Igama eliphelele lesisebenzi esinikezwe sona
- Isimo (esisebenzayo noma esivinjiwe)
- Idethi yokudala i-akhawunti
- Idethi yokugcina ukusetshenziswa
- Uhlu lwamalungelo/amaqembu/izindima ezitholakalayo
Ngakho-ke, sithole okulandiwe ohlelweni olunabo bonke abasebenzisi nawo wonke amalungelo anikezwe wona. Futhi ngokushesha babeka eceleni wonke ama-akhawunti avinjiwe, ngoba umsebenzi wokwakha isibonelo uzokwenziwa kuphela kubasebenzisi abasebenzayo.
Khona-ke, uma inkampani yakho ingenazo izindlela ezizenzakalelayo zokuvimba ukufinyelela kubasebenzi abaxoshiwe (lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka) noma inomshini wokuzenzela ongasebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi, udinga ukukhomba yonke “imiphefumulo efile.” Sikhuluma ngama-akhawunti abasebenzi asebexoshiwe, amalungelo abo angavinjwanga ngenxa yezizathu ezithile - badinga ukuvinjwa. Ukwenza lokhu, siqhathanisa idatha elayishiwe nomthombo wabasebenzi. Ukwehliswa kwabasebenzi kumele kutholwe kusenesikhathi emnyangweni ogcina imininingwane yabasebenzi.
Ngokwehlukana, kuyadingeka ukubeka eceleni ama-akhawunti abanikazi bawo abatholakalanga ku-database yabasebenzi, abangabelwe kunoma ubani - okungukuthi, abangenamnikazi. Sisebenzisa lolu hlu, sizodinga usuku lokusetshenziswa kokugcina: uma lusanda kwenzeka, kusazodingeka sibheke abanikazi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ama-akhawunti osonkontileka bangaphandle noma ama-akhawunti esevisi angabelwe muntu, kodwa ahlotshaniswa nanoma yiziphi izinqubo. Ukuze uthole ukuthi ama-akhawunti angekabani, ungathumela izincwadi kuyo yonke iminyango ubacela ukuthi baphendule. Uma abanikazi betholakala, sifaka idatha emayelana nabo ohlelweni: ngale ndlela, wonke ama-akhawunti asebenzayo ayahlonzwa, futhi amanye avinjelwe.
Ngokushesha lapho ukulayisha kwethu sekusuliwe kumarekhodi angadingekile futhi kusele ama-akhawunti asebenzayo kuphela, singakwazi ukuqala ukwakha isibonelo esihle sesistimu ethile yolwazi. Kodwa ngizokutshela ngalokhu esihlokweni esilandelayo.
Umbhali: ULyudmila Sevastyanova, umphathi wokukhushulwa kweSolar inRights
Source: www.habr.com