Ngakho ubani owasungula umsakazo: Guglielmo Marconi noma Alexander Popov?

Kungenzeka ukuthi uPopov wayengowokuqala - kodwa akazange anikeze ilungelo lobunikazi ngezinto aziqambile noma azame ukuzithengisa

Ngo-1895, isazi sefiziksi saseRussia u-Alexander Popov wasebenzisa ithuluzi lakhe lokuduma kwezulu ukuze abonise ukudluliswa kwamaza omsakazo.

Ubani owasungula umsakazo? Impendulo yakho cishe izoncika ekutheni uvelaphi.

NgoMeyi 7, 1945, iBolshoi Theatre eMoscow yayigcwele phama ososayensi kanye nezikhulu zeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseSoviet Union, begubha iminyaka engu-50 yombukiso wokuqala womsakazo owenziwa Alexander Popov. Leli bekuyithuba lokuhlonipha umsunguli wasekhaya nokuzama ukususa irekhodi lomlando kulokho okuzuziwe Guglielmo Marconi, owaziwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele njengomsunguli womsakazo. I-7 May yamenyezelwa e-USSR umsakazo emini, egujwa kuze kube yilolu suku eRussia.

Isimangalo mayelana nokubeka phambili kukaPopov njengomsunguli womsakazo sisekelwe enkulumweni ayinikeza ngoMeyi 7, 1895, “Ekuhlobeni kwezimpushana zensimbi nokudlidliza kukagesi” eNyuvesi yaseSt.

U-Alexander Popov wasungula umsakazo wokuqala okwazi ukudlulisa ikhodi yeMorse

Idivayisi kaPopov yayilula umdidiyeli ["I-Branly tube"] - i-flask yengilazi equkethe amafayili ensimbi ngaphakathi, kanye nama-electrode amabili aqhelelene ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukusuka kwelinye aphuma. Idivayisi yayisekelwe emsebenzini wesazi sefiziksi saseFrance Edouard Branly, owachaza uhlelo olufanayo ngo-1890, nasemibhalweni yesazi sefilosofi saseNgilandi Oliver Lodge, owathuthukisa idivayisi ngo-1893. Ekuqaleni, ukumelana kwama-electrode kuphezulu, kodwa uma umfutho kagesi usetshenziswa kubo, indlela yamanje izovela ngokuphikiswa okuncane. I-current izogeleza, kodwa-ke amafayili ensimbi azoqala ukugoqa futhi ukumelana kuzokwanda. Umhlanganisi udinga unyakaziswa noma uthephe isikhathi ngasinye ukuze kuphinde kuhlakazwe i-sawdust.

Ngokusho kweCentral Museum of Communications ebizwa ngo-A. S. Popov Petersburg, umshini kaPopov wawuyisamukeli sokuqala somsakazo esikwazi ukubona izimpawu ngesikhathi sazo. Usebenzise inkomba ehambisanayo ye-Lodge futhi wengeza i-polarized ukudluliselwa kocingo, esebenze njenge-amplifier yamanje eqondile. I-relay ivumele u-Popov ukuthi axhume okukhiphayo komamukeli kunsimbi kagesi, idivayisi yokurekhoda, noma i-telegraph, futhi athole impendulo ye-electromechanical. Isithombe sedivayisi enjalo enensimbi evela eqoqweni lemyuziyamu siboniswa ekuqaleni kwesihloko. Impendulo ibuyisele umhlanganisi ngokuzenzakalela esimweni sawo sokuqala. Lapho insimbi ikhala, umdidiyeli wanyakaza ngokuzenzakalelayo.

NgoMashi 24, 1896, uPopov wenza omunye umbukiso womphakathi oguquguqukayo wedivayisi - kulokhu edlulisa imininingwane ngekhodi yeMorse nge-telegraph engenantambo. Futhi futhi, ngenkathi eseYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg, emhlanganweni weRussian Physical and Chemical Society, uPopov wathumela izimpawu phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimbili ezitholakala ngamamitha angu-243 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Uprofesa wema ebhodini lesakhiwo sesibili, ebhala phansi izincwadi ezamukelwa ngeMorse code. Amagama aphumayo kwaba: U-Heinrich Hertz.

Amasekhethi asekelwe ngokuhlanganyela afana nekaPopov abe yisisekelo semishini yomsakazo yesizukulwane sokuqala. Zaqhubeka zisetshenziswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1907, lapho zithathelwa indawo abamukeli ngokusekelwe kuma-crystal detectors.

UPopov noMarconi basondela emsakazweni ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele

UPopov wayephila ngesikhathi sikaMarconi, kodwa bathuthukisa imishini yabo ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokwazi ngomunye nomunye. Ukunquma ngokunembile ubukhulu kunzima ngenxa yokungabhalwa ngokwanele kwemicimbi, izincazelo eziyimpikiswano zalokho okuhlanganisa umsakazo, nokuzigqaja kwezwe.

Esinye sezizathu esenza ukuthi uMarconi athandwe kwamanye amazwe ukuthi ubebazi ubunkimbinkimbi bempahla yengqondo. Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuvikela indawo yakho emlandweni ukubhalisa amalungelo obunikazi nokushicilela okutholile ngesikhathi. UPopov akazange akwenze lokhu. Akazange afake isicelo selungelo lobunikazi lomtshina wakhe wombani, futhi alikho irekhodi elisemthethweni lokubonisa kwakhe ngo-March 24, 1896 elikhona. Ngenxa yalokho, wayeka ukuthuthukiswa komsakazo futhi wathatha ama-X-ray asanda kutholwa.

UMarconi wafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi eBrithani ngoJuni 2, 1896, futhi kwaba isicelo sokuqala emkhakheni we-radiotelegraphy. Ngokushesha waqoqa izimali ezidingekayo ukuze adayise uhlelo lwakhe, wadala ibhizinisi elikhulu lezimboni, ngakho-ke ubhekwa njengomsunguli womsakazo emazweni amaningi angaphandle kweRussia.

Nakuba uPopov engazange azame ukudayisa umsakazo ngenhloso yokudlulisa imiyalezo, wawabona amandla awo ukuze asetshenziswe ekurekhodeni ukuphazamiseka komkhathi - njengomtshina wombani. NgoJulayi 1895, wafaka umtshina wokuqala wombani endaweni yokubuka isimo sezulu eForestry Institute eSt. Yayikwazi ukubona ukuduma kwezulu ebangeni elifinyelela ku-50 km. Ngonyaka olandelayo wafaka umtshina wesibili e-All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition, eyayiseNizhny Novgorod, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-400 ukusuka eMoscow.

Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kwalokhu, inkampani yewashi i-Hoser Victor e-Budapest yaqala ukukhiqiza izinto zokuzwa umbani ngokusekelwe kumiklamo kaPopov.

Umshini kaPopov wafinyelela eNingizimu Afrika

Enye yezimoto zakhe yaze yafika eNingizimu Afrika, ihamba amakhilomitha angu-13 000. Namuhla ikhonjiswa emnyuziyamu Isikhungo SaseNingizimu Afrika Sonjiniyela Bakagesi (SAIEE) eGoli.

Iminyuziyamu ayihlale iyazi kahle imininingwane yomlando wemibukiso yawo. Imvelaphi yemishini engasasebenzi kunzima kakhulu ukuyilandela. Amarekhodi emnyuziyamu awaphelele, abasebenzi bashintsha njalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inhlangano ingase ilahlekelwe umkhondo wento nokubaluleka kwayo ngokomlando.

Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke kumtshina we-Popov eNingizimu Afrika uma kungenjalo ngeso elibukhali lika-Derk Vermeulen, unjiniyela kagesi kanye nelungu lesikhathi eside leqembu le-SAIEE labathandi bomlando. Iminyaka eminingi, u-Vermeulen wayekholelwa ukuthi lo mbukiso kwakuyi-ammeter endala erekhodikayo esetshenziselwa ukukala okwamanje. Nokho, ngolunye usuku wanquma ukuwufundela kangcono lo mbukiso. Wathola ngentokozo yakhe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyinto endala kunazo zonke eqoqweni le-SAIEE, futhi ukuphela kwethuluzi elisekhona e-Johannesburg Meteorological Station.

Umtshina wombani kaPopov ovela esiteshini saseJohannesburg Meteorological Station, ukhonjiswe emnyuziyamu weSouth African Institute of Electrical Engineers.

Ngo-1903, uhulumeni wamakoloni wayala umtshina wePopov, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezazidingeka esiteshini esasisanda kuvulwa esisegqumeni emngceleni osempumalanga wedolobha. Idizayini yalo mtshina ihambisana nomklamo wokuqala kaPopov, ngaphandle kokuthi i-trembler, eyanyakazisa i-sawdust, nayo yaphambukisa ipeni lokuqopha. Ishidi lokurekhoda laligoqwe ngesigubhu se-aluminium esasizungezisa kanye ngehora. Ngokuphenduka ngakunye kwesigubhu, isikulufu esihlukile sigudluze iseyili ngo-2 mm, ngenxa yalokho isisetshenziswa singarekhoda imicimbi izinsuku ezimbalwa zilandelana.

I-Vermeulen wachaza akutholile ngohlelo lukaZibandlela wezi-2000 Lwezinqubo ze-IEEE. Wasishiya ngokudabukisayo ngonyaka odlule, kodwa uzakwabo uMax Clark wakwazi ukusithumelela isithombe somtshina waseNingizimu Afrika. U-Vermeulen ukhankasele ngenkuthalo ukwakhiwa kwemnyuziyamu yokuqoqwa kwezinto zobuciko ezigcinwe e-SAIEE, futhi wafinyelela umgomo wakhe ngo-2014. Kubonakala kulungile, esihlokweni esinikezelwe kumaphayona ezokuxhumana ngomsakazo, ukuqaphela ukufaneleka kweVermeulen nokukhumbula umtshina wamaza omsakazo awutholile.

Source: www.habr.com