Ngokufika kwesizukulwane sesikhombisa se-Intel Core processors, kucacele kwabaningi ukuthi isu elithi βTick-tockβ i-Intel ebikade ililandela sonke lesi sikhathi lihlulekile. Isithembiso sokunciphisa inqubo yezobuchwepheshe kusuka ku-14 kuya ku-10 nm sahlala siyisithembiso, inkathi ende ye-"Taka" Skylake yaqala, lapho i-Kaby Lake (isizukulwane sesikhombisa), i-Coffee Lake engazelelwe (yesishiyagalombili) yenzeka ngoshintsho oluncane kwinqubo yezobuchwepheshe. kusukela ku-14 nm kuya ku-14 nm + ngisho neCoffee Lake Refresh (yesishiyagalolunye). Kubonakala sengathi i-Intel yayidinga ngempela ikhefu elincane lekhofi. Ngenxa yalokho, sinamaphrosesa amaningana ezizukulwane ezahlukene, asekelwe ku-microarchitecture efanayo ye-Skylake, ngakolunye uhlangothi. Futhi iziqinisekiso ze-Intel zokuthi iprosesa entsha ngayinye ingcono kuneyangaphambili, ngakolunye. Yiqiniso, akucaci kahle ukuthi kungani...
Ngakho ake sibuyele ezizukulwaneni zethu. Ake sibone ukuthi zihluke kanjani.
I-Kaby Lake
Ukubonakala kwama-processors ezitolo kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-2017. Yini entsha kulo mndeni ehlobene nowandulelayo? Okokuqala, lena ingqikithi yehluzo entsha - i-Intel UHD 630. Ukwesekwa okungeziwe kobuchwepheshe bememori ye-Intel Optane (3D Xpoint), kanye ne-chipset yochungechunge olusha lwama-200 (isizukulwane sesi-6 sisebenze nochungechunge lwe-100). Futhi yizo zonke izinto ezintsha ezithakazelisa ngempela.
I-Coffee Lake
Isizukulwane sesi-8, esine-codenamed Coffee Lake, sakhululwa ekupheleni kuka-2017. Kumaphrosesa alesi sizukulwane, ama-cores kanye ne-cache yezinga lesithathu kwengezwe, i-Turbo Boost iphakanyiswe ngama-megahertz angu-200, ukusekelwa kwe-DDR4-2666 kwengezwa (ngaphambilini bekukhona i-DDR4-2400), kodwa ukusekelwa kwe-DDR3 kwanqanyulwa. Umongo wehluzo awushintshile, kepha wanikezwa i-50 MHz. Kukho konke ukwenyuka kwamafrikhwensi bekumele sikhokhe ngokukhuphula iphakethe lokushisa libe ngama-watts angama-95. Futhi, kunjalo, i-chipset yochungechunge olusha lwama-300. Lokhu kokugcina kwakungadingeki nhlobo, ngoba ngokushesha ochwepheshe bakwazi ukwethula lo mndeni kuma-chipsets ochungechunge lwe-100, nakuba abamele i-Intel bathi lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuklanywa kwamasekhethi amandla. Nokho, kamuva, i-Intel yavuma ngokusemthethweni ukuthi kwakungalungile. Manje yini entsha emndenini wesi-8? Eqinisweni, kubukeka njengokuvuselela okuvamile ngokungezwa kwama-cores namafrikhwensi.
I-Coffee Lake Refresh
Ha! Nasi isivuseleli sethu! Kwikota yesine ka-2018, kukhululwe amaphrosesa wesizukulwane sesi-9 seCoffee Lake, ahlonyiswe ngokuvikelwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ekuvikelekeni okuthile kwe-Meltdown/Specter. Izinguquko zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezenziwe kuma-chips amasha zivikela ku-Meltdown V3 kanye ne-L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF Foreshadow). Izinguquko zesofthiwe ne-microcode zivikela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Specter V2, Meltdown V3a kanye ne-V4. Ukuvikela ngokumelene ne-Specter V1 kuzoqhubeka nokupeshiswa ezingeni lesistimu yokusebenza. Ukwethulwa kweziqephu zezinga le-chip kufanele kunciphise umthelela wamapeshi esofthiwe ekusebenzeni kwephrosesa. Kepha i-Intel isebenzise yonke le njabulo ngokuvikela kuphela kumaphrosesa wengxenye yemakethe enkulu: i5-9600k, i7-9700k, i9-9900k. Wonke umuntu, okuhlanganisa nezixazululo zeseva, akazange akuthole ukuvikeleka kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wamaphrosesa e-Intel abathengi, ama-Coffee Lake Refresh processors asekela kufika ku-128 GB we-RAM. Futhi yilokho, azisekho izinguquko.
Yini esinayo ekugcineni? Iminyaka emibili yokuvuselela, ukudlala ngama-cores namafrikhwensi, kanye nesethi yokuthuthukiswa okuncane. Bengifuna ngempela ukuhlola nokuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwabameleli abakhulu bale mindeni. Ngakho-ke lapho nginesethi yesizukulwane sesikhombisa kuya kwesesishiyagalolunye esandleni - i-i7-7700 yethu ne-i7-7700k zisanda kujoyinwa yi-i7-8700, i7-9700k kanye ne-i9-9900k entsha, ngasebenzisa leli thuba futhi ngenza okuhlanu okuhlukile. Ama-Intel Core processors akhombisa lokho abakwaziyo ukukwenza.
Ukuhlola
Ama-Intel processors amahlanu ahilelekile ekuhloleni: i7-7700, i7-7700k, i7-8700, i7-9700k, i9-9900k.
Izici zokusebenza zamapulatifomu
I-Intel i7-8700, i7-9700k kanye ne-i9-9900k processors banokucushwa okuyisisekelo okufanayo:
- Ibhodi lomama: I-Asus PRIME H310T (BIOS 1405),
- I-RAM: 16 GB DDR4-2400 MT/s Kingston 2 izingcezu, inani 32 GB.
- Idrayivu ye-SSD: 240 GB Patriot Burst 2 izingcezu ku-RAID 1 (umkhuba owenziwe phakathi neminyaka).
Amaphrosesa we-Intel i7-7700 kanye ne-i7-7700k nawo asebenza endaweni efanayo:
- Ibhodi lomama: I-Asus H110T (BIOS 3805),
- I-RAM: 8 GB DDR4-2400MT/s Kingston 2 izingcezu, isamba esingu-16 GB.
- Idrayivu ye-SSD: 240 GB Patriot Burst 2 izingcezu ku-RAID 1.
Sisebenzisa i-chassis eyenziwe ngokwezifiso engamayunithi angu-1,5 ubude. Bahlala amapulatifomu amane.
Ingxenye yesofthiwe: OS CentOS Linux 7 x86_64 (7.6.1810).
Π―Π΄ΡΠΎ: 3.10.0-957.1.3.el7.x86_64
Kwenziwe ukulungiselelwa okuhlobene nokufakwa okujwayelekile: izinketho ezengeziwe zokwethula i-kernel elevator=noop selinux=0.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngawo wonke ama-patches asuka ekuhlaselweni kweSpecter, Meltdown kanye ne-Foreshadow okubuyiselwe emuva kule kernel. Kungenzeka ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kumakernel e-Linux amasha namanje kakhulu ingase ihluke kuleyo etholiwe, futhi imiphumela izoba ngcono. Kodwa, okokuqala, ngithanda i-CentOS 7, futhi, okwesibili, i-RedHat ibuyisela emuva ngenkuthalo emisha ehlobene nokusekelwa kwehadiwe kusuka kumakernel amasha kuya ku-LTS yayo. Yilokho engiyethemba :)
Izivivinyo ezisetshenziselwa ucwaningo
- I-Sysbench
- Geekbench
- I-Phoronix Test Suite
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Sysbench
I-Sysbench iphakethe lokuhlola (noma amabhentshimakhi) lokuhlola ukusebenza kwamasistimu angaphansi ahlukahlukene ekhompyutha: iprosesa, i-RAM, amadivayisi wokugcina idatha. Ukuhlolwa kunemicu eminingi, kuwo wonke ama-cores. Kulesi sivivinyo ngilinganise izinkomba ezimbili:
- Imicimbi yesivinini se-CPU ngesekhondi - inani lemisebenzi eyenziwa iphrosesa ngomzuzwana: inani eliphakeme kakhulu, isistimu ikhiqiza kakhulu.
- Izibalo ezijwayelekile ingqikithi yenani lemicimbi - isamba senani lemicimbi eqediwe. Uma inombolo iphezulu, iba ngcono.
Geekbench test
Iphakheji yokuhlola eyenziwa ngemodi yochungechunge olulodwa kanye nemicu eminingi. Ngenxa yalokho, inkomba ethile yokusebenza ikhishwa kuzo zombili izindlela. Ngezansi kukhona izixhumanisi zemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Kulesi sivivinyo sizobheka izinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- I-Single-Core Score - izivivinyo zochungechunge olulodwa.
- I-Multi-Core Score - izivivinyo ezinemicu eminingi.
Amayunithi wokulinganisa: "ama-parrots" abstract. Uma "ama-parrots" amaningi, kungcono.
I-Phoronix Test Suite
I-Phoronix Test Suite iyisethi yokuhlola enothe kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zonke izivivinyo ezivela kuphakheji ye-pts/cpu zenziwe, ngizokwethula imiphumela yalezo kuphela engizithole zithakazelisa ngokukhethekile, ikakhulukazi njengoba imiphumela yokuhlolwa okugodliwe iqinisa kuphela umkhuba ojwayelekile.
Cishe zonke izivivinyo ezivezwe lapha zinezintambo eziningi. Okuhlukile kuphela okubili kwakho: izivivinyo ezinochungechunge olulodwa i-Himeno kanye ne-LAME MP3 Encoding.
Kulezi zivivinyo, ukuphakama kwenombolo, kuba ngcono.
- Ukuhlolwa kokuqagela iphasiwedi ye-John the Ripper enezintambo eziningi. Ake sithathe i-algorithm ye-Blowfish crypto. Ikala inani lemisebenzi ngomzuzwana.
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-Himeno kuwumugqa we-Poisson pressure solver usebenzisa indlela ye-Jacobi point.
- I-7-Zip Compression - Ukuhlolwa kwe-7-Zip kusetshenziswa i-p7zip enesici sokuhlola esihlanganisiwe sokusebenza.
- I-OpenSSL iyisethi yamathuluzi asebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) kanye ne-TLS (Transport Layer Security). Ikala ukusebenza kwe-RSA 4096-bit OpenSSL.
- I-Apache Benchmark - Isivivinyo sikala ukuthi zingaki izicelo ngomzuzwana uhlelo olunikeziwe olungasingatha lapho lwenza izicelo eziyi-1, ngezicelo eziyi-000 ezisebenza kanyekanye.
Futhi kulezi, uma okuncane kungcono
- I-C-Ray ihlola ukusebenza kwe-CPU ezibalweni zamaphuzu antantayo. Lokhu kuhlola kunemicu eminingi (imicu engu-16 ingqikithi ngayinye), kuzodubula imisebe engu-8 kuphikseli ngayinye ukuze kunqandwe ukudakwa futhi kukhiqize isithombe esingu-1600x1200. Isikhathi sokwenza ukuhlolwa siyalinganiswa.
- Ukucindezelwa Okuhambisanayo kwe-BZIP2 - Ukuhlolwa kukala isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uminyanise ifayela (ikhodi yomthombo we-Linux kernel .tar package) usebenzisa ukucindezela kwe-BZIP2.
- Umbhalo wekhodi wedatha yomsindo nevidiyo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-LAME MP3 Encoding kusebenza ngochungechunge olulodwa, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kwe-ffmpeg x264 kusebenzisa imicu eminingi. Isikhathi esithathwayo ukuqeda ukuhlolwa siyalinganiswa.
Njengoba ubona, i-suite yokuhlola iqukethe izivivinyo zokwenziwa ezikuvumela ukuthi ubonise umehluko phakathi kwamaphrosesa lapho wenza imisebenzi ethile, isibonelo, ukuchofoza amagama ayimfihlo, ukubhala ngekhodi okuqukethwe kwemidiya, i-cryptography.
Ukuhlolwa kokwenziwa, ngokungafani nokuhlolwa okwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziseduze neqiniso, kuyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka okuthile kokuhlolwa. Eqinisweni, yingakho ukukhetha kwawela kuma-synthetics.
Kungenzeka ukuthi lapho uxazulula izinkinga ezithile ezimweni zokulwa uzokwazi ukuthola imiphumela ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi engalindelekile, kodwa noma kunjalo "izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile esibhedlela" lizoba seduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulokho engikuthole emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi uma ngikhubaza ukuvikelwa kwe-Specter/Meltdown lapho ngihlola amaphrosesa esizukulwane sesi-9, ngingathola imiphumela engcono. Kodwa, uma ngibheka phambili, ngizosho ukuthi sebezibonakalisile ukuthi bahle kakhulu.
I-Spoiler: ama-cores, izintambo namafrikhwensi azobusa i-roost.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuhlolwa, ngifunde ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwale mindeni yamaphrosesa, ngakho-ke ngangilindele ukuthi ngeke kube khona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifundo zokuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akubalulekile kangako njengokungajwayelekile: kungani ulinda izinkomba ezithakazelisayo ezivivinyweni uma wenza izilinganiso kumaphrosesa akhiwe, empeleni, kumgogodla owodwa. Obengikulindele kwafezeka, kodwa ezinye izinto azihambanga ngendlela ebengicabanga ngayo...
Futhi manje, empeleni, imiphumela yokuhlolwa.
Umphumela unengqondo impela: noma ubani onokusakaza okuningi kanye nefrikhwensi ephezulu uthola amaphuzu. Ngokufanelekile, i-i7-8700 ne-i9-9900k zingaphambili. Igebe eliphakathi kwe-i7-7700 ne-i7-7700k liyi-10% ekuhlolweni okunochungechunge olulodwa nokunemicu eminingi. I-i7-7700 isala ngemuva kwe-i7-8700 ngo-38% futhi isuka ku-i9-9900k ngo-49%, okungukuthi, cishe izikhathi ezi-2, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo i-lag ngemuva kwe-i7-9700k ingu-15 kuphela%.
Izixhumanisi zemiphumela yokuhlolwa:
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa evela ku-Phoronix Test Suite
Ohlolweni lukaJohn The Ripper, umehluko phakathi kwamawele i7-7700 kanye ne-i7-7700k uvuna u-βkβ ngo-10%, ngenxa yomehluko ku-Turboboost. Amaphrosesa we-i7-8700 kanye ne-i7-9700k anomehluko omncane kakhulu. I-i9-9900k idlula wonke umuntu onochungechunge oluthe xaxa nesivinini sewashi esiphezulu. Licishe liphindeke kabili inani lamawele.
Umphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-C-Ray ubonakala uthakazelisa kakhulu kimi. Ukuba khona kobuchwepheshe be-Hyper-Treading ku-i9-9900k kulokhu kuhlolwa okunezintambo eziningi kunikeza kuphela ukunyuka okuncane okuhlobene ne-i7-9700k. Kodwa amawele ayecishe abe yizikhathi ezi-2 ngemuva komholi.
Kuhlolo lwe-Himeno olunochungechunge olulodwa, umehluko awumkhulu kangako. Kunegebe elibonakalayo phakathi kwesizukulwane sesi-8 nesesi-9 kusukela kumawele: i-i9-9900k iwadlula ngo-18% no-15%, ngokulandelana. Umehluko phakathi kwe-i7-8700 ne-i7-9700k izinga lephutha.
Amawele aphumelele ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwe-7zip 44-48% kubi kunomholi u-i9-9900k. Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lezintambo, i-i7-8700 idlula i-i7-9700k ngo-9%. Kodwa lokhu akwanele ukudlula i-i9-9900k, ngakho-ke sibona i-lag ecishe ibe ngu-18%.
Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sokuminyanisa kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-BZIP2 kukhombisa imiphumela efanayo: ukusakaza kuyawina.
Umbhalo wekhodi we-MP3 βuyisitebhisiβ esinomkhawulo omkhulu ongu-19,5%. Kodwa ekuhlolweni kwe-ffmpeg, i-i9-9900k yehlulwa ku-i7-8700 kanye ne-i7-9700k, kodwa ihlula amawele. Ngaphinda lokhu kuhlolwa izikhathi eziningana nge-i9-9900k, kodwa umphumela uhlala ufana. Lokhu sekuvele kungalindelekile :) Ekuhlolweni okunezintambo eziningi, i-multi-threaded ye-processors ehloliwe ibonise umphumela ophansi kangaka, ophansi kunalowo we-9700k no-8700. Azikho izincazelo ezicacile zalesi simo, futhi angizenzi ' angifuni ukwenza imicabango.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-openssl kukhombisa "iladi" elinegebe phakathi kwebanga lesibili nelesithathu. Umehluko phakathi kwamawele nomholi u-i9-9900k usuka ku-42% uya ku-47%. Igebe eliphakathi kwe-i7-8700 ne-i9-9900k lingu-14%. Into eyinhloko ukugeleza namafrikhwensi.
Esivivinyweni se-Apache, i-i7-9700k iphumelele wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise ne-i9-9900k (6%). Kodwa ngokwemibandela evamile, umehluko awubalulekile, nakuba kukhona igebe elingu-7% phakathi komphumela omubi kakhulu we-i7700-7 kanye nomphumela omuhle kakhulu we-i9700-24k.
Ngokuvamile, i-i9-9900k ingumholi ezivivinyweni eziningi, yehluleka kuphela ku-ffmpeg. Uma uzosebenza ngevidiyo, kungcono ukuthatha i-i7-9700k noma i-i7-8700. Endaweni yesibili ekumeni okuphelele i7-9700k, ngemuva kancane komholi, futhi naphambili ekuhlolweni kwe-ffmpeg ne-apache. Ngakho-ke ngiyincoma ngokuzethemba kanye ne-i9-9900k kulabo abahlale bethola ukuthutheleka okukhulu kwabasebenzisi esizeni. Amaprosesa akufanele ahluleke. Sengishilo ngevidiyo.
I-i7-8700 yenza kahle ekuhlolweni kwe-Sysbench, 7zip kanye ne-ffmpeg.
Kuzo zonke izivivinyo, i-i7-7700k ingcono kune-i7-7700 isuka ku-2% iye ku-14%, ekuhlolweni kwe-ffmpeg 16%.
Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi angenzanga noma yikuphi ukulungiselelwa ngaphandle kwalokhu okukhonjiswe ekuqaleni, okusho ukuthi uma ufaka isistimu ehlanzekile ku-Dedik osanda kuyithenga kithi, uzothola imiphumela efanayo ncamashi.
Ama-cores, izintambo, ama-frequencies - konke kwethu
Ngokuvamile, imiphumela yayibikezelwe futhi ilindelwe. Cishe kuzo zonke izivivinyo, "izitebhisi eziya ezulwini" zivela, okubonisa ukuncika kokusebenza ngenani lama-cores, izintambo namafrikhwensi: okuningi kwalokhu, imiphumela engcono.
Njengoba zonke izifundo ezihlolwayo ziwukuvuselelwa kwengqikithi efanayo enqubweni efanayo yokukhiqiza futhi zingenawo umehluko oyisisekelo wezakhiwo, asikwazanga ukuthola ubufakazi "obuhle" bokuthi amaphrosesa ahluke komunye nomunye ngekhwalithi.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-i7-9700k kanye ne-i9-9900k processors kukho konke ukuhlola ngaphandle kwe-Sysbench ivame ukuba ziro, njengoba empeleni ihluke kuphela phambi kobuchwepheshe be-Hyper-Threading kanye nama-megahertz ayikhulu engeziwe kumodi ye-Turbo Boost ye-i9-9900k. Ekuhlolweni kwe-Sysbench kuphambene nje: akuyona inombolo yama-cores enqumayo, kodwa inani lezintambo.
Kunegebe elikhulu kakhulu ekuhlolweni okunemicu eminingi phakathi kwe-i7-7700(k) ne-i9-9900k, kwezinye izindawo ngokuphindwe kabili. Kuphinde kube nomehluko phakathi kwe-i7-7700 ne-i7-7700k - i-300 MHz eyengeziwe ingeza ukushelela kokugcina.
Angikwazi futhi ukukhuluma ngomthelela wekhwalithi wesayizi yenkumbulo yenqolobane emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa - sinakho esinakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela okunikwe amandla komndeni wakwaSpecter/Meltdown kufanele kunciphise kakhulu umthelela wevolumu yawo emiphumeleni yokuhlola, kodwa lokhu akuqinisekile. Uma umfundi othandekayo efuna βisinkwa namasekisiβ emnyangweni wethu wokuthengisa, ngizojabula ukukumpompa ukuhlola ngokuvikeleka kukhutshaziwe.
Empeleni, uma ungibuza: iyiphi iprosesa ongakhetha? β Bengiyoqala ngibale imali ephaketheni lami bese ngikhetha leyo eyanele. Ngamafuphi, ungathola ukusuka ku-A kuya ku-B ku-Zhiguli, kodwa ku-Mercedes kuseshesha futhi kumnandi kakhulu. Amaprosesa asekelwe ekwakhiweni okufanayo, ngendlela eyodwa noma enye, azokwazi ukubhekana nohlu olufanayo lwemisebenzi - eminye kahle, kanti eminye ihle kakhulu. Yebo, njengoba ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa, awukho umehluko wembulunga yonke phakathi kwabo. Kodwa igebe phakathi kwe-i7 ne-i9 alikasuki.
Uma ukhetha iphrosesa yemisebenzi ethile ethile, ekhetheke kakhulu, efana nokusebenza nge-mp3, ukuhlanganisa okuvela emithonjeni, noma ukunikeza izigcawu ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokucubungula ukukhanya, kunengqondo ukugxila ekusebenzeni kwezivivinyo ezihambisanayo. Isibonelo, abaklami bangabheka ngokushesha i-i7-9700k ne-i9-9900k, futhi ngezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi thatha iphrosesa enobuchwepheshe be-Hyper-Threading, okungukuthi, noma iyiphi iprosesa ngaphandle kwe-i7-9700k. Ukusakazwa kubusa lapha.
Ngakho-ke ngikweluleka ukuthi ukhethe lokho ongakwazi ukukukhokhela, ngokucabangela imininingwane, futhi uzojabula.
Ukuhlola kusetshenziswe amaseva asekelwe kumaphrosesa we-i7-7700, i7-7700k, i7-8700k, i7-9700k kanye ne-i9-9900k . Noma iyiphi yazo inga-odwa ngesaphulelo esingu-5% izinyanga ezi-3 - thintana ngomusho wekhodi othi βNgivela kuHabr.β Lapho ukhokha minyaka yonke, khipha omunye u-10%.
Ubusuku bonke enkundleni , umlawuli wesistimu FirstDEDIC
Source: www.habr.com