Namuhla ngihlela ukukhuluma ngendlela yokubhala izicelo nokuthi yiziphi izidingo zesicelo sakho ukuze sisebenze kahle ku-Kubernetes. Ukuze kungabikho ubuhlungu bekhanda ngohlelo lokusebenza, ukuze ungadingeki usungule futhi wakhe noma yikuphi "imihuzuko" eduze kwayo - futhi yonke into isebenza ngendlela u-Kubernetes ayehlosile.
Lesi sifundo siyingxenye ye-"" Ungabuka izinkulumo ezivulekile zethiyori zeSikole Sakusihlwa . Kulabo abakhetha umbhalo kunevidiyo, silungiselele lesi sihloko.
Igama lami ngingu-Pavel Selivanov, okwamanje ngingunjiniyela ohamba phambili we-DevOps e-Mail.ru Cloud Solutions, senza amafu, senza ukuphathwa kubernetes nokunye. Imisebenzi yami manje ihlanganisa usizo ekuthuthukisweni, ukukhipha lawa mafu, ukukhipha izinhlelo zokusebenza esizibhalayo kanye nokuthuthukisa ngokuqondile amathuluzi esiwanikeza abasebenzisi bethu.
Bengilokhu ngenza i-DevOps, ngicabanga ukuthi okokugcina, mhlawumbe, iminyaka emithathu. Kodwa, ngokomthetho, bengilokhu ngenza okwenziwa yi-DevOps cishe iminyaka emihlanu manje. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ngangihileleke kakhulu ezintweni zokuphatha. Ngaqala ukusebenza noKubernetes kudala - cishe sekudlule iminyaka emine ngaqala ukusebenza nayo.
Ngokuvamile, ngaqala lapho i-Kubernetes inguqulo 1.3, mhlawumbe, futhi mhlawumbe 1.2 - lapho isencane. Manje ayisencane - futhi kusobala ukuthi kunesidingo esikhulu emakethe sonjiniyela abangathanda ukukwazi ukwenza i-Kubernetes. Futhi izinkampani zinesidingo esikhulu kakhulu sabantu abanjalo. Ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, le nkulumo yavela.
Uma sikhuluma ngohlelo lwalokho engizokhuluma ngakho, kubukeka kanje, kubakaki kubhalwe ukuthi (TL;DR) - “inde kakhulu; ungafundi". Isethulo sami namuhla sizoba nezinhlu ezingapheli.
Eqinisweni, mina ngokwami angizithandi izethulo ezinjalo lapho zenziwe, kodwa lesi yisihloko kangangokuthi lapho ngilungiselela lesi sethulo, angizange ngithole ukuthi ngingaluhlela kanjani lolu lwazi ngendlela ehlukile.
Ngoba, ngokuvamile, lolu lwazi luyi-“ctrl+c, ctrl+v”, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-Wiki yethu esigabeni se-DevOps, lapho sibhale khona izidingo zonjiniyela: “bafana, ukuze sethule uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ku-DevOps. Kubernetes, kufanele kube kanje. "
Yingakho isethulo siphenduke uhlu olukhulu kangaka. Uxolo. Ngizozama ukutshela okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kungabi nesicefe uma kungenzeka.
Esizokubuka manje:
- lezi, okokuqala, izingodo (izingodo zohlelo lokusebenza?), yini okufanele uyenze nazo e-Kubernetes, yini ongayenza ngazo, okufanele zibe yikho;
- yini okufanele uyenze ngokucushwa ku-Kubernetes, yiziphi izindlela ezingcono kakhulu nezimbi kakhulu zokumisa isicelo se-Kubernetes;
- Ake sikhulume ngokuthi ukuhlola ukufinyeleleka kunjani ngokujwayelekile, ukuthi kufanele kubukeke kanjani;
- ake sikhulume ngokuthi kuyini ukuvala shaqa okuhle;
- ake sikhulume ngezinsiza futhi;
- Ake sithinte isihloko sokugcinwa kwedatha futhi;
- futhi ekugcineni ngizokutshela ukuthi lolu hlelo lokusebenza oluyimfihlakalo lwendabuko yamafu luyini. Ubufu, njengesichasiso saleli gama.
Izingodo
Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngiqale ngezingodo - lapho lezi zingodo zidinga ukusunduzwa ku-Kubernetes. Manje usuqalise uhlelo lokusebenza ku-Kubernetes. Ngokwakudala, izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphambilini zazihlale zibhala izingodo endaweni ethile efayeleni. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbi zibhale amalogi efayeleni kunkomba yasekhaya yonjiniyela oqalise uhlelo lokusebenza. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle zibhale izingodo efayeleni kwenye indawo /var/log.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuqhubekayo, abalawuli abahle babenezinto ezithile ezilungiselelwe kungqalasizinda yabo ukuthi lezi zingodo zingajikeleza - i-rsyslog efanayo, ebheka lezi zingodo futhi uma kwenzeka okuthile kuzo, ziningi zazo, idala amakhophi ayisipele, ibeka izingodo lapho. , isusa amafayela amadala, ngaphezu kwesonto, izinyanga eziyisithupha nokunye okwengeziwe. Ngokombono, kufanele sibe nezinhlinzeko ukuze ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lubhala izingodo, isikhala kumaseva okukhiqiza (amaseva wokulwa?) asipheli. Futhi, ngokufanele, wonke umkhiqizo awuzange ume ngenxa yezingodo.
Lapho sithuthela emhlabeni we-Kubernetes futhi siqhuba into efanayo lapho, into yokuqala ongayinaka yiqiniso lokuthi abantu, njengoba bebhala izingodo efayeleni, bayaqhubeka nokubhala.
Kuvela ukuthi uma sikhuluma nge-Kubernetes, indawo efanele yokubhala izingodo endaweni ethile kusuka esitsheni se-docker ukumane ubhale kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza kuya kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Stdout/Stderr, okungukuthi, imifudlana evamile yokuphuma kwesistimu yokusebenza, umphumela wephutha ojwayelekile . Lena indlela elungile kakhulu, elula futhi enengqondo kakhulu yokubeka izingodo ku-Docker futhi ikakhulukazi e-Kubernetis. Ngoba uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lubhala izingodo ku-Stdout/Stderr, khona-ke kuku-Docker kanye nesengezo se-Kubernetes ukunquma ukuthi benzeni ngalawa malogi. I-Docker ngokuzenzakalela izokwakha amafayela ayo akhethekile ngefomethi ye-JSON.
Nanku umbuzo ophakamayo, uzokwenzenjani ngokulandelayo ngalezi zingodo? Indlela elula icacile, sinekhono lokwenza kubectl logs futhi ubheke lezi zingodo zalezi "pods". Kodwa, mhlawumbe, lena akuyona inketho enhle kakhulu - okunye okudingeka kwenziwe ngamalogi.
Okwamanje, ake sikhulume ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba sithinte esihlokweni samalogi, mayelana nento efana nezingodo kufanele zibukeke. Okungukuthi, lokhu akusebenzi ngokuqondile ku-Kubernetes, kodwa lapho siqala ukucabanga ngalokho okufanele sikwenze ngezingodo, kungaba kuhle ukucabanga ngalokhu futhi.
Sidinga uhlobo oluthile lwethuluzi, ngendlela enokuthula, elizothatha lezi zingodo idokhu lethu eliwafaka kumafayela alo liwathumele ndawana thize. Ngokuvamile, sivame ukwethula uhlobo oluthile lwe-ejenti ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes ngendlela ye-DaemonSet - umqoqi welogi, otshelwa kalula ukuthi izingodo eziqoqwa yi-Docker zitholakala kuphi. Futhi le-ejenti eqoqiwe ivele izithathe, mhlawumbe ngisho ngandlela thize izihlukanise endleleni, mhlawumbe izicebise ngolwazi olungeziwe lwe-meta futhi, ekugcineni, iyithumele ukuyogcinwa endaweni ethile. Ukwehluka sekuvele kuyenzeka lapho. Okuvame kakhulu cishe i-Elasticsearch, lapho ungagcina khona izingodo futhi ungawathola kalula lapho. Khona-ke, usebenzisa isicelo, usebenzisa i-Kibana, isibonelo, yakha amagrafu asekelwe kuwo, yakha izexwayiso ngokusekelwe kuzo, njalonjalo.
Umbono obaluleke kakhulu, engifuna ukuwuphinda futhi, ukuthi ngaphakathi kwe-Docker, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes, ukugcina izingodo zakho efayeleni kuwumbono omubi kakhulu.
Ngoba okokuqala, kunzima ukuthola izingodo ngaphakathi kwesitsha efayeleni. Kufanele uqale ungene esitsheni, wenze lapho, bese ubheka izingodo. Iphuzu elilandelayo liwukuthi uma unamalogi efayeleni, iziqukathi ngokuvamile zinendawo encane futhi azikho izinsiza ezivame ukudingeka emsebenzini ojwayelekile ngamalogi. Zingcwabe, zibuke, zivule kumhleli wombhalo. Umzuzu olandelayo yilapho sinamalogi efayeleni ngaphakathi kwesitsha, uma lesi sitsha sisuswa, uyaqonda, izingodo zizofa kanye naso. Ngokufanelekile, noma yikuphi ukuqalisa kabusha kwesiqukathi kusho ukuthi awasekho amalogi. Futhi, inketho embi.
Futhi iphuzu lokugcina ukuthi ngaphakathi kweziqukathi uvamise ukuba nesicelo sakho futhi yikho - ngokuvamile kuwukuphela kwenqubo esebenzayo. Akukho ukukhuluma nhlobo nganoma iyiphi inqubo engazungezisa amafayela ngamalogi akho. Ngokushesha nje lapho izingodo ziqala ukubhalwa efayeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngiyaxolisa, sizoqala ukulahlekelwa iseva yokukhiqiza. Ngoba, okokuqala, zinzima ukuzithola, akekho ozilandelayo, futhi akekho ozilawulayo - ngokufanele, ifayela likhula ngokungapheli kuze kube yilapho isikhala kuseva simane siphela. Ngakho-ke, ngiyaphinda ngithi ukungena ku-Docker, ikakhulukazi e-Kubernetes, kufayela kuwumbono omubi.
Iphuzu elilandelayo, lapha ngifuna ukukhuluma ngalokhu futhi - njengoba sithinta isihloko sezingodo, kungaba kuhle ukukhuluma ngokuthi izingodo kufanele zibukeke kanjani ukuze kube lula ukusebenza nazo. Njengoba ngishilo, isihloko asihlobene ngokuqondile ne-Kubernetes, kodwa sihlobene kakhulu nesihloko se-DevOps. Esihlokweni sokuthuthukiswa kwesiko nobungane phakathi kwale minyango emibili ehlukene - i-Dev ne-Ops, ukuze wonke umuntu akhululeke.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuhle, namuhla, izingodo kufanele zibhalwe ngefomethi ye-JSON. Uma unesicelo sakho esingaqondakali, esibhala izingodo ngefomethi engaqondakali ngoba ufaka uhlobo oluthile lokuphrinta noma into enjalo, sekuyisikhathi soku-google uhlobo oluthile lohlaka, uhlobo oluthile lwe-wrapper oluvumela ukuthi usebenzise ukugawula okujwayelekile; vumela imingcele yokungena ku-JSON lapho, ngoba i-JSON iyifomethi elula, ukuyihlaziya kulula.
Uma i-JSON yakho ingasebenzi ngokuya ngemibandela ethile, akekho owaziyo, okungenani bhala amalogu ngefomethi engadluliswa. Lapha, kunalokho, kufanelekile ukucabanga ngeqiniso lokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, uma usebenzisa inqwaba yeziqukathi noma nje ucubungula nge-nginx, futhi ngayinye inezilungiselelo zayo zokungena, khona-ke kubonakala sengathi kuzoba nzima kakhulu kuwe. Hlaziya. Ngoba esimweni ngasinye esisha se-nginx udinga ukubhala umhlaseli wakho, ngoba babhala izingodo ngendlela ehlukile. Futhi, bekufanelekile ukucabanga ngokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi zonke lezi zimo ze-nginx zinokucushwa okufanayo kokugawula futhi zibhale wonke amalogi azo ngendlela efanayo. Okufanayo kusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukwengeza uphethiloli emlilweni okufanele, ngokufanelekile, amalogi efomethi yemigqa eminingi kufanele agwenywe. Nansi into, uma uke wasebenza nabaqoqi bamalogi, cishe uke wakubona abakuthembisa kona, ukuthi bangasebenza ngezingodo ezinemigqa eminingi, bazi ukuthi baziqoqa kanjani, nokunye. Eqinisweni, ngombono wami, akekho umqoqi oyedwa namuhla ongaqoqa izingodo zemigqa eminingi ngokujwayelekile, ngokugcwele nangaphandle kwamaphutha. Ngendlela yomuntu, ukuze kube lula futhi kungabi namaphutha.
Kodwa ukulandelelwa kwesitaki kuhlala kungamalogi anemigqa eminingi nokuthi ungazigwema kanjani. Umbuzo lapha ukuthi ilogi irekhodi lomcimbi, futhi i-stactrace empeleni ayilona ilogu. Uma siqoqa amalogi siwabeke ndawana thize ku-Elasticsearch bese sidweba amagrafu kuwo, sakhe imibiko ethile yomsebenzisi kusayithi lakho, lapho-ke uthola ukulandelela isitaki, kusho ukuthi kukhona okungalindelekile okwenzekayo. isimo esingasingathwanga kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Futhi kunengqondo ukulayisha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulandelela isitaki endaweni ethile ohlelweni olungakwazi ukuzilandelela.
Lena isofthiwe (i-Sentry efanayo) eyenziwe ngokukhethekile ukuze isebenze ngokulandela isitaki. Ingakwazi ngokushesha ukudala imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo, yabele othile, ixwayise lapho ama-stacttraces eyenzeka, iqoqe lezi stacttraces ngohlobo olulodwa, njalo njalo. Eqinisweni, akunangqondo ukukhuluma ngama-stactraces uma sikhuluma ngamalogi, ngoba lezi, emva kwakho konke, izinto ezihlukene ezinezinhloso ezahlukene.
Ukucushwa
Okulandelayo sikhuluma ngokucushwa ku-Kubernetes: okufanele ukwenze ngakho nokuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes kufanele zicushwe kanjani. Ngokuvamile, ngivame ukusho ukuthi i-Docker ayiphathelene neziqukathi. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi i-Docker imayelana neziqukathi, ngisho nalabo abangazange basebenze kakhulu ne-Docker. Ngiyaphinda, i-Docker ayiphathelene neziqukathi.
I-Docker, ngokubona kwami, imayelana namazinga. Futhi kunamazinga ayo yonke into: amazinga okwakha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, amazinga okufaka isicelo sakho.
Futhi le nto - sayisebenzisa ngaphambili, yavele yaduma kakhulu ngokufika kweziqukathi - le nto ibizwa ngokuthi i-ENV (imvelo) okuguquguqukayo, okungukuthi, okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo okukusistimu yakho yokusebenza. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyindlela ekahle yokumisa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, ngoba uma unezinhlelo zokusebenza ku-JAVA, Python, Go, Perl, uNkulunkulu akenqabeli, futhi bonke bangakwazi ukufunda umphathi wesizindalwazi, umsebenzisi wesizindalwazi, okuguquguqukayo kwamaphasiwedi esizindalwazi, khona-ke kuhle. Unezinhlelo zokusebenza ngezilimi ezine ezihlukene ezilungiselelwe ohlelweni lwedatha ngendlela efanayo. Akusekho ukucupha okuhlukile.
Konke kungalungiswa kusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kwe-ENV. Uma sikhuluma nge-Kubernetes, kunendlela enhle yokumemezela okuguquguqukayo kwe-ENV khona kanye ngaphakathi Kokuthunyelwa. Ngakho-ke, uma sikhuluma ngedatha eyimfihlo, khona-ke singakwazi ukusunduza ngokushesha idatha eyimfihlo kusuka eziguquguqukayo ze-ENV (amaphasiwedi kusizindalwazi, njll.) ibe yimfihlo, senze iqoqo eliyimfihlo futhi sibonise encazelweni ye-ENV kokuthi Ukuthunyelwa ukuthi asisho ngokuqondile. inani lalokhu okuguquguqukayo, kanye nenani lalokhu okuguquguqukayo kwephasiwedi yesizindalwazi kuzofundwa kumfihlo. Lokhu ukuziphatha okujwayelekile kwe-Kubernetes. Futhi lena inketho ekahle kakhulu yokumisa izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza. Kuleveli yekhodi, futhi lokhu kusebenza konjiniyela. Uma uyi-DevOps, ungabuza: “Bafo, sicela nifundise uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukufunda okuguquguqukayo kwendawo. Futhi sonke sizojabula.”
Uma wonke umuntu enkampanini efunda okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo okufanayo, lokho kuhle. Ukuze kungenzeki ukuthi abanye balinde i-postgres database, abanye balinde igama le-database, abanye balinde enye into, abanye balinde i-dbn yolunye uhlobo, ukuze, ngokufanele, kube nokufana.
Inkinga iza uma unokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okuningi kangangokuthi uvele uvule i-Deployment - futhi kukhona imigqa engamakhulu amahlanu yokuguquguquka kwemvelo. Kulokhu, unezinto eziguquguqukayo zemvelo ezihlukile - futhi awusadingi ukuzihlukumeza. Kulokhu, kungaba nengqondo ukuqala ukusebenzisa ama-config. Okusho ukuthi, qeqesha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukusebenzisa izilungiselelo.
Umbuzo kuphela ukuthi ama-configs akukhona lokho okucabangayo. I-Config.pi ayiyona ilungiselelo elilungele ukusetshenziswa. Noma okunye ukumisa ngefomethi yakho, okunye okuphiwe - lokhu futhi akukona ukulungiselelwa engikushoyo.
Engikhuluma ngakho ukumisa ngefomethi eyamukelekayo, okungukuthi, izinga elidume kakhulu yizinga elithi .yaml. Kuyacaca ukuthi ifundwa kanjani, ifundeka ngabantu, kucace ukuthi ifundwa kanjani kuhlelo lokusebenza.
Ngokufanelekile, ngaphezu kwe-YAML, ungakwazi futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa i-JSON, ukuhlukanisa cishe kufana ne-YAML mayelana nokufunda ukucushwa kohlelo lokusebenza kusukela lapho. Kuyakhathaza kakhulu ukuthi abantu bafunde. Ungazama ifomethi, a la ini. Kulula kakhulu ukuyifunda, ngokombono womuntu, kodwa kungase kube nzima ukukucubungula ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngomqondo wokuthi uma uke wafuna ukwenza okwakho okulungiselelwe, ifomethi ye-ini ingase isivele ingalungile ukuyikhiqiza.
Kodwa kunoma yikuphi, noma iyiphi ifomethi oyikhethayo, iphuzu liwukuthi ngokubuka kwe-Kubernetes kulula kakhulu. Ungafaka konke ukuhlela kwakho ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes, ku-ConfigMap. Bese uthatha le configmap bese uyicela ukuthi ifakwe ngaphakathi kwe-pod yakho ohlwini oluthile lwemibhalo, lapho uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luzofunda ukucushwa okuvela kule configmap njengokungathi ifayela nje. Lokhu, empeleni, yilokho okuhle ukukwenza uma unezinketho eziningi zokucushwa kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Noma kuwuhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, kukhona isidleke.
Uma une-configmap, ungakwazi ukufundisa kahle kakhulu uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, isibonelo, ukulandelela ngokuzenzakalelayo izinguquko efayelini lapho i-configmap ifakwe khona, futhi ulayishe kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lapho izilungiselelo zishintsha. Lokhu ngokuvamile kungaba inketho ekahle.
Futhi, sengivele ngikhulume ngalokhu - ulwazi oluyimfihlo alukho ku-configmap, ulwazi oluyimfihlo alukho eziguquguqukayo, ulwazi oluyimfihlo alukho ezimfihlo. Ukusuka lapho, xhuma lolu lwazi oluyimfihlo kudiplomacy. Ngokuvamile sigcina zonke izincazelo zezinto ze-Kubernetes, ukuthunyelwa, ama-configmaps, amasevisi ku-git. Ngakho-ke, ukubeka iphasiwedi ku-database ku-git, noma ngabe i-git yakho, onayo ngaphakathi enkampanini, kuwumbono omubi. Ngoba, okungenani, i-git ikhumbula yonke into futhi ukususa amaphasiwedi lapho akulula kangako.
Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo
Iphuzu elilandelayo yile nto ebizwa ngeHealth check. Ngokuvamile, isheke Lezempilo limane lihlola ukuthi isicelo sakho siyasebenza. Ngasikhathi sinye, sivame ukukhuluma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile zewebhu, okuthi, ngokufanele, ngokombono wokuhlolwa kwezempilo (kungcono ukungahumushi lapha nangaphezulu) lokhu kuzoba i-URL ekhethekile, abayicubungula njenge izinga, ngokuvamile bayakwenza /health.
Lapho sifinyelela le-URL, ngokufanelekile, isicelo sethu sithi “yebo, kulungile, konke kuhamba kahle kimi, 200” noma “cha, konke akulungile kimi, abanye abangama-500.” Ngakho-ke, uma isicelo sethu singeyona i-http, hhayi uhlelo lwewebhu, manje sikhuluma ngohlobo oluthile lwe-daemon, singathola ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani ukuhlola impilo. Okungukuthi, akudingekile, uma isicelo singekho i-http, khona-ke yonke into isebenza ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwezempilo futhi lokhu akunakwenziwa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ungabuyekeza imininingwane ethile efayeleni ngezikhathi ezithile, ungathola umyalo okhethekile wedaemon yakho, njengokuthi, daemon status, okuzothi "yebo, konke kuhamba kahle, i-daemon iyasebenza, iyaphila."
Kwenzelweni? Into yokuqala nesobala kakhulu mhlawumbe ukuthi kungani kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwezempilo - ukuqonda ukuthi isicelo siyasebenza. Ngiqonde ukuthi kuwubuwula nje, uma iphakama manje, kubukeka sengathi iyasebenza, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi iyasebenza. Futhi kuvela ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luyasebenza, isiqukathi siyasebenza, isibonelo siyasebenza, konke kuhamba kahle - bese abasebenzisi sebezinqamule zonke izinombolo zocingo kusekelo lobuchwepheshe bese bethi “uyini..., wena ngalala, akukho okusebenzayo.”
Ukuhlola impilo kuyindlela nje yokubona ngokombono womsebenzisi ukuthi kuyasebenza. Enye yezindlela. Ake sikubeke kanje. Ngokombono we-Kubernetes, lokhu kubuye kuyindlela yokuqonda ukuthi isicelo siqala nini, ngoba siyaqonda ukuthi kukhona umehluko phakathi kokuthi isitsha sethulwa nini, sidalwe futhi saqalwa, nalapho isicelo sethulwa ngokuqondile kulesi sitsha. Ngoba uma sithatha uhlelo lwe-java olumaphakathi bese sizama ukulwethula esitokisini, bese kuthi imizuzwana engamashumi amane, noma umzuzu, noma ngisho neshumi, luqale kahle. Kulokhu, ungangqongqoza okungenani emachwebeni ayo, ngeke aphendule lapho, okungukuthi, ayikakulungeli ukuthola ithrafikhi.
Futhi, ngosizo lokuhlolwa kwezempilo kanye nosizo lokuthi siphenduka lapha, singaqonda ku-Kubernetes ukuthi akusona nje isitsha esiye savuka kuhlelo lokusebenza, kodwa isicelo ngokwaso sesiqalile, sesivele siphendula ukuhlola impilo, okusho ukuthi singathumela izimoto lapho.
Engikhuluma ngakho manje kubizwa ngokuhlolwa kokulungela/ukuphila ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes; ngakho-ke, ukuhlola kwethu ukulungela kunesibopho sokutholakala kwesicelo ekulinganiseni. Okusho ukuthi, uma ukuhlolwa kokulungela kwenziwa kuhlelo lokusebenza, khona-ke konke kulungile, ithrafikhi yeklayenti iya kuhlelo lokusebenza. Uma ukuhlolwa kokulungela kungenziwanga, khona-ke uhlelo lokusebenza aluhlanganyeli, lesi sibonelo asihlanganyeli ekulinganiseni, siyasuswa ekulinganiseni, ithrafikhi yeklayenti ayigelezi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-Liveness ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes kuyadingeka ukuze uma uhlelo lokusebenza lubhajwe, luqalwe kabusha. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuphila kungasebenzi kuhlelo lokusebenza olumenyezelwe ku-Kubernetes, uhlelo lokusebenza alususwanga nje ekulinganiseni, luqalwa kabusha.
Futhi nali iphuzu elibalulekile engingathanda ukulisho: ngokombono ongokoqobo, ukuhlolwa kokulungela kuvame ukusetshenziswa kaningi futhi kuvame ukudingeka kakhulu kunokuhlola ukuphila. Okusho ukuthi, ukumane umemezele ngokungacabangi kokubili ukulungela kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphila, ngoba i-Kubernetes ingakwenza lokho, futhi masisebenzise yonke into engayenza, akuwona umqondo omuhle kakhulu. Ngizochaza ukuthi kungani. Ngoba iphuzu lesibili ekuhlolweni ukuthi kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuhlola isevisi eyisisekelo ekuhlolweni kwakho kwezempilo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma unohlelo lwewebhu olunikeza ulwazi oluthile, lona, ngokwemvelo, okumele luthathe endaweni ethile. Kusizindalwazi, isibonelo. Hhayi-ke, igcina imininingwane engena kule REST API kudathabhesi efanayo. Khona-ke, ngokufanelekile, uma isheke lakho lezempilo liphendula njengokungathintwa i-slashhealth, uhlelo lokusebenza luthi "200, kulungile, konke kuhamba kahle," futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-database yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza ayitholakali, futhi uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-healthcheck luthi "200, kulungile, konke kuhamba kahle. ” - Lokhu ukuhlola impilo embi. Lena akuyona indlela okufanele isebenze ngayo.
Okusho ukuthi, isicelo sakho, uma isicelo sifika kuso /health, ayiphenduli nje, “200, kulungile”, iqala iya, ngokwesibonelo, kusizindalwazi, izame ukuxhuma kuyo, yenza okuthile okuyisisekelo lapho, njengokukhetha okukodwa, ivele ihlole ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana database futhi ungakwazi ukubuza database. Uma konke lokhu kuphumelele, impendulo ithi “200, ok.” Uma ingaphumeleli, ithi kunephutha, i-database ayitholakali.
Ngakho-ke, mayelana nalokhu, ngiphinde ngibuyele ezivivinyweni Zokulungela/Ukuphila - kungani cishe udinga ukuhlolwa kokulungela, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokuphila kuyabuzwa. Ngoba uma uchaza ukuhlolwa kwezempilo njengoba ngisanda kusho, kuzovela ukuthi akutholakali engxenyeni yesiboneloв или со всех instancekusizindalwazi, isibonelo. Lapho umemezela ukuhlolwa kokulungela, ukuhlolwa kwezempilo kwethu kwaqala ukwehluleka, futhi ngenxa yalokho zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho isizindalwazi singafinyeleleki, zivele zicinywe ukulinganisa futhi empeleni "zilenga" esimweni sokunganakwa bese zilinda imininingwane yazo egciniwe. umsebenzi.
Uma sesimemezele isivivinyo se-liveness, bese ucabanga, isizindalwazi sethu sephukile, futhi ku-Kubernetes yakho uhhafu wayo yonke into iqala kabusha ngoba ukuhlolwa kokuphila kuyehluleka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuqala kabusha. Lokhu akuyona neze into oyifunayo, ngaze ngaba nolwazi lomuntu siqu ekusebenzeni. Sibe nesicelo sengxoxo esabhalwa nge-JS futhi safakwa kusizindalwazi se-Mongo. Futhi inkinga yayiwukuthi kwakusekuqaleni komsebenzi wami no-Kubernetes, sachaza ukulungela, ukuphila kokuhlolwa ngesimiso sokuthi u-Kubernetes angakwenza, ngakho-ke sizoyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, ngesinye isikhathi uMongo waba "buthuntu" kancane futhi isampula yaqala ukwehluleka. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwemvula, ama-pods aqala "ukubulala".
Njengoba uqonda, lapho "bebulawa", lokhu kuyingxoxo, okungukuthi, kukhona ukuxhumana okuningi okuvela kumakhasimende alenga kuwo. Futhi "bayabulawa" - cha, hhayi amaklayenti, ukuxhumana kuphela - hhayi bonke ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ababulawa ngasikhathi sinye, abanye ngaphambili, abanye kamuva, abaqali ngesikhathi esifanayo. isikhathi. Kanye nokungahleliwe okujwayelekile, asikwazi ukubikezela ngokunemba kwe-millisecond isikhathi sokuqala sohlelo isikhathi ngasinye, ngakho bakwenza isenzakalo esisodwa ngesikhathi. I-infospot eyodwa iyaphakama, yengezwe ekulinganiseni, wonke amaklayenti eza lapho, ayikwazi ukumelana nomthwalo onjalo, ngoba iyodwa, futhi, cishe, kuneshumi nambili lazo elisebenza lapho, futhi liyawa. Olandelayo uyavuka, wonke umthwalo uphezu kwakhe, naye awe. Nokho, lezi zimpophoma ziqhubeka nokuwohloka. Ekugcineni, ukuthi lokhu kwaxazululwa kanjani - bekumele simise ngokuqinile ukugcwala kwabasebenzisi kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, sivumele zonke izimo ziphakame bese siqala yonke ithrafikhi yabasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze isivele isabalalise kuzo zonke izimo eziyishumi.
Ukube bekungekona lokhu kuhlolwa kokuphila kumenyezelwe, obekuzophoqa ukuthi konke kuqalwe kabusha, isicelo ngabe sisisingathe kahle. Kodwa yonke into esuka ekulinganiseni ikhutshaziwe kithi, ngoba imininingwane yolwazi ayifinyeleleki futhi bonke abasebenzisi "bawile". Khona-ke, lapho le database itholakala, yonke into ifakiwe ekulinganiseni, kodwa izinhlelo zokusebenza azidingi ukuqala futhi, futhi asikho isidingo sokuchitha isikhathi nezinsiza kulokhu. Bonke sebevele belapha, sebelungele ukuhamba ngezimoto, ngakho-ke ithrafikhi ivele ivuleke, konke kuhamba kahle - isicelo sisendaweni, konke kuyaqhubeka nokusebenza.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kokulungela nokuphila kuhlukile, ngaphezu kwalokho, ungenza ukuhlolwa kwezempilo okuhlukile, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-radii, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-liv, isibonelo, futhi uhlole izinto ezahlukene. Phakathi nokuhlolwa kokulungela, hlola ingemuva lakho. Futhi ekuhlolweni kokuphila, ngokwesibonelo, awubheki ngokombono ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuphila ngokuvamile kuwukuphendula kwesicelo, uma ikwazi ukuphendula nhlobo.
Ngoba ukuhlolwa kokuphila, ikakhulukazi, yilapho "sibambekile." Iluphu engapheli isiqalile noma okunye - futhi azisekho izicelo ezicutshungulwayo. Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ngisho ukuwahlukanisa - futhi usebenzise i-logic ehlukene kuzo.
Mayelana nokuthi yini okudingeka uyiphendule lapho wenza ukuhlolwa, lapho uhlola impilo. Kubuhlungu ngempela. Labo abajwayelene nalokhu bazohleka - kodwa ngokungathí sina, ngibonile izinsizakalo empilweni yami eziphendula "200" ku-XNUMX% yamacala. Okungukuthi, ubani ophumelelayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo emzimbeni wempendulo babhala "iphutha elinjalo nelinjalo."
Okusho ukuthi, isimo sokuphendula siza kuwe - konke kuphumelele. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele uhlukanise umzimba, ngoba umzimba uthi "uxolo, isicelo siphelile ngephutha" futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Ngakubona lokhu empilweni yangempela.
Futhi ukuze abanye abantu bangakutholi kuhlekisa, futhi abanye bakuthole kubuhlungu kakhulu, kusafaneleka ukunamathela kumthetho olula. Ekuhlolweni kwezempilo, futhi ngokomthetho lapho usebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu.
Uma konke kuhambe kahle, bese uphendula ngempendulo yamakhulu amabili. Empeleni, noma iyiphi impendulo yamakhulu amabili izovumelana nawe. Uma ufunda ama-ragsy kahle futhi wazi ukuthi ezinye izimo zokuphendula zihlukile kwezinye, phendula ngezifanele: 204, 5, 10, 15, noma yini. Uma ingeyinhle kakhulu, kusho ukuthi “iziro ezimbili” nje. Uma konke kuhamba kabi futhi isheke lezempilo lingaphenduli, bese uphendula nganoma iyiphi ingxenye yamakhulu amahlanu. Futhi, uma uqonda ukuthi ungaphendula kanjani, ukuthi izimo zokuphendula ezihlukene zihluke kanjani kwesinye. Uma ungaqondi, khona-ke i-502 iyinketho yakho yokuphendula ukuhlolwa kwezempilo uma kukhona okungahambi kahle.
Leli elinye iphuzu, ngifuna ukubuyisela kancane mayelana nokuhlola izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo. Uma uqala, isibonelo, ukuhlola zonke izinsiza ezikhona ezilandela isicelo sakho - yonke into ngokujwayelekile. Esikutholayo ngokombono we-microservice architecture, sinomqondo njengokuthi "ukuhlanganisa okuphansi" - okungukuthi, lapho izinsiza zakho zincike kancane komunye nomunye. Uma eyodwa yazo ihluleka, zonke ezinye ngaphandle kwalokhu kusebenza zizoqhubeka nokusebenza. Okunye ukusebenza akusebenzi. Ngakho-ke, uma ubopha wonke amasheke komunye nomunye, uzogcina ngokuwela into eyodwa kwingqalasizinda, futhi ngenxa yokuthi iwile, zonke izivivinyo zezempilo zazo zonke izinsizakalo nazo ziqala ukwehluleka - futhi kunengqalasizinda eyengeziwe jikelele yonke i-microservice architecture No. Konke kwaba mnyama lapho.
Ngakho-ke, ngifuna ukuphinda lokhu futhi ukuthi udinga ukuhlola izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo, lezo ngaphandle kokuthi isicelo sakho kumaphesenti ayikhulu amacala asikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo. Okusho ukuthi, kunengqondo ukuthi uma une-REST API umsebenzisi agcina ngayo ku-database noma athole ku-database, lapho kungekho database, awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza nabasebenzisi bakho.
Kodwa uma abasebenzisi bakho, lapho ubakhipha ku-database, bacetshiswa futhi ngenye imethadatha, esuka kwenye i-backend, oyifaka ngaphambi kokuthumela impendulo ku-frontend - futhi lokhu okungemuva akutholakali, lokhu kusho ukuthi unikeza phendula ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yemethadatha.
Okulandelayo, siphinde sibe nenye yezinkinga ezibuhlungu lapho sethula izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Eqinisweni, lokhu akusebenzi ku-Kubernetes kuphela ngokubanzi; kuvele kwenzeka ukuthi isiko lohlobo oluthile lokuthuthukiswa kwenqwaba kanye ne-DevOps ikakhulukazi yaqala ukusabalala ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-Kubernetes. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile, kuvela ukuthi udinga ukuvala ngomusa isicelo sakho ngaphandle kwe-Kubernetes. Ngisho nangaphambi kukaKubernetes, abantu bakwenza lokhu, kodwa ngokufika kukaKubernetes, saqala ukukhuluma ngakho ngobuningi.
Ukuvalwa kwe-Graceful
Sekukonke, yini ukuvala kweGraceful futhi kungani kuyadingeka? Lokhu kumayelana nokuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luphahlazeka nini ngesizathu esithile, udinga ukukwenza app stop - noma uthola, isibonelo, isignali evela ohlelweni lokusebenza, isicelo sakho kufanele siyiqonde futhi senze okuthile ngakho. Isimo esibi kakhulu, kunjalo, yilapho isicelo sakho sithola i-SIGTERM futhi sifana nokuthi “SIGTERM, asiqhubeke, sisebenze, singenzi lutho.” Lena inketho embi impela.
Inketho ecishe ibe yimbi ngokulinganayo yilapho isicelo sakho sithola i-SIGTERM futhi kufana nokuthi “bathe i-segterm, lokho kusho ukuthi siyaphela, angikaze ngibone, angizazi izicelo zabasebenzisi, angazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwe izicelo engisebenza kuzo njengamanje, bathi SIGTERM, lokho kusho ukuthi siyaphela " Lokhu futhi kuyinketho embi.
Iyiphi inketho enhle? Iphuzu lokuqala ukucabangela ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi. Inketho enhle ukuthi iseva yakho isalokhu icabangela ukuthi yenzani uma ithola i-SIGTERM.
I-SIGTERM iwukuvalwa okuthambile, iklanywe ngokukhethekile, ingabanjwa ezingeni lekhodi, ingacutshungulwa, ithi manje, linda, sizoqale siqedele umsebenzi esinawo, bese siyaphuma.
Ngokombono we-Kubernetes, nansi indlela ebukeka ngayo. Uma sithi ku-pod esebenza kuqoqo le-Kubernetes, “sicela ume, hamba,” noma ukuqalisa kabusha kwenzeka, noma isibuyekezo senzeka lapho u-Kubernetes edala kabusha ama-pods, u-Kubernetes uthumela umyalezo ofanayo we-SIGTERM ku-pod, ulinde. isikhathi esithile, futhi, lesi yisikhathi asilindayo, siphinde sicushwe, kukhona ipharamitha ekhethekile kumadiploma futhi ibizwa ngeGraceful ShutdownTimeout. Njengoba uqonda, akubizwa ngokuthi ize, futhi akukhona ize ukuthi sikhuluma ngakho manje.
Lapho singasho ngokuqondile ukuthi kufanele silinde isikhathi esingakanani phakathi nesikhathi esithumela ngaso i-SIGTERM esicelweni nalapho siqonda ukuthi isicelo sibonakala sisangene ngokuthile noma “sibambekile” futhi ngeke siphele - futhi sidinga ithumele i-SIGKILL, okungukuthi, iqedele umsebenzi wayo kanzima. Okusho ukuthi, ngokufanele, sinohlobo oluthile lwe-daemon esebenzayo, lucubungula ukusebenza. Siyaqonda ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso imisebenzi yethu i-daemon esebenza kuyo ayihlali ngaphezu kwamasekhondi angu-30 ngesikhathi. Ngokufanelekile, lapho i-SIGTERM ifika, siyaqonda ukuthi i-daemon yethu, okungenani, ingaqeda imizuzwana engama-30 ngemva kwe-SIGTERM. Sibhala, isibonelo, imizuzwana engu-45 uma kwenzeka futhi sithi SIGTERM. Ngemva kwalokho silinda imizuzwana engu-45. Ngokombono, ngalesi sikhathi idemoni bekufanele ngabe seliwuqedile umsebenzi walo futhi liziqedele lona. Kodwa uma kungazelelwe yehluleka, kusho ukuthi cishe isamile—ayisacubunguli izicelo zethu ngokujwayelekile. Futhi emizuzwaneni engu-45 ungakwazi, empeleni, umbethelele phansi ngokuphepha.
Futhi lapha, empeleni, ngisho nezici ezi-2 zingabhekwa. Okokuqala, qonda ukuthi uma uthola isicelo, uqale ukusebenza naso ngandlela thile futhi awuzange unikeze impendulo kumsebenzisi, kodwa uthole i-SIGTERM, isibonelo. Kunengqondo ukuyicwenga futhi unikeze impendulo kumsebenzisi. Leli yiphuzu lokuqala kulokhu. Inombolo yesibili lapha ukuthi uma ubhala isicelo sakho, ngokuvamile yakha izakhiwo ngendlela yokuthi uthole isicelo sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, bese uqala umsebenzi othile, uqale ukulanda amafayela endaweni ethile, ukulanda isizindalwazi, nokunye. - Lokho. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzisi wakho, isicelo sakho silenga isigamu sehora futhi ulinde ukuthi umphendule - khona-ke, cishe, udinga ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Okusho ukuthi, vele ucabangele ngisho nomqondo ojwayelekile ukuthi uma ukusebenza kwakho kukufushane, kusho ukuthi kunengqondo ukuyiziba i-SIGTERM futhi uyiguqule. Uma imisebenzi yakho iyinde, ngakho-ke akunangqondo ukuziba i-SIGTERM kulokhu. Kunengqondo ukuklama kabusha i-architecture ukugwema imisebenzi emide kangaka. Ukuze abasebenzisi bangahlali nje balinde. Angazi, yenza uhlobo oluthile lwe-websocket lapho, yenza izingwegwe ezibuyela emuva iseva yakho izovele ithumele kuklayenti, noma yini enye, kodwa ungaphoqi umsebenzisi ukuthi alengise isigamu sehora bese ulinda isikhathi kuze kube yilapho usuqedile. amphendule. Ngoba akulindelekile ukuthi iphuke kuphi.
Lapho isicelo sakho sinqanyulwa, kufanele unikeze ngekhodi yokuphuma efanele. Okusho ukuthi, uma isicelo sakho sicelwe ukuthi sivale, sime, futhi sikwazile ukuzimisa ngokujwayelekile, awudingi ukubuyisela uhlobo oluthile lwekhodi yokuphuma engu-1,5,255 nokunye. Noma yini engeyona ikhodi ye-zero, okungenani ezinhlelweni ze-Linux, ngiyaqiniseka ngalokhu, kuthathwa njengengaphumeleli. Okusho ukuthi, kuthathwa ngokuthi isicelo sakho kuleli cala siphele ngephutha. Ngakho-ke, ngendlela enokuthula, uma isicelo sakho siqedile ngaphandle kwephutha, uthi 0 kokuphumayo. Uma isicelo sakho sehluleka ngesizathu esithile, uthi non-0 kokuphumayo. Futhi ungasebenza ngalolu lwazi.
Futhi inketho yokugcina. Kubi uma umsebenzisi wakho ethumela isicelo futhi ilenga isigamu sehora ngenkathi usicubungula. Kodwa ngokuvamile, ngingathanda futhi ukusho mayelana nokuthi yini ngokuvamile eyinzuzo evela ohlangothini lweklayenti. Akunandaba ukuthi unohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, isiphetho, njll. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ngokuvamile iseshini yomsebenzisi inganqanyulwa, noma yini ingenzeka. Isicelo singathunyelwa, isibonelo, singacutshungulwanga kahle futhi akukho mpendulo ebuyisiwe. I-frontend yakho noma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lweselula - noma iyiphi i-frontend ngokuvamile, masikubeke kanjalo - kufanele sikucabangele lokhu. Uma usebenza ngama-websockets, lokhu ngokuvamile ubuhlungu obubi kakhulu engake ngaba nabo.
Lapho abathuthukisi bezingxoxo ezijwayelekile bengazi ukuthi, kuvela ukuthi i-websocket ingaphuka. Kubo, uma okuthile kwenzeka kummeleli, sivele siguqule ukulungiselelwa, futhi kulayishe kabusha. Ngokwemvelo, zonke izikhathi ezihlala isikhathi eside ziklebhukile kuleli cala. Onjiniyela beza begijima beza kithi bese bethi: “Bafo, nenzani, ingxoxo ayisebenzi kuwo wonke amakhasimende ethu!” Siyabatshela: “Nenzani? Ingabe amaklayenti akho awakwazi ukuxhuma kabusha? Bathi: “Cha, sidinga izikhathi ukuze zingadabuki.” Ngamafuphi, lokhu empeleni umbhedo. Uhlangothi lweklayenti ludinga ukucatshangelwa. Ikakhulukazi, njengoba ngisho, ngamaseshini ahlala isikhathi eside njengama-websockets, angaphuka futhi, enganakiwe umsebenzisi, udinga ukwazi ukubuyisela izikhathi ezinjalo. Bese kuthi-ke yonke into iphelele.
Izinsiza
Eqinisweni, lapha ngizokutshela nje indaba eqondile. Futhi kusukela empilweni yangempela. Into egula kakhulu engake ngayizwa ngezinsiza.
Izinsiza kulokhu, ngiqonde ukuthi, uhlobo oluthile lwezicelo, imikhawulo ongayibeka kuma-pods kumaqoqo akho e-Kubernetes. Into ehlekisa kakhulu engiyizwe kunjiniyela... Omunye wabathuthukisi engisebenza nabo endaweni yangaphambilini yokusebenza wake wathi: "Uhlelo lwami lokusebenza ngeke luqale kuqoqo." Ngabheka ukuze ngibone ukuthi yayingaqali, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi yayingangeni ezinsizeni, noma babebeke imingcele emincane kakhulu. Ngamafuphi, uhlelo lokusebenza alukwazi ukuqala ngenxa yezinsiza. Ngithi: "Ngeke kuqale ngenxa yezinsiza, unquma ukuthi udinga malini bese usetha inani elanele." Uthi: “Hlobo luni lwezinsiza?” Ngaqala ukumchazela ukuthi u-Kubernetes, imikhawulo yezicelo kanye ne-blah, blah, blah idinga ukusethwa. Indoda yalalela imizuzu emihlanu, yavuma ngekhanda yathi: “Ngize lapha ukuzosebenza njengonjiniyela, angifuni ukwazi lutho nganoma yiziphi izinsiza. Ngize lapha ukuzobhala ikhodi futhi yilokho. ” Kuyadabukisa. Lona umqondo odabukisayo kakhulu ngokombono womthuthukisi. Ikakhulukazi emhlabeni wanamuhla, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, wama-devops aqhubekayo.
Kungani izinsiza zidingeka nhlobo? Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezinsiza e-Kubernetes. Ezinye zibizwa ngezicelo, ezinye zibizwa ngemingcele. Ngezinsiza sizoqonda ukuthi kunemikhawulo emibili kuphela eyisisekelo. Okusho ukuthi, imikhawulo yesikhathi se-CPU nemikhawulo ye-RAM yesiqukathi esisebenza ku-Kubernetes.
Umkhawulo ubeka umkhawulo ophezulu wokuthi insiza ingasetshenziswa kanjani kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Okusho ukuthi, ngokufanelekile, uma uthi i-1GB ye-RAM emikhawulweni, uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ngeke lukwazi ukusebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-1GB ye-RAM. Futhi uma ngokuzumayo efuna futhi ezama ukwenza lokhu, khona-ke inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-oom killer, ngaphandle kwenkumbulo, okungukuthi, izofika futhi ibulale isicelo sakho - okungukuthi, izoqala kabusha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ngeke ziqale kabusha ngokusekelwe ku-CPU. Ngokuya nge-CPU, uma uhlelo lokusebenza luzama ukusebenzisa okuningi, ngaphezu kokucaciswa emikhawulweni, i-CPU izovele ikhethwe ngokuqinile. Lokhu akuholeli ekuqaliseni kabusha. Lona umkhawulo - lona umkhawulo ophezulu.
Futhi kukhona isicelo. Isicelo ukuthi u-Kubernetes uqonda kanjani ukuthi ama-node akuqoqo lakho le-Kubernetes agcwaliswa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza. Okusho ukuthi, isicelo siwuhlobo lokuzibophezela kwesicelo sakho. Isho engifuna ukukusebenzisa: "Ngingathanda ukuthi ungigcinele le-CPU eningi kanye nale nkumbulo engaka." Isifaniso esinjalo esilula. Kuthiwani uma sine-node enayo, angazi, ama-CPU angu-8 esewonke. Futhi i-pod ifika lapho, izicelo zayo zithi i-CPU engu-1, okusho ukuthi i-node inama-CPU angu-7 asele. Okusho ukuthi, ngokufanele, ngokushesha nje lapho ama-pods angu-8 efika kule node, ngayinye ene-CPU engu-1 ezicelweni zayo, i-node, njengokungathi ngokombono we-Kubernetes, iphelelwe yi-CPU futhi ama-pods amaningi anezicelo awakwazi ukutholakala. yethulwe kule node. Uma wonke ama-node ephelelwa i-CPU, u-Kubernetes uzoqala ukusho ukuthi awekho ama-node afanelekile kuqoqo ukuze aqhube ama-pods akho ngoba i-CPU isiphelile.
Kungani izicelo zidingeka futhi kungani ngaphandle kwezicelo, ngicabanga ukuthi asikho isidingo sokwethula noma yini ku-Kubernetes? Ake sicabange ngesimo sokucatshangelwa. Wethula uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ngaphandle kwezicelo, uKubernetes akazi ukuthi kungakanani onakho, yiziphi izindawo ongayiphushela kuzo. Hhayi-ke, uyaphusha, uyashova, uyashova emakhaleni. Ngesinye isikhathi, uzoqala ukuthola ithrafikhi kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Futhi enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza iqala ngokuzumayo ukusebenzisa izinsiza kuze kufike emikhawulweni enayo ngokuya ngemingcele. Kuvele ukuthi kunolunye uhlelo lokusebenza eduze futhi ludinga izinsiza. I-node empeleni iqala ukuphelelwa izinsiza ngokomzimba, isibonelo, i-OP. I-node empeleni iqala ukuphelelwa yizinsiza ngokomzimba, isibonelo, inkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe (RAM). Lapho i-node iphelelwa amandla, okokuqala i-docker izoyeka ukuphendula, bese kuba yi-cubelet, bese kuba yi-OS. Bazovele baquleke futhi YONKE into izoyeka ukukusebenzela. Okusho ukuthi, lokhu kuzoholela ekutheni i-node yakho ibambeke futhi uzodinga ukuyiqala kabusha. Ngamafuphi, isimo asisihle neze.
Futhi uma unezicelo, imikhawulo ayihlukile kakhulu, okungenani izikhathi eziningi ngaphezu kwemikhawulo noma izicelo, khona-ke ungaba nokugcwaliswa okunjalo okujwayelekile, okunengqondo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuwo wonke ama-node amaqoqo e-Kubernetes. Ngasikhathi sinye, uKubernetes cishe uyazi ukuthi kungakanani lokho akubeka lapho, kungakanani okusetshenziswa lapho. Okusho ukuthi, umzuzu onjalo nje. Kubalulekile ukukuqonda. Futhi kubalulekile ukulawula ukuthi lokhu kubonisiwe.
Isitoreji sedatha
Iphuzu lethu elilandelayo limayelana nokugcinwa kwedatha. Yini okufanele uyenze ngabo futhi ngokuvamile, yini okufanele uyenze ngokuphikelela e-Kubernetes?
Ngicabanga, futhi, ngaphakathi kwethu , bekunesihloko mayelana nesizindalwazi ku-Kubernetes. Futhi kubonakala kimi ukuthi ngazi kahle ukuthi ozakwenu bakutshele ini lapho ubuzwa: "Kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa i-database e-Kubernetes?" Ngesizathu esithile, kubonakala kimi ukuthi ozakwabo kufanele bakutshele ukuthi uma ubuza umbuzo ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa i-database ku-Kubernetes, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka.
I-logic lapha ilula. Uma kwenzeka, ngizophinda ngichaze, uma ungumuntu opholile ngempela ongakha uhlelo olubekezelela iphutha lokugcinwa kwenethiwekhi esabalalisiwe, qonda ukuthi ungafaka kanjani isizindalwazi kuleli cala, ukuthi ifu lendabuko ezitsheni kufanele lisebenze kanjani. kusizindalwazi jikelele. Ngokunokwenzeka, awunawo umbuzo mayelana nendlela yokuyiqhuba. Uma unombuzo onjalo, futhi ufuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi konke kuvuleka futhi kumile ukufa ekukhiqizeni futhi kungalokothi kuwele, khona-ke lokhu akwenzeki. Uqinisekisiwe ukuthi uzozidubula onyaweni ngale ndlela. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukungakwenzi.
Yini okufanele siyenze ngedatha uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza olungathanda ukuyigcina, ezinye izithombe ezilayishwa abasebenzisi, ezinye izinto ezikhiqizwa uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza phakathi nokusebenza kwalo, ekuqaleni, isibonelo? Yini okufanele uyenze nabo e-Kubernetes?
Ngokuvamile, ngokufanelekile, yebo, kunjalo, i-Kubernetes yakhelwe kahle kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile yaqanjwa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenasici. Okusho ukuthi, kulezo zinhlelo zokusebenza ezingagcini ulwazi nhlobo. Lokhu kuhle.
Kodwa-ke, inketho ekahle ayihlali ikhona. Manje? Iphuzu lokuqala nelilula ukuthatha uhlobo oluthile lwe-S3, hhayi nje elenziwe ekhaya, okungacaci ukuthi lisebenza kanjani, kodwa kumhlinzeki othile. Umhlinzeki omuhle, ojwayelekile - futhi ufundise uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukusebenzisa i-S3. Okusho ukuthi, uma umsebenzisi wakho efuna ukulayisha ifayela, ithi “lapha, ngicela ulilayishe ku-S3.” Uma ifuna ukuyithola, ithi: “Nasi isixhumanisi esiya ku-S3 futhi uyisuse lapha.” Lokhu kuhle.
Uma ngokuzumayo ngenxa yesizathu esithile le nketho efanelekile ingafaneleki, unohlelo ongalibhalanga, ongaluthuthuki, noma kuwuhlobo oluthile lwefa elibi, alikwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo we-S3, kodwa kufanele lusebenze nezinkomba zendawo amafolda wendawo . Thatha okuthile okulula noma okulula, sebenzisa i-Kubernetes. Okusho ukuthi, ukubiyela uCeph ngokushesha kweminye imisebenzi emincane, kubonakala kimi, kuwumbono omubi. Ngoba uCeph, kunjalo, muhle futhi usemfashinini. Kodwa uma ungaqondi ngempela ukuthi wenzani, uma usufake okuthile ku-Ceph, ungakwazi kalula futhi ungaphinde ukukhiphe lapho futhi. Ngoba, njengoba wazi, i-Ceph igcina idatha kuqoqo layo ngefomu kanambambili, hhayi ngendlela yamafayela alula. Ngakho-ke, uma ngokuzumayo iqoqo le-Ceph liphuka, khona-ke kukhona ithuba eliphelele neliphezulu lokuthi ngeke uphinde uthole idatha yakho kusukela lapho futhi.
Sizoba nesifundo kuCeph, ungakwazi .
Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukwenza into elula njengeseva ye-NFS. I-Kubernetes ingasebenza nabo, ungakwazi ukukhweza uhla lwemibhalo ngaphansi kweseva ye-NFS - uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lufana nenkomba yendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwemvelo, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi, futhi, udinga ukwenza okuthile nge-NFS yakho, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube okungafinyeleleki futhi ucabangele umbuzo walokho ozokwenza kuleli cala. Mhlawumbe kufanele isekelwe endaweni ethile emshinini ohlukile.
Iphuzu elilandelayo engikhulume ngalo ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lukhiqiza amafayela athile ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Isibonelo, uma iqala, ikhiqiza ifayela elithile elimile, elisekelwe olwazini oluthile olutholwa uhlelo lokusebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sokwethulwa. Yeka umzuzwana. Uma ingekho idatha enjalo eningi, akufanele ukhathazeke nakancane, vele uzifakele lolu hlelo lokusebenza bese usebenza. Umbuzo kuphela lapha ukuthi yini, bheka. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zefa, njenge-WordPress nokunye, ikakhulukazi ngolunye uhlobo lwama-plugin ahlakaniphile alungisiwe, abathuthukisi be-PHP abahlakaniphile, bavame ukwazi ukuthi bangayenza kanjani ukuze bazenzele uhlobo lwefayela ngokwabo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, umuntu ukhiqiza ifayela elilodwa, owesibili ukhiqiza ifayela lesibili. Bahlukene. Ukulinganisa kwenzeka kuqoqo le-Kubernetes lamakhasimende ngenhlanhla nje. Ngokunjalo, kuvela ukuthi abazi ukuthi bangasebenzisana kanjani ngokwesibonelo. Omunye unikeza ulwazi olulodwa, omunye unikeza umsebenzisi olunye ulwazi. Lokhu kuyinto okufanele uyigweme. Okusho ukuthi, ku-Kubernetes, yonke into oyithulayo iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izokwazi ukusebenza ezimweni eziningi. Ngoba uKubernetes uyinto ehambayo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, angakwazi ukuhambisa noma yini, noma nini lapho efuna, ngaphandle kokubuza muntu nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukubala kulokhu. Yonke into eyethulwe esimeni esisodwa izohluleka maduze noma kamuva. Uma unokubhukha okwengeziwe, kuba ngcono. Kodwa futhi, ngithi, uma unamafayela ambalwa anjalo, khona-ke ungawabeka ngaphansi kwakho, anesisindo esincane. Uma kukhona ezinye zazo, cishe akufanele uziphushele ngaphakathi kwesitsha.
Ngingaluleka ukuthi kukhona into enhle kangaka ku-Kubernetes, ungasebenzisa ivolumu. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona ivolumu yohlobo lwe-dir engenalutho. Okusho ukuthi, i-Kubernetes izodala ngokuzenzakalelayo inkomba kuzinkomba zayo zesevisi kuseva lapho uqale khona. Futhi uzokunika yona ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa. Kunephuzu elilodwa kuphela elibalulekile. Okusho ukuthi, idatha yakho ngeke igcinwe ngaphakathi kwesiqukathi, kodwa kunalokho kumsingathi osebenza kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Kubernetes ingakwazi ukulawula ama-dirs angenalutho ngaphansi kokucushwa okujwayelekile futhi iyakwazi ukulawula usayizi wayo omkhulu futhi ingakuvumeli ukuba idlulwe. Okuwukuphela kwephuzu ukuthi lokho okubhalile ku-dir engenalutho akulahleki ngesikhathi sokuqalwa kabusha kwe-pod. Okusho ukuthi, uma i-pod yakho iwe ngephutha futhi ivuka futhi, ulwazi ku-dir engenalutho ngeke luye ndawo. Angayisebenzisa futhi ekuqaleni okusha - futhi lokho kuhle. Uma i-pod yakho ishiya endaweni ethile, khona-ke ngokwemvelo uzohamba ngaphandle kwedatha. Okusho ukuthi, ngokushesha nje lapho i-pod evela endaweni lapho yethulwe khona nge-dir engenalutho inyamalala, i-dir engenalutho iyasuswa.
Yini enye enhle nge-dir engenalutho? Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa njengenqolobane. Ake sicabange ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza lukhiqiza okuthile ngokuphazima kweso, lunikeze abasebenzisi, futhi lukwenze isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokusebenza, ngokwesibonelo, lukhiqiza futhi lunikeze abasebenzisi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lugcina endaweni ethile, ukuze ngesikhathi esilandelayo umsebenzisi efika into efanayo, kuyoba ngokushesha ukuyinikeza ngokushesha ekhiqizwa. I-dir engenalutho ingacelwa ku-Kubernetes ukuthi ayidale ngenkumbulo. Ngakho-ke, ama-caches akho ngokuvamile angasebenza ngesivinini sombani - ngokuya ngesivinini sokufinyelela kudiski. Okusho ukuthi, une-dir engenalutho enkumbulweni, ku-OS igcinwa enkumbulweni, kodwa kuwe, kumsebenzisi ongaphakathi kwe-pod, kubukeka njengenkomba yendawo nje. Awudingi uhlelo lokusebenza ukuze ufundise ngokuqondile noma yimuphi umlingo. Uvele uthathe ngokuqondile futhi ubeke ifayela lakho kunkomba, kodwa, empeleni, enkumbulweni ku-OS. Lesi futhi isici esilula kakhulu ngokuya nge-Kubernetes.
Yiziphi izinkinga uMinio anazo? Inkinga enkulu nge-Minio ukuthi ukuze le nto isebenze, idinga ukusebenza endaweni ethile, futhi kufanele kube nohlobo oluthile lwesistimu yefayela, okungukuthi, isitoreji. Futhi lapha sihlangabezana nezinkinga ezifanayo noCeph anazo. Okusho ukuthi, i-Minio kufanele igcine amafayela ayo ndawana thize. Kumane kuyisixhumi esibonakalayo se-HTTP kumafayela akho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kumpofu ngokusobala kunaleyo ye-Amazon's S3. Ngaphambilini, ayikwazanga ukugunyaza ngokufanelekile umsebenzisi. Manje, ngokwazi kwami, ingakwazi kakade ukudala amabhakede ngokugunyazwa okuhlukile, kodwa futhi, kubonakala kimi ukuthi inkinga eyinhloko, okushoyo, isistimu yokugcina engaphansi okungenani.
Ingabe i-Empty dir enkumbulweni iyithinta kanjani imikhawulo? Ayithinti imikhawulo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ilele enkumbulweni yomsingathi, hhayi enkumbulweni yesiqukathi sakho. Okusho ukuthi, isiqukathi sakho asiyiboni i-dir engenalutho kumemori njengengxenye yememori yayo. Usokhaya uyakubona lokhu. Ngakho-ke, yebo, ngokombono we-kubernetes, lapho uqala ukusebenzisa lokhu, kungaba kuhle ukuqonda ukuthi unikela ingxenye yenkumbulo yakho ekuthululeni i-dir. Futhi ngokufanele, qonda ukuthi inkumbulo ayikwazi ukuphela ngenxa yezinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa futhi ngoba othile ubhalela lezi dirs ezingenalutho.
Ukuba namafu
Futhi i-subtopic yokugcina iyini i-Cloudnative. Kungani idingeka? Ukuba namafu nokunye.
Okusho ukuthi, lezo zinhlelo zokusebenza ezikwaziyo nezibhaliwe ukuze zisebenze kungqalasizinda yamafu yesimanje. Kodwa, eqinisweni, i-Cloudnative inesinye isici esinjalo. Ukuthi lokhu akulona nje uhlelo lokusebenza olucabangela zonke izidingo zengqalasizinda yefu yesimanje, kodwa futhi uyazi ukuthi usebenza kanjani nale ngqalasizinda yamafu yesimanje, ukusizakala ngezinzuzo nezinkinga zokuthi isebenza kula mafu. Ungagcini nje ngokudlula futhi usebenze emafini, kodwa sebenzisa izinzuzo zokusebenza emafini.
Ake sithathe uKubernetes njengesibonelo. Isicelo sakho sisebenza ku-Kubernetes. Isicelo sakho singakwazi njalo, noma kunalokho abalawuli bohlelo lwakho lokusebenza, bangahlala bedala i-akhawunti yesevisi. Okusho ukuthi, i-akhawunti yokugunyazwa ku-Kubernetes ngokwayo kuseva yayo. Engeza amanye amalungelo esiwadingayo lapho. Futhi ungafinyelela i-Kubernetes ngaphakathi kwesicelo sakho. Yini ongayenza ngale ndlela? Isibonelo, kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza, thola idatha mayelana nokuthi ezinye izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza, ezinye izimo ezifanayo zitholakala kuphi, futhi ndawonye ngandlela thile hlanganisa phezulu kwe-Kubernetes, uma kunesidingo esinjalo.
Futhi, sibe necala ngokoqobo muva nje. Sinesilawuli esisodwa esiqapha ulayini. Futhi lapho eminye imisebenzi emisha ivela kulo mugqa, iya ku-Kubernetes - futhi ngaphakathi kwe-Kubernetes idala i-pod entsha. Inikeza le pod omunye umsebenzi omusha futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwale pod, i-pod yenza umsebenzi, ithumela impendulo kusilawuli ngokwaso, futhi isilawuli bese senza okuthile ngalolu lwazi. Isibonelo, yengeza i-database. Okusho ukuthi, futhi, lokhu kuhlanganisa neqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza lusebenza ku-Kubernetes. Singasebenzisa umsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi we-Kubernetes uqobo ukuze ngandlela thize futhi senze ukusebenza kohlelo lwethu kube lula kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, ungafihli uhlobo oluthile lomlingo mayelana nendlela yokuqalisa uhlelo lokusebenza, indlela yokuqalisa isisebenzi. Ku-Kubernetes, uvele uthumele isicelo kuhlelo lokusebenza uma isicelo sibhalwe ngePython.
Okufanayo kuyasebenza uma sidlula i-Kubernetes. Sine-Kubernetes yethu esebenza ndawana thize - kuhle uma isohlotsheni oluthile lwamafu. Futhi, singasebenzisa, futhi kufanele, ngikholwa, sisebenzise amakhono efu ngokwalo lapho sisebenza khona. Kusukela ezintweni eziyisisekelo esihlinzekwa yifu. Ukulinganisa, okungukuthi, singakha abalinganisi bamafu futhi sibasebenzise. Lokhu kuyinzuzo eqondile yalokho esingakusebenzisa. Ngoba ukulinganisa kwamafu, okokuqala, kuvele kususe umthwalo kithina wokuthi kusebenza kanjani, ukuthi kucushwa kanjani. Futhi kulula kakhulu, ngoba i-Kubernetes evamile ingahlanganisa namafu.
Okufanayo kuya ekulinganiseni. I-Kubernetes evamile ingahlanganisa nabahlinzeki bamafu. Uyazi ukuthi angaqonda kanjani ukuthi uma iqoqo liphelelwa ama-node, okungukuthi, isikhala se-node siphelile, khona-ke udinga ukungeza - i-Kubernetes ngokwayo izokwengeza ama-node amasha kuqoqo lakho futhi iqale ukwethula ama-pods kuwo. Okusho ukuthi, lapho umthwalo wakho ufika, isibalo seziko siqala ukwanda. Lapho ama-node kuqoqo ephela kulawa ma-pods, i-Kubernetes yethula ama-node amasha futhi, ngokufanelekile, inani lama-pods lisengakhuphuka. Futhi kulula kakhulu. Leli yithuba eliqondile lokukala iqoqo kumpukane. Ayisheshi kakhulu, ngomqondo wokuthi akuyona isekhondi, ifana nomzuzu ukuze wengeze ama-node amasha.
Kodwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, futhi, kuyinto ebanda kunazo zonke engake ngayibona. Lapho iqoqo le-Cloudnative likala ngokusekelwe esikhathini sosuku. Kwakuyinkonzo yasemuva eyayisetshenziswa abantu basehhovisi elingemuva. Okusho ukuthi, bafika emsebenzini ngo-9 ekuseni, baqale ukungena ohlelweni, futhi ngokufanele, iqoqo le-Cloudnative, lapho lisebenza khona, liqala ukuvuvukala, liqalise ama-pods amasha ukuze wonke umuntu oza emsebenzini akwazi ukusebenza nesicelo. Lapho bephuma emsebenzini ngo-8pm noma ngo-6pm, amaqoqo e-Kubernetes aqaphela ukuthi akekho osasebenzisa uhlelo futhi aqala ukuncipha. Ukonga okufika kumaphesenti angama-30 kuqinisekisiwe. Yayisebenza e-Amazon ngaleso sikhathi; ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho muntu eRussia owayengayenza kahle kangaka.
Ngizokutshela ngokuqondile, ukonga kungamaphesenti angama-30 ngoba sisebenzisa i-Kubernetes futhi sisebenzisa amakhono efu. Manje lokhu kungenziwa eRussia. Ngeke ngikhangise kunoma ubani, kunjalo, kodwa ake sithi kukhona abahlinzeki abangakwazi ukwenza lokhu, banikeze khona ngaphandle kwebhokisi ngenkinobho.
Kunephuzu lokugcina engingathanda futhi ukukudonsela ukunaka kulo. Ukuze isicelo sakho, ingqalasizinda yakho ibe yi-Cloudnative, kunengqondo ukuthi ekugcineni uqale ukulungisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi Ingqalasizinda njengeKhodi.Okungukuthi, lokhu kusho ukuthi isicelo sakho, noma kunalokho ingqalasizinda yakho, idingeka ngendlela efanayo ncamashi naleso ikhodi Chaza isicelo sakho, ingqondo yebhizinisi lakho ngendlela yekhodi. Futhi usebenze nayo njengekhodi, okungukuthi, ivivinye, uyikhiphe, uyigcine ku-git, sebenzisa i-CICD kuyo.
Futhi yilokhu kanye okukuvumelayo, okokuqala, ukuthi uhlale ulawula ingqalasizinda yakho, ukuthi uhlale uqonda ukuthi ikusiphi isimo. Okwesibili, gwema imisebenzi eyenziwa ngesandla edala amaphutha. Okwesithathu, gwema lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-turnover, lapho udinga njalo ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo eyenziwa ngesandla. Okwesine, ikuvumela ukuthi ululame ngokushesha uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka. E-Russia, njalo lapho ngikhuluma ngalokhu, kuhlale kunenani elikhulu labantu abathi: "Yebo, kucacile, kodwa unezindlela, ngamafuphi, asikho isidingo sokulungisa lutho." Kodwa kuyiqiniso. Uma kukhona okuphukile kungqalasizinda yakho, ngakho-ke kusukela ekubukeni kwendlela ye-Cloudnative futhi kusukela ekubukeni kweNgqalasizinda njengeKhodi, kunokuba uyilungise, ukuya kuseva, uhlole ukuthi yini ephukile futhi uyilungise, kulula. ukususa iseva bese uyidala futhi. Futhi ngizokubuyisela konke lokhu.
Zonke lezi zindaba kuxoxwa ngazo kabanzi ku . Ngokulandela isixhumanisi ungazijwayeza uhlelo nemibandela. Into elula ukuthi ungakwazi kahle i-Kubernetes ngokufunda usekhaya noma usebenze amahora angu-1-2 ngosuku.
Source: www.habr.com