Isifundo sanamuhla siyisingeniso samarutha eCisco. Ngaphambi kokuba ngiqale ukutadisha indaba, ngifuna ukuhalalisela wonke umuntu obukele isifundo sami, ngoba isifundo sevidiyo "Usuku 1" sibukwe cishe abantu abayisigidi namuhla. Ngibonga bonke abasebenzisi abafake isandla esifundweni sevidiyo se-CCNA.
Namuhla sizofunda izihloko ezintathu: irutha njengedivayisi ephathekayo, isingeniso esifushane samarutha eCisco, kanye nokusethwa kwerutha kokuqala. Lesi silayidi sibonisa ukuthi irutha evamile ye-Cisco 1921 ibukeka kanjani.
Ngokungafani ne-switch, enezimbobo eziningi, i-router evamile inezimbobo zokuxhuma ezingu-2 kuphela, kulesi simo lezi zingamachweba we-Gigabit Ethernet GE0/0 kanye ne-GE/1 nesixhumi se-USB. I-router futhi inezikhala zamamojula wokunweba nezimbobo ezi-2 zekhonsoli, okuhlanganisa nembobo ye-USB engu-1. Isici esihlukile samarutha eCisco ubukhona bokushintsha - amaswishi eCisco awanawo amaswishi. Ngokuvamile, ingaphambili lerutha libukeka njengalo eliboniswe ngezansi kwesokunxele sesilayidi. Ephaneli elingemuva le-router kunezisekelo zokuxhuma izintambo. Kulokhu, ikhebuli evela ku-slot GE0/0 noma i-GE/1 ixhunywe kusishintshi.
Ngezansi kwesokudla kuboniswa imojula yokunweba ye-NME-X 23-ES-1GP, engafakwa kumzila ngokukhipha amaphaneli angenalutho. Usebenzisa amamojula anjalo, ungakwazi ukwandisa amakhono omzila weCisco ojwayelekile ngokwezidingo zakho. Njengoba wazi, imikhiqizo ye-Cisco, ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi nokusebenza okubanzi, ibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke umsebenzisi unethuba lokungakhokhi kakhulu idivayisi enamakhono angaphezu kwawadinga. Ngokuthenga irutha elula enezimbobo ezi-2, ungathenga amamojula adingekayo okunweba njengoba inethiwekhi yakho ikhula. Ngokuvamile, amadivaysi e-Cisco ayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi. I-Cisco ayizange isungule ama-routers, kodwa ngamarutha enza i-Cisco inkampani esiyaziyo namuhla. I-Cisco iqale ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwama-routers ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, okuqinisekise ukuthi le mikhiqizo iyindawo ehamba phambili emakethe yamadivayisi enethiwekhi.
I-Cisco izibiza ngenkampani yesofthiwe, okungukuthi, inkampani ekhiqiza isofthiwe. I-Hardware efana ne-Cisco hardware ingenziwa yinoma yimuphi umkhiqizi, isibonelo, i-China, ngokuthenga i-hardware efanele. Kepha yisoftware yeCisco IOS eyenza amadivaysi enkampani abe yilokho ayikho. Inkampani iyaziqhenya ngempela ngalolu hlelo lokusebenza, olusebenza kuwo wonke amadivayisi we-Cisco - kokubili amaswishi nama-routers.
Okuqanjwe yiCisco okubaluleke kakhulu futhi ubuchwepheshe be-CEF Enhanced, noma i-Cisco Express Forwarding. Inikeza ukudluliswa kwepakethe okusheshayo kakhulu, cishe ngesivinini esiphezulu amandla obuchwepheshe enethiwekhi avumelayo. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe anezinjongo ezikhethekile I-Cisco ASIC - I-Application Specific Iintegrated Circuitry, ephoqelela ukushintshwa ukudlulisa amaphakethe cishe ngesivinini senethiwekhi.
Njengoba ngishilo, i-router ngokuyinhloko iyidivayisi yesofthiwe, ngakho izinqumo zomzila zenziwa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Cisco IOS.
Uyazi ukuthi kukhona amakhadi ezithombe abizayo emidlalo yekhompyutha. Ngakho-ke, uma ungenalo ikhadi elinjalo, zonke izibalo ezinzima, izithombe ze-3D kanye nokucubungula ihluzo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, ukulayisha iphrosesa yekhompyutha. Uma unekhadi levidiyo elinamandla elinephrosesa yalo ye-GPU nenkumbulo yalo, ukusebenza kwegeyimu kukhuphuka izikhathi eziningi, njengoba ingxenye yezithombe iphathwa yihadiwe ehlukene.
I-switch isebenza ngendlela efanayo, ngoba zonke izinqumo ekushintsheni kwephakethe zenziwa nge-hardware ehlukene, ngaphandle kokulayisha i-router, lapho lezi zinqumo kuzodingeka zenziwe yi-software. I-Cisco isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-CEF obuyingxenye yesofthiwe, i-half-hardware obuphoqa umzila ukwenza izinqumo ezisheshayo zomzila. Lesi sici sitholakala kuphela kumarutha e-Cisco.
Sesivele sibheke indlela yokwenza ukucushwa kokuqala kwemingcele yokushintsha, futhi njengoba ukusetha i-router kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo, ngizokutshela ngakho ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngizovula i-Cisco Packet Tracer bese ngikhetha irutha ye-1921, bese ngivula iwindi lekhonsoli ye-IOS lapho ngingabona khona isistimu yokusebenza yerutha iqalisa.
Uyabona ukuthi silande inguqulo 15.1, lena inguqulo yakamuva ye-IOS, umthamo wememori ngu-512 MB, iplatifomu ye-CISCO 2911, bese kuthi amanye amapharamitha wesistimu yokusebenza atholakala, ukuhlolwa kwesithombe se-IOS, futhi-ke, kukhona. yisivumelwano selayisense nezinye izinto ezifanayo.
Ngizokwenza ividiyo ehlukile enikezelwe ngokukhethekile ku-Cisco IOS, noma ngizomane ngikhulume ngezinkonzo ezihlukahlukene zalolu hlelo lokusebenza. Ake ngisho ukuthi ngenombolo yenguqulo unganquma ukuthi yimaphi amakhono nemisebenzi i-OS enikeziwe enayo. Kusukela ku-15.1, zonke izinguqulo ze-IOS zikhona emhlabeni wonke, okungukuthi, kuye ngelayisensi ethengwa umsebenzisi, angakwazi ukusizakala ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yesistimu. Isibonelo, uma udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okukhulisiwe kwenethiwekhi, uthenga ilayisensi yesevisi yezokuvikela, uma udinga imisebenzi yesevisi yezwi, uthenga ilayisensi yesevisi yezwi, njll.
Ngaphambi kwenguqulo 15.1, amarutha ayene-OS enezinguqulo ezahlukene - Okuyisisekelo, Ukuvikeleka, Ibhizinisi, Ukuvula Izwi nokunye. Ake sithi irutha yomngane wami yayinenguqulo ye-Enterprise IOS, futhi nganginenguqulo ye-Basic IOS, futhi kwakungekho lutho olwalungivimbela ukuthi ngithathe inguqulo yomngane wami futhi ngiyifake kumzila wami, ngoba i-Cisco ayizange isebenzise umqondo wamalayisensi e-OS.
Kusukela ngenguqulo 15.1, inkampani yaqala ukusebenzisa umqondo wezinketho zelayisensi, futhi uze uthenge ukhiye ofanele, awukwazi ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi isevisi yesistimu yokusebenza. Kamuva, uma sibheka izinqubomgomo zamalayisensi e-Cisco, ngizokutshela ngezinguqulo ezahlukene ze-IOS. Okwamanje, ungakuziba lokhu futhi uye ngqo kulogi yokulanda.
Ekupheleni kwelogi ubona incazelo yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha uhlelo olusebenza kuzo: uhlobo lweprosesa, ukuxhumana kwamagigabhithi angu-3, i-64-bit DRAM, 256 KB yenkumbulo engaguquki. Leli nani lenkumbulo libonakala lilincane kakhulu, kodwa ku-router eyenza izinqumo zomzila, kwanele impela. Le nkumbulo akufanele iqhathaniswe nenkumbulo yekhompyutha yakho, njengoba lezi ziyizinto ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Ilogi yokuqalisa ye-Cisco IOS iphetha ngombuzo othi: “Qhubeka nengxoxo yokulungiselela? Akunjalo Empeleni". Uma uphendula ngokuthi “Yebo,” isistimu izokuqondisa ochungechungeni lwemibuzo ukuze uqedele ukulungiselelwa kokuqala kwedivayisi.
Akufanele ukwenze lokhu ngesikhathi sesifundo se-CCNA, ngakho phendula njalo ngokuthi “Cha” kulo mbuzo. Yiqiniso, ungakhetha "Yebo" bese upheqa ngezilungiselelo zokucushwa, kodwa njengoba ungazi ukuthi ungayenza kanjani, kungcono ukhethe "Cha".
Ngokukhetha okuthi “Cha” bese ucindezela okuthi RETURN, sizoyiswa emiyalweni yomugqa womyalo, lapho singabhala khona imiyalo ehlukahlukene. Njengasendabeni yokushintsha, okokuqala sizothayipha umyalo I-Router> vumela ukushintshela kumodi yezilungiselelo ezinelungelo. Bese ngithayipha okuthi config t (lungiselela ukuphela) bese ngingena kumodi yokucushwa komhlaba wonke.
Masidlule ngokushesha imiyalo. Ngifuna ukushintsha igama lomethuleli, ngakho ngisebenzisa umyalo wegama lomethuleli u-R1, olandelwa imiyalo yokuphika, ngakho-ke okokuqala ngicela ukungibonisa izixhumanisi zerutha ngisebenzisa umyalo omfishane we-do show ip. Siyabona ukuthi i-Gigabit Ethernet port 0/0 iphansi ngokokuphatha, ngakho-ke ngisebenzisa i-int gigabitEthernet 0/0 futhi ayikho imiyalo yokuvala shaqa. Ngemva kwalokhu, isimo sechweba sishintsha siye phezulu. Uma ubheka futhi isimo se-interfaces ye-router, ungabona ukuthi le chweba manje inesimo "esinikwe amandla". Isimo sephrothokholi sihlala siphansi ngoba akukho lutho oluxhumeke kumzila wethu, futhi uma ingekho ithrafikhi, ihlala isesimweni esikhubazekile. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ithrafikhi ifika echwebeni le-router, iphrothokholi izoshintsha isimo sayo sikhuphuke.
Okulandelayo udinga ukusetha iphasiwedi ye-console. Ukwenza lokhu, ngithayipha umugqa wemiyalo con 0, ikhonsoli ye-password, bese ngibonisa run ukuze ngiqinisekise ukuthi iphasiwedi ye-console isethiwe. Iphasiwedi izobhekwa kuphela ngemva kokufaka umyalo wokungena. Manje i-console port ye-router ivikelwe ngephasiwedi.
Sengikutshelile kakade mayelana nokubethelwa kwephasiwedi. Cabanga ukuthi othile ufinyelele ukucushwa kwamanje kwale divayisi. Njengoba iphasiwedi emisiwe ibonakala ngokucacile kuyo, lo muntu angakwazi ukuyeba kalula ukuze angene kuzilungiselelo zomzila nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi agqekeze uhlelo.
Enye indlela yokuvumela ukubethela kwephasiwedi ukusebenzisa umyalo wesevisi wokubethela iphasiwedi. Ngenxa yokuthi okumisiwe kwalo myalo kusetshenziswa ngokunganaki akukho myalelo futhi akukhona ukubethela kwephasiwedi yesevisi, akukho ukubethela kwephasiwedi okwenziwayo. Masingene kumodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, thayipha umyalo wokubethela iphasiwedi yesevisi bese ucindezela u-Enter. Lo myalo usho ukuthi isistimu ithatha iphasiwedi yombhalo ongenalutho engiyimisile bese iyibhala ngemfihlo.
Manje, uma ubheka ukucushwa kwamanje usebenzisa umyalo we-do show run bese uya emugqeni wephasiwedi, ungabona ukuthi iphasiwedi yohlobo lwesikhombisa ithathe uhlobo lokulandelana okungahleliwe kwezinombolo. Manje, uma omunye wozakwenu ekwazi ukubheka phezu kwehlombe lakho futhi abone le phasiwedi, uzoba nesikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokukhumbula lokhu kulandelana. Ngakho-ke, sidale umugqa wokuqala wokuvikela wesistimu yokuphepha yokufinyelela.
Kodwa ngisho noma ekwazi ukukopisha leli phasiwedi, ngena kuzilungiselelo bese uzama ukulinamathisela emugqeni wephasiwedi, uhlelo ngeke lunikeze ukufinyelela kuzilungiselelo, ngoba le sethi yezinombolo akuyona iphasiwedi ngokwayo, kodwa inani layo elibethelwe. Igama eliyimfihlo eliyimfihlo igama elithi console, futhi uma ngilifaka, ngizokwazi ukufinyelela embobeni yekhonsoli. Ngakho, ngisho noma othile ekopisha lezi zinombolo, ngeke akwazi ukufinyelela idivayisi.
Kodwa-ke, empeleni, sinephutha, ngoba zonke izidingo zomhlaseli ukuya kusayithi elikuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe kalula ukubhala kweCisco thayipha amaphasiwedi ayisikhombisa. Kwanele ukufaka ikhasi lesayithi, faka izinombolo ezikopishiwe, futhi uzothola iphasiwedi efihliwe, esimweni sethu igama elithi console. Manje isigebengu sidinga nje ukukopisha leli gama, buyela emuva kuzilungiselelo ze-IOS futhi ulinamathisele ekwazisweni kwephasiwedi.
Kulesi simo, umsebenzi olula we-Vumela Iphasiwedi awunikezi ukuphepha okudingekayo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka ukusebenzisa umyalo oyimfihlo we-cisco. Uma ubheka ukucushwa kwamanje, ungabona ukuthi inani lephasiwedi manje seliyisethi yezinhlamvu ezihluke kakhulu. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwesihlanu lwephasiwedi ye-Cisco.
Akunakwenzeka ukususa ukubethela lolu hlobo lwephasiwedi ku-inthanethi, ngakho-ke manje ikhonsoli yedivayisi yakho ivikeleke ngokuphelele.
Okulandelayo udinga ukusetha iphasiwedi ye-Telnet. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngithayipha umugqa womyalo vty 0 4, ozovumela abantu abangu-5 ukuthi basebenzise le router, bese ufaka umyalo wephasiwedi we-telnet. Manje, uma othile efuna ukuxhuma kumzila esebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-Telnet, uzodinga ukufaka le phasiwedi - igama elithi telnet.
Okulandelayo, silungise ikheli le-IP Lokuphatha leswishi, ngoba ukushintshwa kungokwesendlalelo se-OSI yesi-2. Nokho, i-router iyidivayisi ye-Layer 3, okusho ukuthi imbobo ngayinye kumzila inekheli layo le-IP.
Ekushintsheni, siye kuzilungiselelo ze-VLAN1 noma kuzilungiselelo zanoma iyiphi enye inethiwekhi lapho besidinga ukubhalisa khona ikheli le-IP. Sakha izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo futhi sababela amakheli e-IP. Kodwa endabeni yomzila, lawa makheli adinga ukunikezwa kumachweba angokwenyama, ngakho-ke ngifaka imiyalo config t kanye ne-int g0/0. Okulandelayo, ngisebenzisa umyalo ukuze nginikeze ikheli le-IP ngendlela efanayo nengenza ngayo nge-VLAN, okungukuthi, ngifaka ikheli le-ip lomyalo 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 bese uthayipha akukho ukuvala shaqa.
Uma manje ubheka isimo sezimbobo usebenzisa umyalo othi do show int emfushane, ungabona ukuthi ikheli elithi 10.1.1.1 linikezwe isixhumi esibonakalayo se-Gigabit Ethernet 0/0. Lena yindlela esilungise ngayo ikheli le-IP.
Okulandelayo siqhubekela phambili ekusetheni i-Logon Banner. Njengokushintsha, ngisebenzisa i-motd yesibhengezo somyalo bese ngikwazi ukufaka noma yimuphi umbhalo engiwufunayo, isibonelo, Siyakwamukela ku-NetworKing Router, dwebela umbhalo ngezinkanyezi bese uwuvala nge-ampersand &.
Okulandelayo, uma ufuna ukukhubaza imbobo, sebenzisa umyalo wokuvala shaqa. Ukuze ulondoloze izilungiselelo, sebenzisa umyalo wokukopisha wokuqalisa-config. Ukucushwa okusebenzayo kungabukwa kusetshenziswa umyalo we-conf osebenzayo, futhi ukucushwa kwe-boot kungabukwa kusetshenziswa umyalo wokuqalisa umbukiso we-conf. Njengoba sisebenzise idivayisi entsha ngaphandle kwebhokisi futhi saqalwa ngamapharamitha azenzakalelayo, lapho sicelwa ukuthi sibonise ukucushwa kwe-boot, isistimu iphendula ngokuthi ayikabi khona.
Ngemva kokufaka ikhophi egijima-config startup-config command, uhlelo likucela ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi ifayela elibhalwa phezu liyifayela lepharamitha ye-startup-config system boot. Ngemva kokubhala kabusha ifayela lokucushwa kwe-boot, ngilibuka ngisebenzisa umyalo wokuqalisa umbukiso we-conf futhi ngiyabona ukuthi manje selifana ncamashi nefayela lepharamitha lesimo samanje sedivayisi. Manje uma ngicisha irutha futhi ngiyivula futhi, izoqalisa isebenzisa izilungiselelo ezilondoloziwe.
Kungcono kakhulu ukuqinisekisa isimo somzila usebenzisa i-show int emfushane umyalo; ungasebenzisa futhi umyalo we-show int, ozobonisa isimo sazo zonke izimbobo. Uma ufuna ukubheka isimo sembobo ethile, ungasebenzisa umyalo we-show interface g0/0, emva kwalokho uhlelo luzobonisa izibalo eziphelele zaleso sixhumi esibonakalayo.
Njengoba ngishilo, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-router yitafula lomzila. Ungayibuka usebenzisa umyalo we-show ip womzila.
Okwamanje, ithebula alinalutho ngoba awekho amadivayisi axhunywe kumzila wethu. Esifundweni esilandelayo sevidiyo sizobheka ukuthi ithebula lomzila lidalwa kanjani kusetshenziswa amaphrothokholi ahlukahlukene, ukuthi ligcwaliswa kanjani lapho amadivayisi amasha exhunywe kusetshenziswa umzila omile noma izivumelwano eziguqukayo. Emhlabeni wamarutha, umyalo we-ip wombukiso yiwona odume kakhulu ngoba ngokuvamile zonke izinkinga zomzila ziqala ngetafula lomzila.
Lokhu kuphetha isifundo sethu sevidiyo, njengoba ngikhulume ngakho konke okuhlelelwe namuhla. Abasebenzisi abaningi babuza ukuthi yini engiyithakaselayo uma ngirekhoda futhi ngithumela lezi zifundo zevidiyo. Lokhu ngikwenza ngesikhathi sami samahhala. Yebo ungangithumelela imali uma uthanda. Amasayithi amaningi asebenzisa izifundo zami zevidiyo futhi acele imali ngayo, kodwa angifuni ukwenza lokhu kubalaleli bami futhi ngithembisa ukuthi izifundo zami ngeke zikhokhelwe.
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