Isihloko sesifundo sanamuhla sithi RIP, noma iphrothokholi yolwazi lomzila. Sizokhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwayo, ukucushwa kwayo kanye nemikhawulo. Njengoba bese ngishilo, i-RIP ayifakiwe kukharikhulamu yezifundo ze-Cisco 200-125 CCNA, kodwa nginqume ukunikela ngesifundo esihlukile kule nqubo njengoba i-RIP ingenye yezimiso eziyinhloko zomzila.
Namuhla sizobheka izici ezi-3: ukuqonda ukusebenza nokusetha i-RIP kuma-routers, izikhathi ze-RIP, imikhawulo ye-RIP. Le protocol yasungulwa ngo-1969, ngakho ingenye yezinhlelo zenethiwekhi ezindala kakhulu. Inzuzo yayo itholakala ekululameni kwayo okungavamile. Namuhla, amadivaysi amaningi enethiwekhi, kuhlanganise ne-Cisco, ayaqhubeka nokusekela i-RIP ngoba akuyona iphrothokholi yobunikazi njenge-EIGRP, kodwa iphrothokholi yomphakathi.
Kunezinguqulo ezi-2 ze-RIP. Eyokuqala, inguqulo yakudala, ayisekeli i-VLSM - imaski ye-subnet yobude obuguquguqukayo lapho ikheli le-IP elingena class lisekelwe khona, ngakho-ke singasebenzisa inethiwekhi eyodwa kuphela. Ngizokhuluma ngalokhu ngemva kwesikhashana. Le nguqulo futhi ayikusekeli ukufakazela ubuqiniso.
Ake sithi unamarutha angu-2 axhumene namanye. Kulokhu, i-router yokuqala itshela umakhelwane wayo konke ekwaziyo. Ake sithi inethiwekhi 10 ixhunywe kumzila wokuqala, inethiwekhi 20 itholakala phakathi kwerutha yokuqala neyesibili, futhi inethiwekhi 30 ingemuva kwerutha yesibili. Bese umzila wokuqala utshela owesibili ukuthi iwazi amanethiwekhi 10 no-20, futhi umzila 2 uyatshela. i-router 1 eyaziyo ngenethiwekhi 30 nenethiwekhi 20.
Iphrothokholi yomzila ibonisa ukuthi lawa manethiwekhi amabili kufanele engezwe kuthebula lomzila. Ngokuvamile, kuvela ukuthi i-router eyodwa itshela umzila ongumakhelwane mayelana namanethiwekhi axhunywe kuyo, etshela umakhelwane wayo, njll. Kalula nje, i-RIP iyiphrothokholi yenhlebo evumela amarutha angomakhelwane ukuthi abelane ngolwazi ngomunye nomunye, nomakhelwane ngamunye ekholelwa ngaphandle kwemibandela abakutshelwayo. Irutha ngayinye "ilalela" izinguquko kunethiwekhi futhi yabelane ngazo nomakhelwane bayo.
Ukuntuleka kokusekelwa kokuqinisekisa kusho ukuthi noma iyiphi irutha exhunywe kunethiwekhi ngokushesha iba ngumhlanganyeli ogcwele. Uma ngifuna ukwehlisa inethiwekhi, ngizoxhuma irutha yami ye-hacker ngesibuyekezo esinonya kuyo, futhi njengoba wonke amanye ama-routers ethembela kuyo, azobuyekeza amatafula awo omzila ngendlela engiyifunayo. Inguqulo yokuqala ye-RIP ayinikezi noma yisiphi isivikelo ekugetshengeni okunjalo.
Ku-RIPv2, unganikeza ubuqiniso ngokumisa umzila ngendlela efanele. Kulokhu, ukuvuselela ulwazi phakathi kwama-routers kuzokwenzeka kuphela ngemva kokudlulisa ukuqinisekiswa kwenethiwekhi ngokufaka iphasiwedi.
I-RIPv1 isebenzisa ukusakaza, okungukuthi, zonke izibuyekezo zithunyelwa kusetshenziswa imilayezo yokusakaza ukuze yamukelwe yibo bonke ababambiqhaza benethiwekhi. Ake sithi kukhona ikhompuyutha exhunywe kumzila wokuqala engazi lutho mayelana nalezi zibuyekezo ngoba amadivayisi omzila kuphela azidingayo. Nokho, i-router 1 izothumela le miyalezo kuwo wonke amadivayisi ane-ID Yokusakaza, okungukuthi, ngisho nalawo angayidingi.
Enguqulweni yesibili ye-RIP, le nkinga iyaxazululwa - isebenzisa i-Multicast ID, noma ukudluliswa kwethrafikhi ye-multicast. Kulesi simo, yilawo madivayisi kuphela ashiwo kuzilungiselelo zephrothokholi athola izibuyekezo. Ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa, le nguqulo ye-RIP isekela ikheli le-IP elingenaklasi le-VLSM. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma inethiwekhi ye-10.1.1.1/24 ixhunywe kumzila wokuqala, khona-ke wonke amadivayisi enethiwekhi amakheli awo e-IP lisebangeni lamakheli ale subnet aphinde athole izibuyekezo. Inguqulo yesibili yephrothokholi isekela indlela ye-CIDR, okungukuthi, lapho i-router yesibili ithola isibuyekezo, iyazi ukuthi iyiphi inethiwekhi ethile noma umzila othintekayo. Endabeni yenguqulo yokuqala, uma inethiwekhi engu-10.1.1.0 ixhunywe kumzila, khona-ke amadivayisi akunethiwekhi 10.0.0.0 namanye amanethiwekhi ekilasi elifanayo nawo azothola izibuyekezo. Kulokhu, i-router 2 izophinde ithole ulwazi olugcwele mayelana nokubuyekezwa kwalawa manethiwekhi, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-CIDR ngeke yazi ukuthi lolu lwazi luthinta i-subnet enamakheli e-IP ekilasi A.
Yilokhu okuyi-RIP ngokwemibandela ejwayelekile kakhulu. Manje ake sibheke ukuthi ingamiswa kanjani. Udinga ukuya kumodi yokucushwa yomhlaba wonke yezilungiselelo ze-router futhi usebenzise umyalo we-RIP Yomzila.
Ngemva kwalokhu, uzobona ukuthi unhlokweni womugqa womyalo ushintshile waba ngu-R1(config-router)# ngoba sithuthele ku-router subcommand level. Umyalo wesibili uzoba Inguqulo 2, okungukuthi, sibonisa irutha ukuthi kufanele isebenzise inguqulo 2 yephrothokholi. Okulandelayo, kufanele sifake ikheli lenethiwekhi esezingeni elikhangisiwe okufanele idluliselwe kuyo izibuyekezo kusetshenziswa umyalo wenethiwekhi XXXX. Lo myalo unemisebenzi emi-2: okokuqala, ucacisa ukuthi iyiphi inethiwekhi okufanele ikhangiswe, futhi okwesibili, isiphi isixhumi esibonakalayo esidinga ukusetshenziswa. kwalokhu. Uzobona ukuthi ngiqonde ukuthini uma ubheka ukucushwa kwenethiwekhi.
Lapha sinamarutha angu-4 nekhompyutha exhunywe ekushintsheni ngenethiwekhi enesikhombi 192.168.1.0/26, ehlukaniswe ngama-subnets angu-4. Sisebenzisa ama-subnets angu-3 kuphela: 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26 kanye ne-192.168.1.128/26. Sisenayo i-subnet 192.168.1.192/26, kodwa ayisetshenziswa ngoba ayidingeki.
Izimbobo zedivayisi zinamakheli e-IP alandelayo: ikhompyutha 192.168.1.10, imbobo yokuqala yomzila wokuqala 192.168.1.1, imbobo yesibili 192.168.1.65, imbobo yokuqala yomzila wesibili 192.168.1.66, imbobo yesibili yomzila wesibili 192.168.1.129. imbobo yokuqala yomzila wesithathu 192.168.1.130. 1 . Isikhathi sokugcina sikhulume ngemihlangano, ngakho-ke angikwazi ukulandela umhlangano futhi nginikeze ikheli .1 echwebeni lesibili le-router, ngoba .XNUMX akuyona ingxenye yale nethiwekhi.
Okulandelayo, ngisebenzisa amanye amakheli, ngoba siqala enye inethiwekhi - 10.1.1.0/16, ngakho-ke ichweba lesibili le-router yesibili, lapho le nethiwekhi ixhunywe khona, inekheli le-IP le-10.1.1.1, kanye nechweba lesine. i-router, lapho inkinobho ixhunywe khona - ikheli 10.1.1.2.
Ukuze ulungiselele inethiwekhi engiyidalile, kufanele nginikeze amakheli e-IP kumadivayisi. Ake siqale ngechweba lokuqala le-router yokuqala.
Okokuqala, sizodala igama lomsingathi u-R1, sinikeze ikheli 0 ku-port f0/192.168.1.1 futhi sicacise imaski ye-subnet 255.255.255.192, njengoba sinenethiwekhi /26. Ake siqedele ukumisa i-R1 ngomyalo othi akukho ukuvala. Imbobo yesibili yomzila wokuqala u-f0/1 izothola ikheli le-IP elingu-192.168.1.65 kanye nemaski engaphansi engu-255.255.255.192.
Irutha yesibili izothola igama elithi R2, sizonikeza ikheli elithi 0 kanye nemaski engaphansi kwe-subnet 0 embobeni yokuqala ethi f192.168.1.66/255.255.255.192, ikheli elithi 0 kanye nembobo ye-subnet engu-1 kwimbobo yesibili ye-f192.168.1.129/255.255.255.192 XNUMX.
Ukuqhubekela kumzila wesithathu, sizoyinika igama lomethuleli u-R3, i-port f0/0 izothola ikheli elithi 192.168.1.130 kanye nemaski 255.255.255.192, kanye ne-port f0/1 izothola ikheli elithi 10.1.1.1 kanye nemaski 255.255.0.0. 16, ngoba le nethiwekhi ingu/XNUMX.
Ekugcineni, ngizoya kumzila wokugcina, ngiwuqambe u-R4, futhi nginikeze imbobo u-f0/0 ikheli lika-10.1.1.2 kanye nemaski engu-255.255.0.0. Ngakho-ke, silungiselele wonke amadivaysi enethiwekhi.
Okokugcina, ake sibheke izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi yekhompuyutha - inekheli le-IP elimile elithi 192.168.1.10, imaski ye-half-net engu-255.255.255.192, kanye nekheli lesango elizenzakalelayo elithi 192.168.1.1.
Ngakho-ke, ubonile ukuthi ungayilungisa kanjani imaski ye-subnet yamadivayisi kuma-subnet ahlukene, kulula kakhulu. Manje ake sivumele umzila. Ngingena kuzilungiselelo ze-R1, setha imodi yokucushwa komhlaba wonke bese ngithayipha umyalo we-router. Ngemva kwalokhu, uhlelo luhlinzeka ngamasu ezinqubo ezingaba khona zomzila zalo myalo: bgp, eigrp, ospf kanye ne-rip. Njengoba okokufundisa kwethu kumayelana ne-RIP, ngisebenzisa umyalo we-router rip.
Uma uthayipha uphawu lombuzo, uhlelo luzokhipha iseluleko esisha salo myalo olandelayo ngezinketho ezingenzeka zemisebenzi yale protocol: isifinyezo esizenzakalelayo - isifinyezo esizenzakalelayo semizila, ulwazi oluzenzakalelayo - ukulawulwa kokwethulwa kolwazi oluzenzakalelayo, inethiwekhi. - amanethiwekhi, izikhathi, njalo njalo. Lapha ungakhetha ulwazi esizoshintshana ngalo namadivayisi angomakhelwane. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu inguqulo, ngakho sizoqala ngokufaka umyalo wenguqulo 2. Okulandelayo sidinga ukusebenzisa umyalo wokhiye wenethiwekhi, odala umzila wenethiwekhi ye-IP eshiwo.
Sizoqhubeka nokumisa i-Router1 kamuva, kodwa okwamanje ngifuna ukudlulela ku-Router 3. Ngaphambi kokuba ngisebenzise umyalo wenethiwekhi kuyo, ake sibheke ohlangothini olungakwesokudla lwe-topology yethu yenethiwekhi. Ichweba lesibili le-router linekheli elithi 10.1.1.1. Isebenza kanjani i-RIP? Ngisho nasenguqulweni yayo yesibili, i-RIP, njengesivumelwano esidala, isasebenzisa amakilasi ayo enethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, nakuba inethiwekhi yethu engu-10.1.1.0/16 ingeyesigaba A, kufanele sicacise inguqulo yesigaba esigcwele yaleli kheli le-IP sisebenzisa umyalo wenethiwekhi 10.0.0.0.
Kodwa ngisho noma ngithayipha inethiwekhi yomyalo 10.1.1.1 bese ngibheka ukucushwa kwamanje, ngizobona ukuthi uhlelo lulungisile u-10.1.1.1 kuya ku-10.0.0.0, ngokuzenzekelayo usebenzisa ifomethi yokukhuluma yekilasi eligcwele. Ngakho-ke uma uhlangabezana nombuzo mayelana ne-RIP esivivinyweni se-CCNA, kuzodingeka usebenzise ikheli lekilasi eligcwele. Uma esikhundleni sika-10.0.0.0 uthayipha okuthi 10.1.1.1 noma 10.1.0.0, uzokwenza iphutha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuguqulwa efomini lekheli lekilasi eligcwele kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngikweluleka ukuthi uqale usebenzise ikheli elifanele ukuze ungalindi kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lulungisa iphutha. Khumbula - i-RIP ihlala isebenzisa ikheli lenethiwekhi lekilasi eligcwele.
Ngemva kokusebenzisa umyalo wenethiwekhi 10.0.0.0, umzila wesithathu uzofaka le nethiwekhi yeshumi kuphrothokholi yomzila bese ithumela isibuyekezo ngomzila u-R3-R4. Manje udinga ukumisa iphrothokholi yomzila we-router yesine. Ngingena kuzilungiselelo zayo bese ngifaka ngokulandelana imiyalo router rip, inguqulo 2 kanye nenethiwekhi 10.0.0.0. Ngalo myalo ngicela u-R4 ukuthi aqale ukukhangisa inethiwekhi 10. usebenzisa i-RIP routing protocol.
Manje lawa ma-routers amabili angashintshana ngolwazi, kodwa ngeke ashintshe lutho. Ukusebenzisa umyalo we-ip wokubonisa kubonisa ukuthi i-FastEthernrt port 0/0 ixhumeke ngokuqondile kunethiwekhi 10.1.0.0. I-router yesine, ngemva kokuthola isimemezelo senethiwekhi kumzila wesithathu, izothi: "mkhulu, mngane, ngithole isimemezelo sakho senethiwekhi yeshumi, kodwa sengiyazi ngakho, ngoba ngixhumeke ngokuqondile kule nethiwekhi."
Ngakho-ke, sizobuyela emuva kuzilungiselelo ze-R3 bese sifaka enye inethiwekhi ngomyalo wenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0. Ngiphinde ngisebenzise ifomethi yokukhuluma yekilasi eligcwele. Ngemva kwalokhu, i-router yesithathu izokwazi ukukhangisa inethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.128 ngomzila we-R3-R4. Njengoba bese ngishilo, i-RIP “iyinhlebo” etshela bonke omakhelwane bayo ngamanethiwekhi amasha, idlulisele kubo ulwazi olusuka etafuleni layo lomzila. Uma manje ubheka ithebula le-router yesithathu, ungabona idatha yamanethiwekhi amabili axhunywe kuyo.
Izodlulisela le datha kuzo zombili iziphetho zomzila kuwo womabili amarutha wesibili nesine. Masiqhubekele kuzilungiselelo ze-R2. Ngifaka imiyalo efanayo i-router rip, inguqulo 2 kanye nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0, futhi kulapho izinto ziqala khona ukuthakazelisa. Ngicacisa inethiwekhi 1.0, kodwa kokubili inethiwekhi 192.168.1.64/26 kanye nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.128/26. Ngakho-ke, uma ngicacisa inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0, ngihlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe umzila kuzo zombili izixhumanisi zale router. Okulula ukuthi ngomyalo owodwa nje ungasetha umzila wawo wonke amachweba wedivayisi.
Ngicacisa imingcele efanayo ncamashi ye-router R1 futhi nginikeza umzila kuzo zombili izixhumanisi ngendlela efanayo. Uma manje ubheka ithebula lomzila lika-R1, ungabona wonke amanethiwekhi.
Le router iyazi ngakho kokubili inethiwekhi 1.0 kanye nenethiwekhi 1.64. Iyazi futhi ngamanethiwekhi 1.128 kanye ne-10.1.1.0 ngoba isebenzisa i-RIP. Lokhu kuboniswa unhlokweni R kumugqa ohambisanayo wethebula lomzila.
Sicela unake ulwazi [120/2] - leli ibanga lokuphatha, okungukuthi, ukwethembeka komthombo wolwazi lomzila. Leli nani lingaba likhulu noma libe lincane, kodwa okumisiwe kwe-RIP ngu-120. Isibonelo, umzila omile unebanga lokulawula elingu-1. Uma liphansi ibanga lokulawula, iphrothokholi ithembeke kakhulu. Uma i-router inethuba lokukhetha phakathi kwezivumelwano ezimbili, isibonelo phakathi komzila omile kanye ne-RIP, izokhetha ukudlulisa ithrafikhi phezu komzila omile. Inani lesibili kubakaki, /2, i-metric. Kuphrothokholi ye-RIP, imethrikhi isho inani lama-hops. Kulokhu, inethiwekhi 10.0.0.0/8 ingafinyelelwa ku-2 hops, okungukuthi, i-router R1 kufanele ithumele ithrafikhi ngenethiwekhi 192.168.1.64/26, lena yi-hop yokuqala, nangaphezulu kwenethiwekhi 192.168.1.128/26, lokhu i-hop yesibili, ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi 10.0.0.0/8 ngedivayisi ene-FastEthernet 0/1 interface enekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi elithi 192.168.1.66.
Ukuze uqhathanise, i-router R1 ingafinyelela kunethiwekhi 192.168.1.128 ngebanga lokuphatha elingu-120 ku-hop engu-1 ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo 192.168.1.66.
Manje, uma uzama ukufaka i-ping isixhumi esibonakalayo se-router R0 enekheli le-IP 4 ku-PC10.1.1.2 yekhompyutha, izobuya ngempumelelo.
Umzamo wokuqala wehlulekile ngomlayezo ophelelwe yisikhathi, ngoba uma usebenzisa i-ARP iphakethe lokuqala liyalahleka, kodwa amanye amathathu abuyiselwe ngempumelelo kumamukeli. Lokhu kunikeza ukuxhumana kwephoyinti nephoyinti kunethiwekhi kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi yomzila ye-RIP.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uvule ukusetshenziswa kwephrothokholi ye-RIP ngomzila, udinga ukuthayipha ngokulandelana imiyalo i-router rip, inguqulo 2 kanye nenethiwekhi <inombolo yenethiwekhi / isihlonzi senethiwekhi ngefomu lesigaba esigcwele>.
Ake siye kuzilungiselelo ze-R4 bese sifaka umyalo we-show ip umzila. Ungabona leyo nethiwekhi 10. ixhunywe ngokuqondile kumzila, futhi inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24 ifinyeleleka ngembobo u-f0/0 enekheli le-IP elingu-10.1.1.1 nge-RIP.
Uma unaka ukubonakala kwenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24, uzobona ukuthi kunenkinga ngokufingqa okuzenzakalelayo kwemizila. Uma isifinyezo esizenzakalelayo sinikwe amandla, i-RIP izofingqa wonke amanethiwekhi kufika ku-192.168.1.0/24. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini izibali sikhathi. Iphrothokholi ye-RIP inezikhathi ezi-4 eziyinhloko.
Isibali sikhathi Sokuvuselela sinesibopho sokuvama kokuthumela izibuyekezo, sithumela izibuyekezo zephrothokholi njalo ngemizuzwana engama-30 kuzo zonke izixhumanisi ezibamba iqhaza kumzila we-RIP. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ithatha ithebula lomzila bese ilisabalalisa kuzo zonke izimbobo ezisebenza kumodi ye-RIP.
Ake sicabange ukuthi sinerutha 1, exhunywe kumzila 2 ngenethiwekhi ye-N2. Ngaphambi kokuqala nangemva kwe-router yesibili kukhona amanethiwekhi i-N1 ne-N3. I-Router 1 itshela i-Router 2 ukuthi iyayazi inethiwekhi i-N1 ne-N2 futhi iyithumelela isibuyekezo. I-Router 2 itshela i-Router 1 ukuthi iwazi amanethiwekhi i-N2 ne-N3. Kulokhu, njalo ngemizuzwana engama-30 izimbobo zomzila zishintshanisa amatafula omzila.
Ake sicabange ukuthi ngesizathu esithile uxhumano lwe-N1-R1 luphukile futhi i-router 1 ayikwazi ukuxhumana nenethiwekhi ye-N1. Ngemva kwalokhu, irutha yokuqala izothumela kuphela izibuyekezo eziphathelene nenethiwekhi ye-N2 kumzila wesibili. I-Router 2, ngemva kokuthola isibuyekezo sokuqala esinjalo, izocabanga: "kuhle, manje kufanele ngibeke inethiwekhi N1 ku-Timer Engavumelekile," ngemva kwalokho izoqala isibali-sikhathi esingavumelekile. Imizuzwana engu-180 ngeke ishintshisane ngezibuyekezo zenethiwekhi ye-N1 nanoma ubani, kodwa ngemva kwalesi sikhathi izomisa Isikhathi Esingavumelekile bese iphinda iqale Isibali-sikhathi sokubuyekeza. Uma ngale mizuzwana engu-180 ingatholi noma yiziphi izibuyekezo zesimo senethiwekhi ye-N1, izoyibeka kusibali sikhathi sokubamba isikhathi esithatha imizuzwana engu-180, okungukuthi, isibali sikhathi sokubamba phansi siqala ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kwesibali-sikhathi esingavumelekile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esinye, isibali sikhathi sesine se-Flush siyasebenza, esiqala kanye kanye nesibali sikhathi esingavumelekile. Lesi sibali sikhathi sinquma isikhawu sesikhathi phakathi kokuthola isibuyekezo sokugcina esivamile mayelana nenethiwekhi ye-N1 kuze kube yilapho inethiwekhi ikhishwa kuthebula lomzila. Ngakho-ke, lapho isikhathi salesi sibali sikhathi sifinyelela imizuzwana engu-240, inethiwekhi N1 izokhishwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuthebula lomzila lerutha yesibili.
Ngakho-ke, i-Update Timer ithumela izibuyekezo njalo ngemizuzwana engama-30. Isibali sikhathi esingavumelekile, esisebenza njalo ngamasekhondi angu-180, silinda kuze kube yilapho isibuyekezo esisha sifika kumzila. Uma ingafiki, ibeka leyo nethiwekhi esimweni sokubamba, neSibali sikhathi Sokubamba Phansi esisebenza njalo ngemizuzwana engu-180. Kodwa izibali-sikhathi Ezingavumelekile kanye Nezicucu ziqala kanyekanye, ukuze amasekhondi angu-240 ngemva kokuthi i-Flush iqale, inethiwekhi engashiwongo ekubuyekezeni ayifakwa kuthebula lomzila. Ubude besikhathi salezi zibali sikhathi sisethwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi singashintshwa. Yilokho izibali sikhathi ze-RIP eziyikho.
Manje ake siqhubekele phambili sicabangele imikhawulo ye-RIP protocol, kukhona ezimbalwa zazo. Omunye wemikhawulo eyinhloko ukufingqa okuzenzakalelayo.
Masibuyele kunethiwekhi yethu 192.168.1.0/24. I-Router 3 itshela i-Router 4 ngayo yonke inethiwekhi ye-1.0, ekhonjiswa ngu-/24. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amakheli e-IP angu-256 kule nethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa i-ID yenethiwekhi nekheli lokusakaza, ayatholakala, okusho ukuthi imilayezo evela kumadivayisi ananoma yiliphi ikheli le-IP kulobu bubanzi izothunyelwa ngenethiwekhi ye-10.1.1.1. Ake sibheke itafula lomzila u-R3.
Sibona inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/26, ihlukaniswe ngama-subnets angu-3. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzila wazi kuphela amakheli e-IP amathathu ashiwo: 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64 kanye no-192.168.1.128, okungawenethiwekhi /26. Kodwa ayazi lutho, isibonelo, mayelana namadivayisi anamakheli e-IP atholakala kububanzi obusuka ku-192.168.1.192 ukuya ku-192.168.1.225.
Nokho, ngesizathu esithile, u-R4 ucabanga ukuthi wazi konke mayelana nethrafikhi u-R3 ayithumela kuyo, okungukuthi, wonke amakheli e-IP kunethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24, okungamanga ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-routers angase aqale ukulahla ithrafikhi ngoba "bayakhohlisana" - emva kwakho konke, i-router 3 ayinalo ilungelo lokutshela umzila wesine ukuthi wazi konke mayelana nama-subnets ale nethiwekhi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yenkinga ebizwa ngokuthi "i-auto-summing". Kwenzeka lapho ithrafikhi ihamba phakathi kwamanethiwekhi amakhulu ahlukene. Isibonelo, esimweni sethu, inethiwekhi enamakheli ekilasi C ixhunywe ngomzila we-R3 kunethiwekhi enamakheli ekilasi A.
Irutha ye-R3 ibheka lawa manethiwekhi njengafana futhi ifingqa ngokuzenzakalelayo yonke imizila ibe ikheli lenethiwekhi eyodwa 192.168.1.0. Masikhumbule ukuthi sikhulume ngani mayelana nokufingqa imizila ye-supernet kwenye yamavidiyo adlule. Isizathu sokuhlanganisa silula - i-router ikholelwa ukuthi ukungena okukodwa etafuleni lomzila, kithina lokhu kungena 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] nge-10.1.1.1, kungcono kunokufakwa okungu-3. Uma inethiwekhi iqukethe amakhulukhulu ama-subnets amancane, lapho-ke ukufinyeza kukhutshaziwe, ithebula lomzila lizoqukatha inani elikhulu lokungenayo komzila. Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela ukuqoqwa kwenani elikhulu lolwazi kumathebula omzila, ukufinyezwa komzila okuzenzakalelayo kuyasetshenziswa.
Kodwa-ke, esimweni sethu, imizila yokufingqa ngokuzenzakalelayo idala inkinga ngoba iphoqa i-router ukuthi ishintshisane ngolwazi olungamanga. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukungena kuzilungiselelo zomzila we-R3 bese ufaka umyalo ovimbela imizila yokufingqa okuzenzakalelayo.
Ukwenza lokhu, ngithayipha ngokulandelana imiyalo i-router rip futhi akukho-auto-summary. Ngemuva kwalokhu, udinga ukulinda kuze kube yilapho isibuyekezo sisakazeka kunethiwekhi yonkana, bese ungasebenzisa umyalo we-ip wokubonisa kuzilungiselelo zomzila we-R4.
Ungabona ukuthi ithebula lomzila lishintshe kanjani. Okufakiwe 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] nge-10.1.1.1 kwalondolozwa kusukela kunguqulo yangaphambilini yethebula, bese kuba nokufakiwe okuthathu, ngenxa ye-Buyekeza isikhathi, ebuyekezwa njalo ngemizuzwana engu-30. Isibali sikhathi se-Flush siqinisekisa ukuthi amasekhondi angu-240 ngemva kokubuyekezwa kanye namasekhondi angu-30, okungukuthi, ngemva kwamasekhondi angu-270, le nethiwekhi izosuswa etafuleni lomzila.
Amanethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26 kanye 192.168.1.128/26 afakwe ohlwini ngendlela efanele, ngakho manje uma ithrafikhi ihloselwe idivayisi 192.168.1.225, leyo divayisi izoyilahla ngoba umzila onedivayisi awazi ukuthi idivayisi ekuphi. lelo kheli. Kodwa esimeni sangaphambilini, lapho senza isifinyezo esizenzakalelayo semizila esivulekele u-R3, lokhu kugcwala kuzoqondiswa kunethiwekhi ye-10.1.1.1, okwakungalungile ngokuphelele, ngoba u-R3 kufanele uwalahle ngokushesha lawa maphakethe ngaphandle kokuwathumela.
Njengomlawuli wenethiwekhi, kufanele udale amanethiwekhi anenani elincane lethrafikhi engadingekile. Isibonelo, kulokhu asikho isidingo sokudlulisa lesi zimoto ngo-R3. Umsebenzi wakho ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuvimbela ithrafikhi ukuthi ithunyelwe kumadivayisi angayidingi.
Umkhawulo olandelayo we-RIP ngamaluphu, noma amaluphu omzila. Sesivele sikhulume ngokuhlangana kwenethiwekhi, lapho ithebula lomzila libuyekezwa kahle. Esimweni sethu, i-router akufanele ithole izibuyekezo zenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 uma ingazi lutho ngayo. Ngokobuchwepheshe, ukuhlangana kusho ukuthi ithebula lomzila libuyekezwa kuphela ngolwazi olulungile. Lokhu kufanele kwenzeke lapho i-router ivaliwe, iqalwa kabusha, ixhunywa kabusha kunethiwekhi, njll. I-Convergence yisimo lapho zonke izibuyekezo zetafula lomzila ziqediwe futhi zonke izibalo ezidingekayo zenziwe.
I-RIP inokuhlangana okubi kakhulu futhi iyiphrothokholi yomzila ehamba kancane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhamba kancane, ama-Loops omzila, noma inkinga "yekhawunta engapheli", iyavela.
Ngizodweba umdwebo wenethiwekhi ofana nesibonelo sangaphambilini - i-router 1 ixhunywe kumzila 2 ngenethiwekhi i-N2, inethiwekhi i-N1 ixhunywe kumzila 1, futhi inethiwekhi N2 ixhunywe kumzila 3. Ake sicabange ukuthi ngesizathu esithile uxhumano lwe-N1-R1 luphukile.
I-Router 2 iyazi ukuthi inethiwekhi i-N1 iyafinyeleleka nge-hop eyodwa ngerutha 1, kodwa le nethiwekhi ayisebenzi okwamanje. Ngemuva kokuthi inethiwekhi ihluleka, inqubo yezikhathi iqala, i-router 1 iyibeka esimweni sokubamba phansi, njalonjalo. Nokho, i-router 2 ine-Buyekeza isibali sikhathi esisebenzayo, futhi ngesikhathi esimisiwe ithumela isibuyekezo kumzila 1, othi inethiwekhi i-N1 ifinyeleleka ngayo ngama-hops amabili. Lesi sibuyekezo sifika kumzila 1 ngaphambi kokuba sibe nesikhathi sokuthumela irutha 2 isibuyekezo mayelana nokwehluleka kwenethiwekhi i-N1.
Ngemva kokuthola lesi sibuyekezo, i-router 1 iyacabanga: “Ngiyazi ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-N1 exhunywe kimi ayisebenzi ngesizathu esithile, kodwa i-router 2 ingitshele ukuthi itholakala ngayo ngama-hops amabili. Ngiyamkholelwa, ngakho-ke ngizongeza i-hop eyodwa, ngibuyekeze ithebula lami lendlela bese ngithumela i-router 2 isibuyekezo sokuthi inethiwekhi i-N1 ifinyeleleka nge-router 2 ngama-hop amathathu!
Ngemva kokuthola lesi sibuyekezo kumzila wokuqala, i-router 2 ithi: “Kulungile, ngaphambilini ngithole isibuyekezo esivela ku-R1, esasithi inethiwekhi ye-N1 iyatholakala ngayo nge-hop eyodwa. Manje wangitshela ukuthi itholakala 3 hops. Mhlawumbe kukhona okushintshile kunethiwekhi, angikwazi ukungakukholwa, ngakho-ke ngizobuyekeza ithebula lami lomzila ngokungeza i-hop eyodwa. " Ngemva kwalokhu, i-R2 ithumela isibuyekezo kumzila wokuqala, othi inethiwekhi i-N1 isiyatholakala kuma-hops angu-4.
Uyabona ukuthi inkinga ikuphi? Womabili amarutha athumela izibuyekezo komunye nomunye, engeza i-hop eyodwa isikhathi ngasinye, futhi ekugcineni inani lama-hops lifinyelela inombolo enkulu. Ku-protocol ye-RIP, inombolo enkulu yama-hops yi-16, futhi ngokushesha nje lapho ifinyelela leli nani, umzila uyabona ukuthi kunenkinga futhi ivele isuse lo mzila etafuleni lomzila. Lena inkinga ngamaluphu omzila ku-RIP. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-RIP iyiphrothokholi ye-vector yebanga; iqapha kuphela ibanga, ngaphandle kokunaka isimo sezingxenye zenethiwekhi. Ngo-1969, lapho amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ayehamba kancane kakhulu kunamanje, indlela ye-vector yebanga yavunyelwa, ngakho abathuthukisi be-RIP bakhetha ukubalwa kwe-hop njengemethrikhi eyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, namuhla le ndlela idala izinkinga eziningi, ngakho-ke amanethiwekhi anamuhla ashintshele kakhulu kumaphrothokholi omzila athuthuke kakhulu, njenge-OSPF. Eqinisweni, le protocol isiphenduke indinganiso yamanethiwekhi ezinkampani eziningi zomhlaba. Sizobheka le nqubo ngokuningiliziwe kwenye yamavidiyo alandelayo.
Ngeke sisabuyela ku-RIP, ngoba ngokusebenzisa isibonelo sale phrothokholi yenethiwekhi endala kakhulu, ngikutshele ngokwanele mayelana nezisekelo zomzila kanye nezinkinga abazama ngazo ukungasasebenzisi le nqubo kumanethiwekhi amakhulu. Ezifundweni ezilandelayo zevidiyo sizobheka izimiso zesimanje zomzila - i-OSPF ne-EIGRP.
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Source: www.habr.com