Bengivele ngishilo ukuthi ngizobuyekeza izifundo zami zevidiyo zibe yi-CCNA v3. Konke okufundile ezifundweni ezedlule kuhambisana ngokugcwele nesifundo esisha. Uma kunesidingo, ngizofaka izihloko ezengeziwe ezifundweni ezintsha, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi izifundo zethu zihambisana nenkambo ye-200-125 CCNA.
Okokuqala, sizofunda ngokugcwele izihloko zokuhlolwa kokuqala 100-105 ICND1. Sinezinye izifundo ezimbalwa ezisele, ngemva kwalokho uzobe usulungele ukwenza lokhu kuhlolwa. Ngemva kwalokho sizoqala ukufunda izifundo ze-ICND2. Ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi ekupheleni kwalesi sifundo sevidiyo uzobe usulungele ngokuphelele ukuthatha isivivinyo se-200-125. Esifundweni sokugcina ngithe ngeke sibuyele kuRIP ngoba ayifakwa esifundweni seCCNA. Kodwa njengoba i-RIP ifakiwe kunguqulo yesithathu ye-CCNA, sizoqhubeka nokufunda.
Izihloko zesifundo sanamuhla zizoba yizinkinga ezintathu eziqhamuka ohlelweni lokusebenzisa i-RIP: Ukubala kuye kokungapheli, noma ukubala kuye kokungapheli, i-Split Horizon - imithetho yokuhlukanisa ama-horizons kanye Nobuthi Bendlela, noma ubuthi bomzila.
Ukuze siqonde ingqikithi yenkinga yokubala kuya kokungapheli, ake siphendukele kumdwebo. Ake sithi sinerutha R1, irutha R2 kanye nerutha R3. I-router yokuqala ixhunywe kweyesibili ngenethiwekhi 192.168.2.0/24, eyesibili kuya kweyesithathu yinethiwekhi ye-192.168.3.0/24, i-router yokuqala ixhunywe kunethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24, kanti eyesithathu ngenethiwekhi 192.168.4.0/24 inethiwekhi.
Ake sibheke umzila oya kunethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 kusuka kumzila wokuqala. Ethebulani layo, lo mzila uzovezwa njengo-192.168.1.0 nenani lama-hops elilingana no-0.
Ngomzila wesibili, umzila ofanayo uzovela etafuleni njenge-192.168.1.0 nenani lama-hops alingana no-1. Kulesi simo, ithebula lomzila we-router libuyekezwa yi-Buyekeza isibali sikhathi njalo ngemizuzwana engu-30. U-R1 wazisa u-R2 ukuthi inethiwekhi engu-192.168.1.0 ifinyeleleka ngayo ngama-hops alingana no-0. Lapho ethola lo mlayezo, u-R2 uphendula ngesibuyekezo sokuthi inethiwekhi efanayo iyafinyeleleka ngayo nge-hop eyodwa. Lena yindlela umzila ojwayelekile we-RIP osebenza ngayo.
Ake sicabange ngesimo lapho uxhumano phakathi kwe-R1 nenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 yaphulwa, ngemva kwalokho i-router yalahlekelwa ukufinyelela kuyo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-router R2 ithumela isibuyekezo ku-router R1, lapho ibika khona ukuthi inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24 iyatholakala kuyo nge-hop eyodwa. U-R1 uyazi ukuthi ulahlekelwe ukufinyelela kule nethiwekhi, kodwa u-R2 uthi le nethiwekhi ifinyeleleka ngaye nge-hop eyodwa, ngakho-ke umzila wokuqala ukholelwa ukuthi kufanele ubuyekeze ithebula layo lomzila, uguqule inani lama-hops ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-2.
Ngemva kwalokhu, i-R1 ithumela isibuyekezo kumzila u-R2. Uthi: βkulungile, ngaphambi kwalokho ungithumelele isibuyekezo sokuthi inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 iyatholakala nge-zero hops, manje ubika ukuthi umzila oya kule nethiwekhi ungakhiwa ngama-hops angu-2. Ngakho-ke kufanele ngibuyekeze ithebula lami lomzila ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3." Esibuyekezweni esilandelayo, i-R1 izoshintsha inombolo yama-hops ibe ngu-4, irutha yesibili ibe ngu-5, bese iye ku-5 no-6, futhi le nqubo izoqhubeka unomphela.
Le nkinga yaziwa ngokuthi iluphu yomzila, futhi ku-RIP ibizwa nge-count-to-infinity problem. Eqinisweni, inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24 ayifinyeleleki, kodwa u-R1, u-R2 kanye nawo wonke amanye amarutha kunethiwekhi akholelwa ukuthi ingafinyelelwa ngoba umzila ulokhu ugobile. Le nkinga ingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlukanisa umkhathizwe kanye nezindlela zobuthi emzileni. Ake sibheke i-topology yenethiwekhi esizosebenza nayo namuhla.
Inethiwekhi inamarutha amathathu u-R1,2,3 kanye namakhompyutha amabili anamakheli e-IP 192.168.1.10 kanye no-192.168.4.10. Kunamanethiwekhi ama-4 phakathi kwamakhompyutha: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 kanye ne-4.0. Ama-router anamakheli e-IP, lapho i-octet yokugcina iyinombolo yomzila, kanti i-octet engaphambili iyinombolo yenethiwekhi. Ungabela noma yimaphi amakheli kulawa madivayisi enethiwekhi, kodwa ngincamela lawa ngoba enza kube lula kimi ukuwachaza.
Ukuze silungiselele inethiwekhi yethu, ake sidlulele ku-Packet Tracer. Ngisebenzisa amarutha e-Cisco 2911 futhi ngisebenzisa lolu hlelo ukuze nginikeze amakheli e-IP kubo bobabili abasingathi i-PC0 ne-PC1.
Ungakwazi ukuziba amaswishi ngoba "aphuma ebhokisini" futhi usebenzisa i-VLAN1 ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ama-routers angu-2911 anezimbobo ezimbili ze-gigabit. Ukwenza kube lula kithi, ngisebenzisa amafayela okucupha esenziwe ngomumo ngayinye yalawa ma-routers. Ungavakashela iwebhusayithi yethu, uye kuthebhu ethi Izinsiza futhi ubuke zonke izifundo zethu zevidiyo.
Asinazo zonke izibuyekezo lapha ngalesi sikhathi, kodwa njengesibonelo, ungabheka isifundo sosuku lwe-13, esinesixhumanisi se-Workbook. Isixhumanisi esifanayo sizonamathiselwa esifundweni sevidiyo sanamuhla, futhi ngokusilandela, ungalanda amafayela wokumisa umzila.
Ukuze ulungiselele amarutha ethu, ngimane ngikopishe okuqukethwe kwefayela lombhalo lokucushwa kwe-R1, ngivule ikhonsoli yayo ku-Packet Tracer bese ngifaka umyalo we-config t.
Bese ngimane nginamathisele umbhalo okopishiwe bese ngiyaphuma kuzilungiselelo.
Ngenza okufanayo ngezilungiselelo ze-router yesibili neyesithathu. Lokhu kungenye yezinzuzo zezilungiselelo ze-Cisco - ungamane ukopishe futhi unamathisele izilungiselelo ozidingayo kumafayela akho okumisa idivayisi yenethiwekhi. Endabeni yami, ngizophinde ngingeze imiyalo emi-2 ekuqaleni kwamafayela okucushwa aqediwe ukuze ngingawafaki kukhonsoli - lezi zi-en (vumela) futhi config t. Bese ngikopisha okuqukethwe bese nginamathisela yonke into kukhonsoli yezilungiselelo ze-R3.
Ngakho-ke, silungiselele wonke amarutha ama-3. Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa amafayela okucushwa asevele enziwe amarutha akho, qiniseka ukuthi amamodeli afana nalawo aboniswe kulo mdwebo - lapha amarutha anezimbobo ze-GigabitEthernet. Ungase udinge ukulungisa lo mugqa kufayela le-FastEthernet uma umzila wakho unalezi zimbobo ncamashi.
Ungabona ukuthi izimpawu zembobo ye-router kumdwebo zisabomvu. Yini inkinga? Ukuze uxilonge, yiya kusixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo we-IOS werutha 1 bese uthayipha umyalo omfushane wokubonisa ip. Lo myalo βungummese wakho we-Swissβ lapho uxazulula izinkinga zenethiwekhi ezahlukahlukene.
Yebo, sinenkinga - uyabona ukuthi i-interface ye-GigabitEthernet 0/0 isesimweni sokuphatha esiphansi. Iqiniso liwukuthi kufayela lokucushwa elikopishiwe ngikhohliwe ukusebenzisa umyalo wokungavala shaqa futhi manje ngizowufaka mathupha.
Manje kuzodingeka ngengeze lo mugqa ngesandla kuzilungiselelo zawo wonke ama-routers, ngemva kwalokho omaka bechweba bazoshintsha umbala ube luhlaza. Manje ngizobonisa womathathu amafasitela e-CLI amarutha esikrinini esivamile ukuze kube lula ukubona izenzo zami.
Okwamanje, iphrothokholi ye-RIP ilungiselelwe kuwo wonke amadivayisi we-3, futhi ngizoyilungisa ngisebenzisa umyalo we-debug ip rip, ngemva kwalokho wonke amadivayisi azoshintshanisa izibuyekezo ze-RIP. Ngemuva kwalokho ngisebenzisa umyalo we-undebug wonke kuwo wonke ama-routers ama-3.
Ungabona ukuthi i-R3 inenkinga yokuthola iseva ye-DNS. Sizoxoxa ngezihloko zeseva ye-CCNA v3 DNS kamuva, futhi ngizokukhombisa ukuthi ungakhubaza kanjani isici sokubheka saleyo seva. Okwamanje, ake sibuyele esihlokweni sesifundo futhi sibheke ukuthi isibuyekezo se-RIP sisebenza kanjani.
Ngemva kokuvula ama-routers, amathebula awo omzila azoqukatha okufakiwe mayelana namanethiwekhi axhumeke ngokuqondile ezimbobeni zawo. Ematafuleni, lawa marekhodi aholwa ngohlamvu C, futhi inani lama-hops okuxhumana okuqondile ngu-0.
Uma i-R1 ithumela isibuyekezo ku-R2, iqukethe ulwazi mayelana namanethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 kanye no-192.168.2.0. Njengoba i-R2 isivele yazi mayelana nenethiwekhi 192.168.2.0, ibeka kuphela isibuyekezo mayelana nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 etafuleni layo lomzila.
Lokhu okufakiwe kuholwa uhlamvu R, okusho ukuthi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0 kungenzeka ngesixhumi esibonakalayo serutha f0/0: 192.168.2.2 kuphela ngephrothokholi ye-RIP enenombolo yama-hops 1.
Ngokufanayo, lapho i-R2 ithumela isibuyekezo ku-R3, irutha yesithathu ibeka okufakiwe kuthebula layo lomzila lapho inethiwekhi engu-192.168.1.0 ifinyeleleka ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo somzila 192.168.3.3 nge-RIP enenani lama-hops angu-2. Lena yindlela isibuyekezo somzila osebenza ngayo. .
Ukuze uvimbele amaluphu omzila, noma ukubala okungapheli, i-RIP inomshini wokuhlukanisa umkhathizwe. Lo mshini uwumthetho: "ungathumeli inethiwekhi noma isibuyekezo somzila ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo othole ngaso isibuyekezo." Esimweni sethu, kubonakala kanje: uma i-R2 ithole isibuyekezo esivela ku-R1 mayelana nenethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 nge-interface f0/0: 192.168.2.2, akufanele ithumele isibuyekezo mayelana nale nethiwekhi 0 kumzila wokuqala nge-interface f0/2.0 . Ingathumela kuphela izibuyekezo ngalesi sixhumi esibonakalayo esihlotshaniswa nerutha yokuqala ethinta amanethiwekhi 192.168.3.0 kanye ne-192.168.4.0. Akufanele futhi ithumele isibuyekezo mayelana nenethiwekhi 192.168.2.0 ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi se-f0/0, ngoba lesi sikhombimsebenzisi sesazi kakade ngakho, ngoba le nethiwekhi ixhunywe kuyo ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-router yesibili ithumela isibuyekezo kumzila wokuqala, kufanele iqukathe amarekhodi kuphela mayelana namanethiwekhi 3.0 no-4.0, ngoba ifunde ngalawa manethiwekhi kusuka kwesinye isikhombimsebenzisi - f0/1.
Lona umthetho olula wokuhlukanisa umkhathizwe: ungalokothi uthumele ulwazi nganoma yimuphi umzila emuva endaweni efanayo lapho ulwazi luvela khona. Lo mthetho uvimbela iluphu yomzila noma ukubala kuye kokungapheli.
Uma ubheka i-Packet Tracer, ungabona ukuthi i-R1 ithole isibuyekezo esivela ku-192.168.2.2 nge-interface ye-GigabitEthernet0/1 mayelana namanethiwekhi amabili kuphela: 3.0 kanye ne-4.0. I-router yesibili ayizange ibike lutho mayelana namanethiwekhi 1.0 no-2.0, ngoba ifunde ngalawa manethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa lesi sikhombimsebenzisi.
I-router yokuqala engu-R1 ithumela isibuyekezo ekhelini le-IP le-multicast 224.0.0.9 - ayithumeli umlayezo wokusakaza. Leli kheli liyinto efana nefrikhwensi ethile iziteshi zomsakazo we-FM ezisakaza kuyo, okungukuthi, lezo mishini kuphela ezishunwe kuleli kheli lokusakaza okuningi ezizothola umlayezo. Ngendlela efanayo, amarutha azilungiselela ngokwawo ukwamukela ithrafikhi yekheli elithi 224.0.0.9. Ngakho, i-R1 ithumela isibuyekezo kuleli kheli ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-GigabitEthernet0/0 esinekheli le-IP elithi 192.168.1.1. Lesi sixhumanisi kufanele sidlulisele izibuyekezo ezimayelana namanethiwekhi 2.0, 3.0, kanye no-4.0 kuphela ngenxa yokuthi inethiwekhi 1.0 ixhunywe kuyo ngokuqondile. Simbona enza lokho kanye.
Okulandelayo, ithumela isibuyekezo ngesixhumi esibonakalayo sesibili f0/1 nekheli elithi 192.168.2.1. Ziba uhlamvu F lwe-FastEthernet - lesi isibonelo nje, njengoba amarutha ethu anokuxhumana kwe-GigabitEthernet okufanele kuqokwe ngohlamvu u-g. Akakwazi ukuthumela isibuyekezo mayelana namanethiwekhi 2.0, 3.0 kanye no-4.0 ngokusebenzisa lesi sikhombimsebenzisi, ngoba ufunde ngabo nge-interface ye-f0/1, ngakho-ke uthumela kuphela isibuyekezo mayelana nenethiwekhi 1.0.
Ake sibone ukuthi kwenzekani uma ukuxhumeka kunethiwekhi yokuqala kulahleka ngesizathu esithile. Kulokhu, i-R1 ivele isebenzise indlela ebizwa ngokuthi βushevu womzila.β Kulele eqinisweni lokuthi ngokushesha nje lapho ukuxhumeka kunethiwekhi kulahleka, inani lama-hops ekungeneni kwale nethiwekhi etafuleni lomzila likhuphuka ngokushesha libe ngu-16. Njengoba sazi, inani lama-hops elilingana no-16 lisho ukuthi lokhu inethiwekhi ayitholakali.
Kulokhu, isibali sikhathi sokubuyekeza asisetshenziswa, siyisiqalo, esithunyelwa ngokushesha ngenethiwekhi kumzila oseduze. Ngizoyimaka ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emdwebeni. I-Router R2 ithola isibuyekezo esithi kusukela manje inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 iyatholakala ngenani lama-hops alingana ne-16, okungukuthi, ayifinyeleleki. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ubuthi bomzila. Ngokushesha lapho i-R2 ithola lesi sibuyekezo, ishintsha ngokushesha inani le-hop kumugqa wokungena we-192.168.1.0 kuya ku-16 futhi ithumela lesi sibuyekezo kumzila wesithathu. Ngokulandelayo, i-R3 iphinde iguqule inombolo yama-hops kunethiwekhi engafinyeleleki ibe ngu-16. Ngakho, wonke amadivaysi axhunywe nge-RIP ayazi ukuthi inethiwekhi 192.168.1.0 ayisatholakali.
Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke ama-routers abuyekeza amathebula awo omzila esimweni samanje, ngaphandle komzila oya kunethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0 kusuka kuwo.
Ngakho-ke, sizihlanganise zonke izihloko zesifundo sanamuhla. Manje ngizokukhombisa imiyalo esetshenziselwa ukuxilonga nokuxazulula izinkinga zenethiwekhi. Ngokungeziwe kumyalo omfishane wokubonisa i-ip, kunomyalo we-show ip protocols. Ibonisa izilungiselelo zephrothokholi yomzila nesimo samadivayisi asebenzisa umzila oguquguqukayo.
Ngemva kokusebenzisa lo myalo, kuvela ulwazi mayelana nemithethonqubo esetshenziswa yilo mzila. Ithi lapha iphrothokholi yomzila ithi RIP, izibuyekezo zithunyelwa njalo ngemizuzwana engu-30, isibuyekezo esilandelayo sizothunyelwa ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-8, isibali-sikhathi esingavumelekile siqala ngemva kwamasekhondi angu-180, isibali-sikhathi sokubamba phansi siqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-180, futhi isibali sikhathi se-Flush siqala ngemva kwalokho. 240 imizuzwana. Lawa manani angashintshwa, kodwa lesi akusona isihloko sesifundo sethu se-CCNA, ngakho-ke sizosebenzisa amanani azenzakalelayo esibali sikhathi. Ngokufanayo, isifundo sethu asikhulumi ngezinkinga zokubuyekezwa kohlu oluphumayo nolungenayo kuzo zonke izixhumanisi zomzila.
Okulandelayo lapha ukusabalalisa kabusha kwephrothokholi - i-RIP, le nketho isetshenziswa uma idivayisi isebenzisa amaphrothokholi amaningi, isibonelo, ibonisa ukuthi i-RIP isebenzisana kanjani ne-OSPF nokuthi i-OSPF isebenzisana kanjani ne-RIP. Ukusabalalisa kabusha futhi akuyona ingxenye yobubanzi besifundo sakho se-CCNA.
Kuphinde kuboniswe ukuthi iphrothokholi isebenzisa ukufingqa okuzenzakalelayo kwemizila, esixoxile ngayo kuvidiyo edlule, nokuthi ibanga lokuphatha liyi-120, esiphinde saxoxa ngayo.
Ake sibhekisise umyalo we-ip wokubonisa. Uyabona ukuthi amanethiwekhi 192.168.1.0/24 kanye ne-192.168.2.0/24 axhunywe ngokuqondile kumzila, amanye amanethiwekhi amabili, i-3.0 ne-4.0, asebenzisa iphrothokholi yomzila we-RIP. Womabili la manethiwekhi afinyeleleka ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-GigabitEthernet0/1 kanye nedivayisi enekheli le-IP 192.168.2.2. Ulwazi olukubakaki abayisikwele lubalulekile - inombolo yokuqala isho ibanga lokuphatha, noma ibanga lokuphatha, okwesibili - inani lama-hops. Inombolo yama-hops iyimethrikhi yephrothokholi ye-RIP. Amanye amaphrothokholi, njenge-OSPF, anamamethrikhi awo, esizokhuluma ngawo lapho sifunda isihloko esihambisanayo.
Njengoba sesixoxile, ibanga lokuphatha lisho izinga lokuthembela. Izinga eliphezulu lokuthembela linomzila omile, onebanga lokuphatha elingu-1. Ngakho-ke, leli nani eliphansi, lingcono.
Ake sicabange ukuthi inethiwekhi 192.168.3.0/24 ifinyeleleka kukho kokubili isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/1, esebenzisa i-RIP, nesixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/0, esebenzisa umzila omile. Kulokhu, umzila uzohambisa yonke ithrafikhi ngomzila omile ku-f0/0, ngoba lo mzila uthembeke kakhulu. Ngalo mqondo, iphrothokholi ye-RIP enebanga lokuphatha elingu-120 yimbi kunephrothokholi yomzila emile enebanga elingu-1.
Omunye umyalo obalulekile wokuxilonga izinkinga wumyalo wokubonisa ip g0/1. Ibonisa lonke ulwazi mayelana nemingcele kanye nesimo sembobo ye-router ethile.
Kithina, umugqa othi umkhathizwe ohlukanisiwe uvuliwe ubalulekile: Umkhathizwe wokuhlukanisa unikwe amandla, ngoba ungase ube nezinkinga ngenxa yokuthi le modi ivaliwe. Ngakho-ke, uma izinkinga zenzeka, kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi imodi ye-split horizon ivuliwe kulesi sixhumanisi. Sicela wazi ukuthi ngokuzenzakalelayo le modi iyasebenza.
Ngikholwa ukuthi sihlanganise izihloko ezanele ezihlobene ne-RIP kangangokuthi akufanele ube nobunzima ngalesi sihloko lapho ubhala izivivinyo.
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Source: www.habr.com