Namuhla sizobheka kabanzi izici ezithile zomzila. Ngaphambi kokuthi ngiqale, ngifuna ukuphendula umbuzo womfundi mayelana nama-akhawunti ami ezinkundla zokuxhumana. Ngakwesobunxele ngibeke izixhumanisi emakhasini enkampani yethu, futhi ngakwesokudla - emakhasini ami siqu. Qaphela ukuthi angingezi umuntu kubangani bami be-Facebook uma ngingabazi mina, ngakho ungangithumeleli izicelo zobungane.
Ungamane ubhalisele ikhasi lami le-Facebook futhi uqaphele yonke imicimbi. Ngiphendula imilayezo ku-akhawunti yami ye-LinkedIn, ngakho-ke zizwe ukhululekile ukungithumelela umlayezo lapho, futhi vele ngisebenza kakhulu ku-Twitter. Ngezansi kwalesi sifundo sevidiyo kunezixhumanisi zawo wonke amanethiwekhi omphakathi angu-6, ukuze ukwazi ukuwasebenzisa.
Njengenjwayelo, namuhla sizofunda izihloko ezintathu. Esokuqala yincazelo yengqikithi yomzila, lapho ngizokutshela khona mayelana namatafula omzila, umzila omile, njalonjalo. Bese sizobheka umzila we-Inter-Switch, okungukuthi, ukuthi umzila uvela kanjani phakathi kwamaswishi amabili. Ekupheleni kwesifundo, sizojwayelana nomqondo wokuzulazula kwe-Inter-VLAN, lapho iswishi eyodwa isebenzisana nama-VLAN amaningana nokuthi lawa manethiwekhi axhumana kanjani. Lesi isihloko esithakazelisa kakhulu, futhi ungase ufune ukusibuyekeza izikhathi ezimbalwa. Kunesinye isihloko esithakazelisayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Router-on-a-Stick, noma "irutha othini."
Ngakho liyini itafula lomzila? Leli yithebula elisuselwe kulo ama-routers enza izinqumo zomzila. Ungabona ukuthi itafula le-Cisco router routing libukeka kanjani. Yonke ikhompyutha ye-Windows nayo inetafula lomzila, kodwa leso ngesinye isihloko.
Uhlamvu R ekuqaleni komugqa lusho ukuthi umzila oya kunethiwekhi ye-192.168.30.0/24 uhlinzekwa yi-RIP protocol, u-C usho ukuthi inethiwekhi ixhunywe ngokuqondile ku-interface ye-router, u-S usho umzila omile, kanye nechashazi ngemuva. lolu hlamvu lusho ukuthi lo mzila ungowezenzakalelayo wekhandidethi, noma ikhandidethi elimisiwe lomzila omile. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemizila emile, futhi namuhla sizojwayelana nayo.
Cabanga, isibonelo, inethiwekhi yokuqala 192.168.30.0/24. Emgqeni ubona izinombolo ezimbili kubakaki abayisikwele, zihlukaniswa ngokusika, sesike sakhuluma ngazo. Inombolo yokuqala engu-120 ibanga lokuphatha, elibonisa izinga lokuzethemba kulo mzila. Ake sithi kukhona omunye umzila kuthebula oya kule nethiwekhi, okhonjwa ngohlamvu C noma S onebanga elincane lokuphatha, isibonelo, 1, njengokuhamba komzila omile. Kuleli thebula, ngeke uthole amanethiwekhi amabili afanayo ngaphandle uma sisebenzisa indlela efana nokulinganisa ukulayisha, kodwa ake sicabange ukuthi sinokufaka okungu-2 kunethiwekhi efanayo. Ngakho-ke, uma ubona inombolo encane, lokhu kuzosho ukuthi lo mzila ufanele ukwethenjwa okwengeziwe, futhi okuphambene nalokho, uma likhulu inani lebanga lokuphatha, lapho lo mzila udinga ukwethenjwa okuncane. Okulandelayo, umugqa ubonisa ukuthi iyiphi i-interface okufanele ithunyelwe ngayo ithrafikhi - kithi, lokhu kuyi-port 192.168.20.1 FastEthernet0/1. Lezi izingxenye zetafula lomzila.
Manje ake sikhulume ngokuthi i-router yenza kanjani izinqumo zomzila. Ngikhulume ngekhandidethi elizenzakalelayo ngenhla futhi manje ngizokutshela ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini. Ake sithi i-router ithole ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi engu-30.1.1.1, okungenayo okungekho etafuleni lomzila. Ngokuvamile, i-router izovele ilahle le thrafikhi, kodwa uma kukhona okungenayo kwekhandidethi elizenzakalelayo etafuleni, lokho kusho ukuthi noma yini i-router engakwazi ngayo izohanjiswa kokuzenzakalelayo kwekhandidethi. Kulokhu, okufakiwe kubonisa ukuthi ithrafikhi efika yenethiwekhi engaziwa kumzila kufanele idluliselwe ngembobo 192.168.10.1. Ngakho, ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi 30.1.1.1 izolandela umzila okuyikhandidethi elizenzakalelayo.
Lapho irutha ithola isicelo sokusungula ukuxhumana nekheli le-IP, kuqala kukho konke ibheka ukuthi leli kheli liqukethwe kunoma yimuphi umzila othile. Ngakho-ke, lapho ithola ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi engu-30.1.1.1, izohlola kuqala ukuze ibone ukuthi ikheli layo liqukethwe ekufakweni kwethebula elithile lomzila. Ngakho-ke, uma i-router ithola ithrafikhi ye-192.168.30.1, emva kokuhlola konke okufakiwe, izobona ukuthi leli kheli liqukethwe ebangeni lekheli lenethiwekhi 192.168.30.0/24, ngemva kwalokho lizothumela ithrafikhi kulo mzila. Uma ingakutholi okufakiwe okuqondile kwenethiwekhi ye-30.1.1.1, umzila uzothumela ithrafikhi ehlelelwe yona ngomzila omisiwe wekhandidethi. Nansi indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo: Qala ubheke okufakiwe ukuze uthole imizila ethile kuthebula, bese usebenzisa umzila wekhandidethi ozenzakalelayo.
Manje ake sibheke izinhlobo ezahlukene zemizila emile. Uhlobo lokuqala umzila ozenzakalelayo, noma umzila ozenzakalelayo.
Njengoba ngishilo, uma i-router ithola ithrafikhi eqondiswe kunethiwekhi engaziwa kuyo, izoyithumela ngomzila ozenzakalelayo. Isango lokungena lesixazululo sokugcina lithi 192.168.10.1 kunethiwekhi 0.0.0.0 libonisa ukuthi umzila ozenzakalelayo usethiwe, okungukuthi, "Isango lendlela yokugcina yenethiwekhi engu-0.0.0.0 linekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi elingu-192.168.10.1." Lo mzila usohlwini lokugcina lwetafula lomzila, elinesihloko sohlamvu S olulandelwa ichashazi.
Ungakwazi ukunikeza le pharamitha kusukela kumodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke. Ngomzila ojwayelekile we-RIP, thayipha umyalo we-ip womzila, ucacise i-ID yenethiwekhi efanele, kithina 192.168.30.0, kanye nemaski ye-subnet 255.255.255.0, bese ucacisa 192.168.20.1 njenge-hop elandelayo. Kodwa-ke, uma usetha umzila ozenzakalelayo, awudingi ukucacisa i-ID yenethiwekhi kanye nemaski, umane uthayiphe umzila we-ip 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0, okungukuthi, esikhundleni sekheli lemaski engaphansi, thayipha oziro abane futhi, futhi ucacise. ikheli 192.168.20.1 ekupheleni komugqa, okuzoba umzila ozenzakalelayo.
Uhlobo olulandelayo lomzila omile Umzila Wenethiwekhi, noma umzila wenethiwekhi. Ukusetha umzila wenethiwekhi, kufanele ucacise yonke inethiwekhi, okungukuthi, sebenzisa umyalo we-ip 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0, lapho u-0 ekupheleni kwemaski ye-subnet usho lonke uhla lwamakheli enethiwekhi angu-256 / 24, futhi ucacise ikheli le-IP le-hop elandelayo.
Manje ngizodweba isifanekiso phezulu esibonisa umyalo wokusetha umzila ozenzakalelayo kanye nomzila wenethiwekhi. Kubukeka kanjena:
umzila we-ip ingxenye yokuqala yekheli ingxenye yesibili yekheli .
Ngomzila ozenzakalelayo, kokubili izingxenye zokuqala nezesibili zekheli zizoba ngu-0.0.0.0, kuyilapho kumzila wenethiwekhi, ingxenye yokuqala yi-ID yenethiwekhi kanti ingxenye yesibili imaski ye-subnet. Okulandelayo, ikheli le-IP lenethiwekhi lapho i-router enqume ukwenza i-hop elandelayo izotholakala.
Umzila womsingathi ulungiswa kusetshenziswa ikheli le-IP lomsingathi othile. Kuthempulethi yomyalo, lokhu kuzoba yingxenye yokuqala yekheli, esimweni sethu yi-192.168.30.1, ekhomba idivayisi ethile. Ingxenye yesibili imaski ye-subnet 255.255.255.255, ephinda ikhomba ikheli le-IP lomsingathi othile, hhayi yonke inethiwekhi /24. Bese udinga ukucacisa ikheli le-IP le-hop elandelayo. Ngale ndlela ungasetha umzila womsingathi.
Umzila oyisifinyezo uyindlela yesifinyezo. Uyakhumbula ukuthi sesike saxoxa ngodaba lokufingqa komzila lapho sinohlu lwamakheli e-IP. Ake sithathe inethiwekhi yokuqala 192.168.30.0/24 njengesibonelo futhi sicabange ukuthi sine-router R1, lapho inethiwekhi 192.168.30.0/24 ixhunywe namakheli amane e-IP: 192.168.30.4, 192.168.30.5, 192.168.30.6 kanye ne-192.168.30.7. 24 . I-slash 256 isho ukuthi kunamakheli avumelekile angu-4 kule nethiwekhi, kodwa kulokhu sinamakheli angu-XNUMX kuphela e-IP.
Uma ngithi yonke ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ye-192.168.30.0/24 kufanele idlule kulo mzila, kuzoba amanga, ngoba ikheli le-IP elifana no-192.168.30.1 lingase lingafinyeleleki ngalesi sikhombimsebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, kulesi simo, asikwazi ukusebenzisa u-192.168.30.0 njengengxenye yokuqala yekheli, kodwa kufanele sicacise ukuthi yimaphi amakheli azotholakala. Kulokhu, amakheli athile angu-4 azotholakala ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esifanele, namanye amakheli enethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo esingakwesokunxele somzila. Yingakho sidinga ukumisa isifinyezo noma umzila wokufingqa.
Kusukela ezimisweni zokufingqa imizila, sikhumbula ukuthi ku-subnet eyodwa ama-octet amathathu okuqala ekheli ahlala engashintshiwe, futhi sidinga ukudala i-subnet ezohlanganisa wonke amakheli angu-4. Ukuze senze lokhu, sidinga ukucacisa 192.168.30.4 engxenyeni yokuqala yekheli, futhi sisebenzise 255.255.255.252 njengemaski ye-subnet engxenyeni yesibili, lapho i-252 isho ukuthi le subnet iqukethe amakheli angu-4 we-IP: .4, .5. , .6 kanye .7.
Uma unokufakiwe okubili kuthebula lomzila: umzila we-RIP wenethiwekhi ye-192.168.30.0/24 kanye nomzila wesifinyezo 192.168.30.4/252, khona-ke ngokuya ngezimiso zomzila, umzila wesifinyezo uzoba umzila obalulekile wethrafikhi ethile. Noma yini engahlobene nale thrafikhi izosebenzisa umzila Wenethiwekhi.
Yilokho umzila oyisifinyezo - ufingqa amakheli amaningana e-IP bese uwadalela umzila ohlukile.
Eqenjini lemizila emile, kukhona nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umzila ontantayo", noma Umzila Ontantayo. Lona umzila oyisipele. Isetshenziswa uma kunenkinga ngoxhumano oluphathekayo kumzila omile onenani lebanga lokulawula elingu-1. Esibonelweni sethu, lena indlela edlula ezingeni le-IP 192.168.10.1., umzila oyisipele ontantayo uyasetshenziswa.
Ukuze usebenzise umzila oyisipele, ekugcineni komugqa womyalo, esikhundleni sekheli le-IP le-hop elandelayo, okuthi ngokuzenzakalelayo inenani elingu-1, cacisa inani le-hop elihlukile, isibonelo, 5. Umzila ontantayo uthi ayibonisiwe kuthebula lomzila, ngoba isetshenziswa kuphela lapho umzila omile ungatholakali ngenxa yomonakalo.
Uma kukhona ongakuqondi kulokhu engisanda kukusho, bukela le vidiyo futhi. Uma usenemibuzo, ungangithumelela i-imeyili futhi ngizokuchazela yonke into.
Manje ake siqale ukubheka umzila we-Inter-Switch. Kwesokunxele kumdwebo, kukhona iswishi esebenzela inethiwekhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yomnyango wokuthengisa. Ngakwesokudla kukhona enye iswishi esebenza kuphela nenethiwekhi eluhlaza yomnyango wokumaketha. Kulesi simo, kusetshenziswa amaswishi amabili azimele asebenzela iminyango ehlukene, ngoba le topology ayisebenzisi i-VLAN evamile.
Uma udinga ukusungula uxhumano phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili, okungukuthi, phakathi kwamanethiwekhi amabili ahlukene 192.168.1.0/24 kanye no-192.168.2.0/24, khona-ke udinga ukusebenzisa i-router. Khona-ke lawa manethiwekhi azokwazi ukushintshanisa amaphakethe futhi afinyelele i-inthanethi ngomzila we-R1. Uma sisebenzisa i-VLAN1 ezenzakalelayo kuwo womabili amaswishi, sizixhuma ngezintambo ezibonakalayo, zingaxhumana zodwa. Kodwa njengoba lokhu kungenakwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwamanethiwekhi ezizinda ezihlukene zokusakaza, i-router iyadingeka ekuxhumaneni kwabo.
Ake sicabange ukuthi ukushintshwa ngakunye kunamachweba ayi-16. Kithina, asisebenzisi amachweba ayi-14, ngoba kunamakhompyutha ama-2 kuphela emnyangweni ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-VLAN, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumdwebo olandelayo.
Kulokhu, i-VLAN10 eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-VLAN20 eluhlaza banesizinda sabo sokusakaza. Inethiwekhi ye-VLAN10 ixhunywe ngekhebula embotsheni eyodwa yomzila, futhi inethiwekhi ye-VLAN20 ixhunywe kwenye imbobo, kuyilapho zombili izintambo ziphuma ezimbobeni zokushintshwa ezihlukene. Kubonakala sengathi ngenxa yalesi sixazululo esihle, sisungule ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-router inenani elilinganiselwe lamachweba, asisebenzi kahle kakhulu ekusebenziseni amakhono ale divayisi, siwasebenzise ngale ndlela.
Kukhona isixazululo esisebenza kahle - "i-router entweni". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sixhuma imbobo yokushintsha nge-trunk kwelinye lamachweba we-router. Sesivele sishilo ukuthi ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-router ayiqondi i-encapsulation ngokwezinga le-.1Q, ngakho-ke udinga ukusebenzisa i-trunk ukuze uxhumane nayo. Kulokhu, okulandelayo kwenzeka.
Inethiwekhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ye-VLAN10 ithumela ithrafikhi ngokushintsha kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-F0 / 0 somzila. Le mbobo ihlukaniswe ngezixhumi ezibonakalayo ezingaphansi, ngayinye enekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi elilodwa elitholakala ebangeni lekheli lenethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 noma inethiwekhi ethi 192.168.2.0/24. Kukhona ukungaqiniseki lapha - phela, kumanethiwekhi amabili ahlukene udinga ukuba namakheli amabili e-IP ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, nakuba i-trunk phakathi kwe-switch kanye ne-router idalwe ku-interface efanayo yomzimba, sidinga ukudala ama-subinterfaces amabili we-VLAN ngayinye. Ngakho, i-subinterface eyodwa izosebenza inethiwekhi ye-VLAN10, kanti eyesibili - i-VLAN20. Ku-subinterface yokuqala, sidinga ukukhetha ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi kusuka kububanzi bekheli elithi 192.168.1.0/24, kanti kwelesibili, ukusuka kububanzi 192.168.2.0/24. Lapho i-VLAN10 ithumela iphakethe, isango lizoba ikheli elilodwa le-IP, futhi lapho iphakethe lithunyelwa nge-VLAN20, ikheli le-IP lesibili lizosetshenziswa njengesango. Kulokhu, "irutha othini" izothatha isinqumo mayelana nokudlula kwethrafikhi kusuka kukhompyutha ngayinye yama-2 wama-VLAN ahlukene. Kalula nje, sihlukanisa isixhumi esibonakalayo somzila oyedwa sibe yizindawo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezinengqondo.
Ake sibone ukuthi ibukeka kanjani ku-Packet Tracer.
Ngenze umdwebo ube lula kancane, ngakho-ke sine-PC0 eyodwa ku-192.168.1.10 kanye ne-PC1 yesibili ku-192.168.2.10. Lapho ngimisa iswishi, nginikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo esisodwa se-VLAN10, enye i-VLAN20. Ngiya kukhonsoli ye-CLI bese ngifaka umyalo omfushane wokubonisa ip ukuze ngiqiniseke ukuthi i-FastEthernet0/2 ne-0/3 iphezulu. Bese ngibheka ku-database ye-VLAN futhi ngibone ukuthi zonke izixhumanisi ekushintsheni okwamanje ziyingxenye ye-VLAN ezenzakalelayo. Bese ngithayipha okuthi config t kulandele int f0/2 ngokulandelana ukuze ngishayele ichweba lapho i-VLAN yokuthengisa ixhumeke khona.
Okulandelayo, ngisebenzisa umyalo wokufinyelela wemodi yokushintsha. Imodi yokufinyelela iyona ezenzakalelayo, ngakho ngivele ngibhale lo myalo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngithayipha ukufinyelela kwe-switchport ye-VLAN10, futhi uhlelo luphendula ngokuthi njengoba inethiwekhi enjalo ingekho, izodala i-VLAN10 ngokwayo. Uma ufuna ukwenza i-VLAN ngesandla, isibonelo, i-VLAN20, udinga ukuthayipha umyalo we-vlan 20, ngemva kwalokho umugqa womyalo uzoshintshela kuzilungiselelo zenethiwekhi ebonakalayo, uguqule unhlokweni usuka ku-Switch(config) # kuya ku-Switch(config- vlan) #. Okulandelayo, udinga ukuqamba inethiwekhi ye-MAKETING edaliwe usebenzisa igama elithi <name> umyalo. Bese simisa isikhombimsebenzisi se-f0/3. Ngokulandelanayo ngifaka ukufinyelela kwemodi ye-switchport kanye ne-switchport yokufinyelela imiyalo ye-vlan 20, ngemva kwalokho inethiwekhi ixhunywa kule mbobo.
Ngakho-ke, ungamisa ukushintshwa ngezindlela ezimbili: eyokuqala isebenzisa umyalo we-switchport ukufinyelela i-vlan 10, emva kwalokho inethiwekhi idalwe ngokuzenzakalelayo echwebeni elinikeziwe, okwesibili yilapho uqala ukudala inethiwekhi bese uyibopha endaweni ethile. itheku.
Ungenza okufanayo nge-VLAN10. Ngizobuyela emuva futhi ngiphinde inqubo yokumisa imanuwali yale nethiwekhi: faka imodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, faka umyalo we-vlan 10, bese uyiqamba ngokuthi I-SALES, njalonjalo. Manje ngizokukhombisa ukuthi kwenzekani uma ungakwenzi lokhu, okungukuthi, vumela uhlelo ngokwalo ludale i-VLAN.
Ungabona ukuthi sinawo womabili amanethiwekhi, kodwa elesibili, esilidale ngesandla, linegama layo elithi MARKETING, kuyilapho inethiwekhi yokuqala, i-VLAN10, ithole igama elizenzakalelayo elithi VLAN0010. Ngingakwazi ukukulungisa lokhu uma manje ngifaka igama lomyalo we-SALES kumodi yokucushwa komhlaba wonke. Manje ungabona ukuthi ngemva kwalokho, inethiwekhi yokuqala yashintsha igama layo ku-SALES.
Manje ake sibuyele ku-Packet Tracer futhi sibone ukuthi i-PC0 ingakwazi yini ukuxhumana ne-PC1. Ukwenza lokhu, ngizovula ukuphela komugqa womyalo kukhompyutha yokuqala bese ngithumela i-ping ekhelini lekhompyutha yesibili.
Siyabona ukuthi i-pinging ihlulekile. Isizathu siwukuthi i-PC0 ithumele isicelo se-ARP ku-192.168.2.10 ngesango elingu-192.168.1.1. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhompuyutha empeleni yabuza ukushintshwa ukuthi ubani lo 192.168.1.1. Kodwa-ke, ukushintshwa kunokuxhumana okukodwa kuphela kwenethiwekhi ye-VLAN10, futhi isicelo esitholiwe asikwazi ukuya ndawo - singena kuleli chweba futhi sifele lapha. Ikhompyutha ayitholi impendulo, ngakho-ke isizathu sokuhluleka kwe-ping sinikezwa njengesikhathi sokuvala. Ayikho impendulo etholiwe ngoba ayikho enye idivayisi ku-VLAN10 ngaphandle kwe-PC0. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe womabili amakhompyutha abeyingxenye yenethiwekhi efanayo, abengeke akwazi ukuxhumana ngoba anohlu oluhlukile lwamakheli e-IP. Ukuze wenze lolu hlelo lusebenze, udinga ukusebenzisa irutha.
Nokho, ngaphambi kokuthi ngibonise indlela yokusebenzisa i-router, ngizokwenza ukwehla okuncane. Ngizoxhuma imbobo ye-Fa0/1 yeswishi kanye nembobo ye-Gig0/0 yomzila ngekhebula eyodwa, bese ngingeza enye ikhebula ezoxhunywa kumbobo ye-Fa0/4 yeswishi kanye nembobo ye-Gif0/1. kwe-router.
Ngizobophezela inethiwekhi ye-VLAN10 embobeni ye-f0/1 yeswishi, engizofaka kuyo i-int f0/1 kanye nemiyalo yokufinyelela ye-switchport ye-vlan10, kanye nenethiwekhi ye-VLAN20 embobeni ye-f0/4 ngisebenzisa i-int f0/4 kanye ne-switchport. finyelela imiyalo ye-vlan 20. Uma manje sibheka ku-database ye-VLAN, kungabonakala ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-SALES iboshelwe ku-Fa0/1, Fa0/2 interfaces, futhi inethiwekhi ye-MAKETING iboshelwe kumachweba we-Fa0/3, Fa0/4 .
Ake sibuyele ku-router futhi bese sifaka izilungiselelo zesixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/0, faka umyalo othi akukho ukuvala shaqa futhi sinike ikheli le-IP kuwo: ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0.
Masilungise isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/1 ngendlela efanayo, sinikeze ikheli ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0. Sizobe sesicela ukusikhombisa ithebula lomzila, manje elinokufakwa kwamanethiwekhi 1.0 kanye no-2.0.
Ake sibone ukuthi lolu hlelo luyasebenza yini. Masilinde kuze kube yilapho zombili izimbobo zokushintsha kanye nerutha ibe luhlaza, bese siphinda ukukhala kwekheli le-IP 192.168.2.10. Njengoba ubona, konke kwasebenza!
Ikhompuyutha ye-PC0 ithumela isicelo se-ARP kuswishi, iswishi iyibhekise kumzila, obuyisela ikheli layo le-MAC kukhompyutha. Ngemva kwalokho, ikhompuyutha ithumela iphakethe le-ping ngomzila ofanayo. I-router iyazi ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-VLAN20 ixhunywe embobeni yayo ye-g0 / 1, ngakho-ke iyithumela ku-switch, edlulisela iphakethe endaweni okuyiwa kuyo - PC1.
Lolu hlelo lusebenza, kodwa alusebenzi kahle, ngoba lusebenzisa i-2 router interfaces, okungukuthi, sisebenzisa ngokungenangqondo amakhono obuchwepheshe be-router. Ngakho-ke, ngizobonisa ukuthi okufanayo kungenziwa kanjani usebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi esisodwa.
Ngizosusa umdwebo wekhebula ezimbili futhi ngibuyisele uxhumano lwangaphambilini lwe-switch kanye nomzila ngekhebula elilodwa. Isixhumi esibonakalayo se-f0 / 1 sokushintshwa kufanele sibe imbobo ye-trunk, ngakho-ke ngibuyela kuzilungiselelo zokushintsha futhi ngisebenzise umyalo we-trunk yemodi ye-switchport kule mbobo. Imbobo f0/4 ayisasetshenziswa. Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa umyalo we-int trunk ukuze sibone ukuthi ichweba lilungiselelwe kahle.
Siyabona ukuthi imbobo ye-Fa0/1 isebenza kumodi ye-trunk isebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-encapsulation engu-802.1q. Ake sibheke ithebula le-VLAN - sibona ukuthi isikhombimsebenzisi se-F0 / 2 sithathwe yinethiwekhi yomnyango wezokuthengisa we-VLAN10, futhi isikhombimsebenzisi se-f0 / 3 sithathwe inethiwekhi yokumaketha ye-VLAN20.
Kulesi simo, ukushintshwa kuxhunywe embobeni ye-g0 / 0 yomzila. Kuzilungiselelo zomzila, ngisebenzisa i-int g0/0 futhi akukho miyalo yekheli le-ip ukususa ikheli le-IP lalesi sikhombimsebenzisi. Kepha lesi sikhombimsebenzisi sisasebenza, asikho esimweni sokuvala shaqa. Uma ukhumbula, i-router kufanele yamukele ithrafikhi kuwo womabili amanethiwekhi - i-1.0 ne-2.0. Njengoba inkinobho ixhunywe ku-router nge-trunk, izothola ithrafikhi kusuka kunethiwekhi yokuqala neyesibili kuya kumzila. Kodwa-ke, yiliphi ikheli le-IP okufanele linikezwe isikhombimsebenzisi se-router kuleli cala?
I-G0/0 iwukuxhumana okuphathekayo okunganalo noma yiliphi ikheli le-IP ngokuzenzakalela. Ngakho-ke, sisebenzisa umqondo we-subinterface enengqondo. Uma ngithayipha int g0/0 kulayini, uhlelo luzonikeza izinketho ezimbili zokukhetha: i-slash / noma ichashazi. I-slash isetshenziswa lapho kulungiswa izixhumi ezibonakalayo njengo-0/0/0, futhi ichashazi liyasetshenziswa uma une-subinterface.
Uma ngibhala okuthi g0/0. ?, khona-ke uhlelo luzonginika uhla lwezinombolo ezingenzeka ze-GigabitEthernet subinterface enengqondo, ekhonjiswe ngemva kwechashazi: <0 - 4294967295>. Lobu bubanzi buqukethe izinombolo ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezi-4, okusho ukuthi ungakha ama-subinterfaces amaningi anengqondo.
Ngizobonisa inombolo engu-10 ngemva kwechashazi, elizobonisa i-VLAN10. Manje sesithuthele kuzilungiselelo ze-subinterface, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuguqulwa kwesihloko somugqa wezilungiselelo ze-CLI ku-Router (config-subif) #, kulokhu kubhekisela ku-subinterface ye-g0/0.10. Manje kufanele ngiyinikeze ikheli le-IP, engisebenzisa kulo umyalo we-ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0. Ngaphambi kokusetha leli kheli, sidinga ukwenza i-encapsulation ukuze i-subinterface esiyidalile yazi ukuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi ye-encapsulation okufanele isetshenziswe - 802.1q noma i-ISL. Ngibhala igama elithi encapsulation emgqeni, futhi uhlelo lunikeza izinketho ezingenzeka zamapharamitha alo myalo.
Ngisebenzisa umyalo we-encapsulation dot1Q. Akudingekile ngokobuchwepheshe ukufaka lo myalo, kodwa ngiyawuthayipha ukuze ngitshele i-router ukuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi okufanele isetshenziswe ukuze isebenze ne-VLAN, ngoba okwamanje isebenza njengeswishi, isevisi ye-VLAN trunking. Ngalo myalo, sibonisa irutha ukuthi yonke ithrafikhi kufanele ihlanganiswe kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi ye-dot1Q. Okulandelayo kulayini womyalo, kufanele ngicacise ukuthi lokhu kufakwa kwe-VLAN10. Uhlelo lusikhombisa ikheli le-IP elisetshenziswayo, futhi isixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi ye-VLAN10 siqala ukusebenza.
Ngokufanayo, ngilungiselela i-interface ye-g0/0.20. Ngakha i-subinterface entsha, ngisetha iphrothokholi ye-encapsulation, futhi ngisetha ikheli le-IP nge-ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0.
Kulokhu, ngidinga ngempela ukususa ikheli le-IP le-interface ebonakalayo, ngoba manje isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo kanye ne-subinterface enengqondo inekheli elifanayo lenethiwekhi ye-VLAN20. Ukwenza lokhu, ngibhala ngokulandelana imiyalo int g0 / 1 futhi alikho ikheli le-ip. Bese ngicisha lesi sixhumi esibonakalayo ngoba asisasidingi.
Okulandelayo, ngibuyela kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0 / 0.20 futhi futhi nginikeze ikheli le-IP kuyo ngomyalo we-ip engeza 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0. Manje konke kuzosebenza nakanjani.
Manje ngisebenzisa umyalo we-ip wokubonisa ukuze ngibheke ithebula lomzila.
Siyabona ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-192.168.1.0/24 ixhunywe ngokuqondile kusixhumi esingaphansi se-GigabitEthernet0/0.10, futhi inethiwekhi ye-192.168.2.0/24 ixhunywe ngokuqondile kusixhumi esingaphansi se-Gigabit0/0.20. Manje ngizobuyela kutheminali yomugqa womyalo we-PC0 kanye ne-ping PC1. Kulokhu, ithrafikhi ingena ethekwini le-router, eyidlulisela kusixhumi esingezansi esihambisanayo bese siyibuyisela emuva ngokushintshela kukhompyutha ye-PC1. Njengoba ubona, i-ping iphumelele. Amaphakethe amabili okuqala ehlisiwe ngenxa yokuthi ukushintsha phakathi kokuxhumana komzila kuthatha isikhathi, futhi amadivayisi adinga ukufunda amakheli e-MAC, kodwa amanye amaphakethe amabili afinyelele ngempumelelo lapho kuthunyelwa khona. Lena yindlela umqondo "werutha othini" osebenza ngayo.
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Source: www.habr.com