Namuhla sizofunda iphrothokholi ye-IPv6. Inguqulo yangaphambilini yenkambo ye-CCNA ayizange idinge ukujwayelana okuningiliziwe nalesi simiso, kodwa enguqulweni yesithathu ye-200-125, ukutadisha kwayo okujulile kuyadingeka ukuze kuphumelele ukuhlolwa. Iphrothokholi ye-IPv6 yasungulwa kudala, kodwa isikhathi eside yayingasetshenziswa kakhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwe-inthanethi, njengoba ihloselwe ukuqeda ukushiyeka kwephrothokholi ye-IPv4 etholakala yonke indawo.
Njengoba iphrothokholi ye-IPv6 iyisihloko esibanzi, ngiyihlukanise yaba izifundo ezimbili zevidiyo: Usuku 24 noSuku 25. Ngosuku lokuqala sizogxila emicabangweni eyisisekelo, futhi kolwesibili sizobheka ukusetha amakheli e-IP sisebenzisa Iphrothokholi ye-IPv6 yamadivayisi e-Cisco. Namuhla sizohlanganisa izihloko ezintathu njengenjwayelo: isidingo se-IPv6, ifomethi yamakheli e-IPv6, kanye nezinhlobo zamakheli e-IPv6.
Kuze kube manje ezifundweni zethu sisebenzise amakheli e-IP sisebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-v4, futhi ujwayele ukuthi abukeka elula kakhulu. Lapho ubona ikheli eliboniswe kulesi silayidi, uqonde kahle ukuthi besikhuluma ngani.
Nokho, amakheli e-v6 IP abukeka ehluke kakhulu. Uma ungayazi indlela amakheli e-IP adalwa ngayo kule nguqulo ye-Internet Protocol, into yokuqala engase ikumangaze ukuthi lolu hlobo lwekheli le-IP luthatha isikhala esiningi. Enguqulweni yesine yephrothokholi besinezinombolo zamadesimali ezi-4 kuphela, futhi yonke into ibilula ngazo, kodwa ake ucabange ukuthi udinga ukutshela uMnu X othile ikheli lakhe le-IP elisha njengokuthi 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e: 0370: 7334.
Ungakhathazeki, nokho—sizoba sesimweni esingcono kakhulu ekupheleni kwalesi sifundo sevidiyo. Ake siqale sibheke ukuthi kungani bekunesidingo sokusebenzisa i-IPv6.
Namuhla, abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-IPv4 futhi bajabule ngayo. Kungani kudingeke ukuthi ushintshele enguqulweni entsha? Okokuqala, amakheli e-IP enguqulo 4 angamabhithi angu-32 ubude. Lokhu kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwamakheli acishe abe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine ku-inthanethi, okungukuthi, inani eliqondile lamakheli e-IP angama-4. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-IPv232, abathuthukisi bakholelwa ukuthi leli nani lamakheli lalingaphezu kokwanele. Uma ukhumbula, amakheli ale nguqulo ahlukaniswe amakilasi angu-4: amakilasi asebenzayo A, B, C futhi agodliwe amakilasi D (multicasting) kanye no-E (ucwaningo). Ngakho-ke, nakuba inani lamakheli e-IP asebenzayo lalingama-5% kuphela ezigidigidi ezi-75, abadali bephrothokholi babeqiniseka ukuthi kuzoba nokwanele kuso sonke isintu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-intanethi, unyaka ngamunye kwaqala ukushoda kwamakheli e-IP mahhala, futhi uma kungenjalo ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-NAT, amakheli e-IPv4 amahhala ngabe aphelile kudala. Eqinisweni, i-NAT ibe ngumsindisi wale phrothokholi ye-inthanethi. Kungakho bekunesidingo sokudala inguqulo entsha yephrothokholi ye-inthanethi, engenakho ukushiyeka kwenguqulo yesi-4. Ungase ubuze ukuthi kungani besuka enguqulweni yesine baya kweyesithupha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inguqulo 4, njengezinguqulo 5, 1,2 no-3, bezihlolwa.
Ngakho-ke, amakheli e-v6 IP anendawo yekheli engu-128-bit. Ucabanga ukuthi inani lamakheli asesizindeni se-inthanethi okungenzeka likhuphuke kangaki? Cishe uzothi: “Izikhathi ezi-4!” Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso, ngoba u-234 usevele mkhulu ngokuphindwe ka-4 kuno-232. Ngakho inani 2128 likhulu ngendlela emangalisayo - lilingana no-340282366920938463463374607431768211456. Lena inombolo yamakheli e-IP atholakala ngaphansi kwephrothokholi ye-IPv6. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukwabela ikheli le-IP kunoma yini oyifunayo: imoto yakho, ifoni yakho, iwashi lakho. Umuntu wesimanje angaba nekhompyutha ephathekayo, omakhalekhukhwini abaningi, iwashi elihlakaniphile, ikhaya elihlakaniphile - i-TV exhunywe ku-inthanethi, umshini wokuwasha oxhunywe ku-inthanethi, indlu yonke exhunywe ku-inthanethi. Le nombolo yamakheli yenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa umqondo othi “I-inthanethi Yezinto” esekelwa yi-Cisco. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izinto empilweni yakho zixhumeke ku-inthanethi, futhi zonke zidinga amakheli azo we-IP. Nge-IPv6 kuyenzeka! Wonke umuntu osemhlabeni angasebenzisa izigidi zamakheli ale nguqulo kumadivayisi akhe, futhi kusazoba namaningi kakhulu amahhala. Ngeke sikwazi ukubikezela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buzothuthuka kanjani, kodwa singathemba ukuthi isintu ngeke sifike esikhathini lapho sekusele ikhompuyutha eyodwa kuphela emhlabeni. Singacabanga ukuthi i-IPv1 izoba khona isikhathi eside, eside. Ake sibheke ukuthi iyini ifomethi yekheli le-IP yenguqulo 6.
Lawa makheli aboniswa njengamaqembu angu-8 ezinombolo ze-hexadecimal. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlamvu lwekheli ngalinye lingamabhithi angu-4 ubude, ngakho iqembu ngalinye lezinhlamvu ezi-4 ezinjalo lingamabhithi angu-16 ubude, futhi lonke ikheli lingamabhithi angu-128 ubude. Iqembu ngalinye lezinhlamvu ezingu-4 lihlukaniswa neqembu elilandelayo ngekholoni, ngokungafani namakheli e-IPv4 lapho amaqembu ahlukaniswa khona ngezikhathi ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi siwuhlobo lwedesimali lwezinombolo. Njengoba ikheli elinjalo lingelula ukulikhumbula, kunemithetho eminingana yokulifinyeza. Umthetho wokuqala uthi amaqembu ahlanganisa wonke ama-zero angashintshwa amakholoni aphindwe kabili. Umsebenzi ofanayo ungenziwa ekhelini ngalinye le-IP isikhathi esingu-1 kuphela. Ake sibheke ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu.
Njengoba ubona, ekhelini eliyisibonelo elinikeziwe kunamaqembu amathathu angu-4 oziro. Isamba senani lamakholoni ahlukanisa lawa maqembu 0000:0000:0000 ngu-2. Ngakho, uma usebenzisa ikholoni ephindwe kabili ::, lokhu kuzosho ukuthi kukhona amaqembu oziro kule ndawo ekhelini. Wazi kanjani ukuthi mangaki amaqembu kaziro amele leli colon eliphindwe kabili? Uma ubheka indlela efushanisiwe yokubhala ikheli, ungabala amaqembu ama-5 anezinhlamvu ezi-4. Kodwa njengoba sazi ukuthi ikheli eligcwele liqukethe amaqembu angu-8, khona-ke ikholoni ephindwe kabili isho amaqembu angu-3 weziro ezingu-4. Lona umthetho wokuqala wendlela efushanisiwe yekheli.
Umthetho wesibili uthi ungalahla oziro abaholayo eqenjini ngalinye lezinhlamvu. Isibonelo, iqoqo lesi-6 lefomu eliphelele lekheli libukeka njenge-04FF, kodwa ifomu layo elifushane lingabukeka njenge-4FF ngoba sehlise uziro oholayo. Ngakho-ke ukungena kwe-4FF akusho lutho ngaphezu kwe-04FF.
Usebenzisa le mithetho, ungafinyeza noma yiliphi ikheli le-IP. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kokufinyezwa, leli kheli alibukeki lifushane ngempela. Sizobheka ukuthi yini ongayenza mayelana nalokhu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa okwamanje vele ukhumbule le mithetho emi-2.
Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izihloko zekheli lenguqulo ye-IPv4 ne-IPv6.
Lesi sithombe engisithathe ku-inthanethi sichaza kahle umehluko phakathi kwalezi zihloko ezimbili. Njengoba ubona, unhlokweni wekheli le-IPv4 uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi uqukethe ulwazi oluningi kunesihloko se-IPv6. Uma unhlokweni uyinkimbinkimbi, khona-ke i-router ichitha isikhathi esiningi iwucubungula ukwenza isinqumo somzila, ngakho-ke uma usebenzisa amakheli we-IP wenguqulo 6 elula, ama-routers asebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Yingakho i-IPv4 ingcono kakhulu kune-IPvXNUMX.
Ubude besihloko se-IPv4 ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-31 bits buthatha amabhithi angu-32. Ngaphandle komugqa wokugcina Wokukhetha kanye Nokwenamathisela, ikheli le-IP lenguqulo yesi-4 yikheli le-20-byte, okusho ukuthi ubuncane balo bungamabhayithi angu-20. Ubude bekheli lenguqulo yesithupha abukho ubuncane bosayizi, futhi ikheli elinjalo linobude obumisiwe obungamabhayithi angu-40.
Isihloko se-IPv4 siza nenguqulo kuqala, bese kuba ubude besihloko se-IHL. Ngokuzenzakalelayo lawa angamabhayithi angu-20, kodwa uma ulwazi olwengeziwe Lwezinketho lucaciswe kunhlokweni lungaba lude. Uma usebenzisa i-Wireshark, ungafunda inani lenguqulo engu-4 kanye nenani le-IHL elingu-5, okusho amabhlogo aqondile amahlanu angamabhayithi angu-4 (32 bits) lilinye, kungafaki ibhulokhi Yezinketho.
Uhlobo Lwesevisi lubonisa uhlobo lwephakethe - isibonelo, iphakethe lezwi noma iphakethe ledatha, ngoba ithrafikhi yezwi ihamba phambili kunezinye izinhlobo zethrafikhi. Ngamafuphi, lo mkhakha ukhombisa ukubaluleka kwethrafikhi. Ubude Ingqikithi Yobude Isamba sobude besihloko sebhayithi engama-20 kanye nobude bomthwalo okhokhelwayo, okuyidatha edluliswayo. Uma ingamabhayithi angu-50, khona-ke ubude obuphelele buzoba ngamabhayithi angu-70. I-Packet Identification isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bephakheji kusetshenziswa ipharamitha ye-Header Checksum. Uma iphakethe lihlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezi-5, ngayinye yazo kufanele ibe nesihlonzi esifanayo - I-Fragment Offset, engaba nenani ukusuka ku-0 kuya ku-4, futhi ingxenye ngayinye yephakethe kufanele ibe nenani elifanayo le-offset. Amafulegi akhombisa ukuthi ukususwa kwengcezu kuvunyelwe yini. Uma ungafuni ukuthi kwenzeke ukuhlukaniswa kwedatha, usetha i-DF - ungaliqheli ifulegi. Kukhona ifulege MF - ucezu ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma iphakethe lokuqala lihlukaniswa izingxenye ezi-5, iphakethe lesibili lizosethwa libe ngu-0, okusho ukuthi azisekho izingcezu! Kulokhu, isiqeshana sokugcina sephakethe lokuqala sizomakwa 4, ukuze idivayisi eyamukelayo ihlukanise kalula iphakethe, okungukuthi, isebenzise i-defragmentation.
Qaphela imibala esetshenziswe kulesi silayidi. Izinkambu ezibomvu zibonisa izinkambu ezingafakiwe kunhlokweni ye-IPv6. Umbala osasibhakabhaka ubonisa amapharamitha asuke kunguqulo yesine yaya kweyesithupha yephrothokholi ngendlela eshintshiwe. Izinkambu eziphuzi zihlala zingashintshile kuzo zombili izinguqulo. Okuluhlaza kubonisa inkambu eqale ukuvela kuphela ku-IPv6.
Izinkambu zokuhlonza, amafulegi, i-Fragment Offset kanye ne-Header Checksum azifakiwe ngenxa yeqiniso lokuthi ezimeni zesimanje zokudluliswa kwedatha, ukuhlukaniswa akwenzeki futhi ukuqinisekiswa kwe-checksum akudingekile. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, lapho ukudluliswa kwedatha kuhamba kancane, ukuhlukaniswa kwakuvamile, kodwa namuhla i-IEEE 802.3 Ethernet ene-MTU engu-1500-byte isetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi ukuhlukana akusasenzeka.
I-TTL, noma isikhathi sephakethe sokuphila, siyikhawunta yokubala wehle—uma isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela ku-0, iphakethe liyalahlwa. Eqinisweni, leli inani eliphezulu lama-hops angenziwa kunethiwekhi enikeziwe. Inkambu Yephrothokholi ibonisa ukuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi, i-TCP noma i-UDP, esetshenziswa kunethiwekhi.
I-Header Checksum iyipharamitha eyehlisiwe, ngakho ayifakiwe enguqulweni entsha yephrothokholi. Okulandelayo ikheli lomthombo we-32-bit kanye nezinkambu zekheli lendawo engu-32-bit. Uma sinolwazi oluthile kulayini Izinketho, inani le-IHL liyashintsha lisuka ku-5 liye ku-6, libonisa ukuthi kunenkambu eyengeziwe kunhlokweni.
Isihloko se-IPv6 siphinde sisebenzisa inguqulo yenguqulo, futhi Ikilasi Lethrafikhi lihambisana Nohlobo Lwensizakalo yenkambu kusihloko se-IPv4. Ilebula Eligelezayo lifana Nekilasi Lethrafikhi futhi lisebenzela ukwenza lula umzila wokugeleza okufanayo kwamaphakethe. Ubude Bokulayishwa Kwenkokhelo bubhekisela kubude bomthwalo okhokhelwayo, noma usayizi wenkambu yedatha etholakala endaweni engezansi kwesihloko. Ubude besihloko ngokwaso, amabhayithi angu-40, abushintshi futhi akushiwo noma kuphi.
Inkambu kanhlokweni elandelayo, Isihloko Esilandelayo, ikhombisa ukuthi iphakethe elilandelayo lizoba nalo hlobo luni lwesihloko. Lona umsebenzi owusizo kakhulu ocacisa uhlobo lwephrothokholi elandelayo yezokuthutha - i-TCP, i-UDP, njll., futhi ezothandwa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa idatha obulandelayo. Ngisho noma usebenzisa iphrothokholi yakho, uzokwazi ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi ezolandela.
Umkhawulo we-hop, noma i-Hop Limit, ifana ne-TTL kusihloko se-IPv4, futhi iyindlela yokuvimbela amaluphu omzila. Okulandelayo ikheli lomthombo we-128-bit kanye nezinkambu zekheli le-128-bit. Wonke unhlokweni ungamabhayithi angu-40 ngosayizi. Njengoba ngishilo, i-IPv6 ilula kakhulu kune-IPv4 futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu ezinqumweni zomzila zomzila.
Ake sibheke izinhlobo zamakheli e-IPv6. Siyazi ukuthi iyini i-unicast - iwukudluliswa kokuqondisa lapho idivayisi eyodwa ixhumeke ngokuqondile kwenye futhi womabili amadivaysi akwazi ukuxhumana kuphela. I-Multicast iwukusakazwa kokusakaza futhi isho ukuthi amadivayisi amaningi angaxhumana ngesikhathi esisodwa nedivayisi eyodwa, yona engakwazi ukuxhumana ngesikhathi esisodwa namadivayisi amaningi. Ngalo mqondo, ukusakaza okuningi kufana nesiteshi somsakazo, amasignali awo asakazwa yonke indawo. Uma ufuna ukuzwa isiteshi esithile, kufanele ushune umsakazo wakho kumafrikhwensi athile. Uma ukhumbula okokufundisa ngevidiyo mayelana nephrothokholi ye-RIP, uyazi-ke ukuthi le phrothokholi isebenzisa isizinda sokusakaza esingu-255.255.255.255 lapho wonke ama-subnet axhunywe khona ukuze kuthunyelwe izibuyekezo. Kodwa yilawo madivayisi kuphela asebenzisa i-RIP protocol azothola lezi zibuyekezo.
Olunye uhlobo lokusakaza olungatholakalanga ku-IPv4 lubizwa nge-Anycast. Isetshenziswa uma unamadivayisi amaningi anekheli le-IP elifanayo futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uthumele amaphakethe kumamukeli oseduze eqenjini labamukeli.
Esimeni se-inthanethi, lapho sinamanethiwekhi e-CDN, singanikeza isibonelo sesevisi ye-YouTube. Le sevisi isetshenziswa abantu abaningi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke baxhuma ngqo kuseva yenkampani eCalifornia. Isevisi ye-YouTube inamaseva amaningi emhlabeni wonke, isibonelo, iseva ye-YouTube yami ye-Indian iseSingapore. Ngokufanayo, iphrothokholi ye-IPv6 inendlela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokwenza ukudluliswa kwe-CDN kusetshenziswa isakhiwo senethiwekhi esabalaliswe ngokwendawo, okungukuthi, isebenzisa i-Anycast.
Njengoba ubonile, kunolunye uhlobo lokusakaza olungekho lapha, Ukusakaza, ngoba iphrothokholi ye-IPv6 ayikusebenzisi. Kodwa i-Multicast kule phrothokholi isebenza ngendlela efanayo nokusakaza ku-IPv4, kuphela ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana.
Inguqulo yesithupha yephrothokholi isebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu zamakheli: Xhumanisa Indawo, Isayithi Eliyingqayizivele Lendawo kanye Nomhlaba Wonke. Sikhumbula ukuthi ku-IPv4 isixhumi esibonakalayo esisodwa sinekheli le-IP elilodwa kuphela. Ake sicabange ukuthi sinamarutha amabili axhumeke komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke indawo ngayinye yokuxhuma izoba nekheli le-IP elingu-1 kuphela. Uma usebenzisa i-IPv6, isixhumi esibonakalayo ngasinye sithola ngokuzenzakalelayo ikheli le-IP Yendawo Yesixhumanisi. Lawa makheli aqala ngo-FE80::/64.
Lawa makheli e-IP asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwendawo kuphela. Abantu abasebenza nge-Windows bazi amakheli afanayo kakhulu efomu elithi 169.254.Х.Х - lawa amakheli ahlelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi ye-IPv4.
Uma ikhompuyutha ithinta iseva ye-DHCP ukuze ithole ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi, kodwa ngesizathu esithile ayikwazi ukusungula ukuxhumana nayo, amadivaysi e-Microsoft anomshini ovumela ikhompuyutha ukuthi izabele ikheli le-IP ngokwayo. Kulokhu, ikheli lizoba into efana nale: 169.254.1.1. Isimo esifanayo sizovela uma sinekhompiyutha, i-switch kanye nomzila. Ake sicabange ukuthi i-router ayizange ithole ikheli le-IP kusuka kuseva ye-DHCP futhi izinikeze ngokuzenzakalelayo ikheli le-IP elifanayo 169.254.1.1. Ngemuva kwalokho, izothumela isicelo se-ARP yokusakaza ngenethiwekhi ngokushintsha, lapho izobuza ukuthi ingabe noma iyiphi idivayisi yenethiwekhi inaleli kheli. Ngemva kokuthola isicelo, ikhompuyutha izosiphendula: "Yebo, nginekheli le-IP elifanayo ncamashi!", ngemva kwalokho umzila uzozabela ikheli elisha elingahleliwe, isibonelo, 169.254.10.10, futhi uphinde uthumele isicelo se-ARP ngaphezulu. inethiwekhi.
Uma kungekho muntu obika ukuthi banekheli elifanayo, uzozigcinela yena ikheli elithi 169.254.10.10. Ngakho, amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yendawo angagwema ukusebenzisa iseva ye-DHCP nhlobo, esebenzisa indlela yokuzabela ngokuzenzakalelayo amakheli e-IP ukuze asungule ukuxhumana. Yilokhu okumayelana nokucushwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-IP, into esiyibone izikhathi eziningi kodwa esingakaze siyisebenzise.
Ngokufanayo, i-IPv6 inendlela yokwabela i-Link Local IP ikheli eqala ngo-FE80::. I-slash 64 isho ukuhlukanisa amakheli enethiwekhi namakheli abamba. Kulokhu, i-64 yokuqala isho inethiwekhi, kanti eyesibili i-64 isho umphathi.
I-FE80:: isho amakheli efomu elithi FE80.0.0.0/, lapho ingxenye yamakheli osokhaya itholakala ngemva kokugencwa. Lawa makheli awafani kudivayisi yethu kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esixhunywe kuyo futhi ahlelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kulokhu, ingxenye yomsingathi isebenzisa ikheli le-MAC. Njengoba wazi, ikheli le-MAC yikheli le-IP elingu-48-bit elihlanganisa amabhulokhi angu-6 wezinombolo ezingu-2 ze-hexadecimal. I-Microsoft isebenzisa le sistimu; I-Cisco isebenzisa amabhulokhi angu-3 wezinombolo ezingu-4 ze-hexadecimal.
Esibonelweni sethu, sizosebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-Microsoft kwefomu 11:22:33:44:55:66. Linikezwa kanjani ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi? Lokhu kulandelana kwezinombolo ekhelini lokusingatha, okuyikheli le-MAC, lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: kwesokunxele kukhona amaqembu amathathu 11:22:33, kwesokudla kukhona amaqembu amathathu 44:55:66, futhi phakathi kwengezwe. FF kanye ne-FE. Lokhu kudala ibhulokhi engu-64-bit yekheli le-IP lomsingathi.
Njengoba wazi, ukulandelana kwefomu 11:22:33:44:55:66 ikheli le-MAC elihlukile kudivayisi ngayinye. Ngokusetha ikheli le-MAC FF:FE phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ezinombolo, sithola ikheli le-IP eliyingqayizivele lale divayisi. Yile ndlela ikheli le-IP lohlobo lwe-Local Link lenziwa ngayo, elisetshenziselwa kuphela ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi komakhelwane ngaphandle kokucushwa okukhethekile namaseva akhethekile. Ikheli le-IP elinjalo lingasetshenziswa kuphela ngaphakathi kwesegimenti yenethiwekhi eyodwa futhi alikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwangaphandle ngaphandle kwale ngxenye.
Uhlobo lwekheli olulandelayo luyisikophu Sendawo Sesayithi Eliyingqayizivele, elihambisana namakheli e-IPv4 angaphakathi (ayimfihlo) ohlobo 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 kanye no-192.168.0.0/16. Isizathu sokuthi kungani kusetshenziswe amakheli e-IP omphakathi ayimfihlo nangaphandle kungenxa yobuchwepheshe be-NAT, esikhulume ngabo ezifundweni ezedlule. Unique Site Local Scope ubuchwepheshe obudala amakheli e-IP angaphakathi. Ungase uthi, “Imran, uthe yonke idivayisi ingaba nekheli layo le-IP, yingakho sishintshele ku-IPv6,” futhi uzobe uqinisile. Kodwa abanye abantu bakhetha ukusebenzisa umqondo wamakheli e-IP angaphakathi ngezizathu zokuphepha. Kulokhu, i-NAT isetshenziswa njenge-firewall, futhi amadivayisi angaphandle awakwazi ukuxhumana ngokungafanele namadivayisi atholakala ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, ngoba anamakheli e-IP endawo angafinyeleleki ku-inthanethi yangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, i-NAT idala izinkinga eziningi ngama-VPN, njenge-protocol ye-ESP. I-IPv4 isebenzise i-IPSec ukuze ivikeleke, kodwa i-IPv6 inendlela yokuvikela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ngakho ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakheli e-IP angaphakathi nangaphandle kulula kakhulu.
Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, i-IPv6 inezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zamakheli: kuyilapho amakheli Endawo Ahlukile ahambisana namakheli e-IPv4 angaphakathi, bese kuthi amakheli e-Global ahambisana namakheli e-IPv4 angaphandle. Abantu abaningi bakhetha ukungasebenzisi nhlobo amakheli Endawo Ayingqayizivele, abanye abakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwawo, ngakho-ke lesi yisihloko senkulumompikiswano engapheli. Ngikholwa ukuthi uthola izinzuzo eziningi kakhulu uma usebenzisa kuphela amakheli e-IP angaphandle, ikakhulukazi ngokuya ngokuhamba. Isibonelo, idivayisi yami izoba nekheli le-IP elifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngise-Bangalore noma eNew York, ngakho-ke ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi idivayisi yami noma kuphi emhlabeni ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Njengoba ngishilo, i-IPv6 inendlela yokuvikela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ekuvumela ukuthi udale umhubhe we-VPN ovikelekile phakathi kwendawo yehhovisi lakho namadivayisi akho. Ngaphambilini, besidinga indlela yangaphandle yokwakha umhubhe onjalo we-VPN, kodwa ku-IPv6 iyindlela eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Njengoba sihlanganise izihloko ezanele namuhla, ngizophazamisa isifundo sethu ukuze siqhubeke nengxoxo yethu yenguqulo yesithupha ye-Internet Protocol (IP) kuvidiyo elandelayo. Njengomsebenzi wesikole wasekhaya, ngizokucela ukuthi uqonde kahle ukuthi iyini isistimu yenombolo ye-hexadecimal, ngoba ukuqonda i-IPv6, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuguqulwa kwesistimu yezinombolo kanambambili ibe i-hexadecimal futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Isibonelo, kufanele wazi ukuthi 1111=F, njalo njalo, vele uye ku-Google ukuze uyithole. Esifundweni esilandelayo sevidiyo ngizozama ukuzijwayeza lolu shintsho nawe. Ngincoma ukuthi ubuke isifundo sevidiyo sanamuhla izikhathi eziningana ukuze ungabi nemibuzo mayelana nezihloko ezihlanganisiwe.
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Source: www.habr.com