Namuhla sizokhuluma ngokuthola umzila futhi sishintshe amagama ayimfihlo, sibuyekeze, sifake kabusha futhi sibuyisele i-IOS, kanye nohlelo lokulayisensa lwe-Cisco lohlelo lokusebenza lwe-IOSv15. Lezi yizihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokuphathwa kwedivayisi yenethiwekhi.
Ngingayithola kanjani iphasiwedi yami? Ungase ubuze ukuthi kungani lokhu kungase kudingeke. Ake sithi usethe idivayisi bese usetha wonke amaphasiwedi adingekayo: ye-VTY, ye-console, yemodi enelungelo, ngoxhumo lwe-Telnet ne-SSH, bese ukhohlwa lawa maphasiwedi. Kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi wenkampani ozifakile uyeke futhi akazange akunike amarekhodi, noma uthenge umzila ku-eBay futhi awuwazi amagama ayimfihlo abekwe umnikazi wangaphambilini, ngakho awukwazi ukufinyelela idivayisi.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, kufanele usebenzise amasu okugebenga. Ugqekeza idivayisi ye-Cisco futhi usethe kabusha amaphasiwedi, kodwa lokho akukhona ukugebenga kwangempela uma ungumnikazi wedivayisi. Lokhu kudinga izinto ezintathu: Ukulandelana Kwekhefu, irejista yokumisa, kanye nokuqalisa kabusha isistimu.
Usebenzisa iswishi, cisha amandla ku-router bese uyivula ngokushesha ukuze irutha iqale ukuqalisa kabusha; “abashayeli be-cisco” babiza leli gama ngokuthi “ukubhampa”. Ngesikhathi sokukhulula isithombe se-IOS, udinga ukusebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-boot, okungukuthi, xhuma kudivayisi nge-console port bese usebenzisa i-Break Sequence. Inhlanganisela eyisihluthulelo eyethula i-Break Sequence incike ohlelweni lokulingisa lwetheminali olusebenzisayo, okungukuthi, lwe-Hyperterminal, ukuphazamisa ukulanda kwenziwa yinhlanganisela eyodwa, ye-SequreSRT - enye. Ngezansi kwale vidiyo nginikeza isixhumanisi , lapho ungajwayelana nazo zonke izinqamuleli zekhibhodi zama-emulators ahlukene etheminali, ukusebenzisana okuhlukile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukile.
Uma usebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kokuqalisa, irutha izoqala ngemodi ye-ROMmon. I-ROMmon ifana ne-BIOS yekhompyutha; iyi-OS eyisisekelo ekuvumela ukuthi wenze imiyalo yesevisi eyisisekelo. Kule modi, ungasebenzisa irejista yokumisa. Njengoba wazi, ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqalisa uhlelo luhlola ukuthi zikhona yini izilungiselelo ze-boot, futhi uma zingekho, luqala ngezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo.
Ngokuvamile, inani lerejista yokucushwa kwe-router ngu-0x2102, okusho ukuqala ukucushwa kwe-boot. Uma ushintsha leli nani libe ngu-0x2142, khona-ke ngesikhathi se-Break Sequence ukucushwa kwe-boot kuzoshaywa indiva, ngoba uhlelo ngeke lunake okuqukethwe kwe-NVRAM engaguquki, futhi ukucushwa okuzenzakalelayo kuzolayishwa, okuhambisana nezilungiselelo ze-NVRAM. router ngaphandle kwebhokisi.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqalise ngezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo, udinga ukushintsha inani lerejista yokumisa libe ngu-0x2142, elitshela idivayisi ngokoqobo ukuthi: "sicela ungayinaki ukucushwa kwe-boot kuwo wonke amabhuzu!" Njengoba lokhu kulungiselelwa kuqukethe wonke amagama ayimfihlo, ukuqala ngezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo kukunikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala kumodi eyimfihlo. Kule modi, ungasetha kabusha amaphasiwedi, ulondoloze izinguquko, uqalise kabusha isistimu futhi uthole ukulawula okuphelele kudivayisi.
Manje ngizokwethula i-Packet Tracer futhi ngikubonise engisanda kukhuluma ngakho. Ubona i-topology yenethiwekhi ehlanganisa irutha lapho udinga ukusetha kabusha amaphasiwedi, iswishi kanye nekhompyutha ephathekayo. Kuzo zonke izifundo zevidiyo, ngichofoze isithonjana sedivayisi ku-Packet Tracer, ngaya kuthebhu ye-CLI console futhi ngalungisa idivayisi. Manje ngifuna ukwenza izinto ngendlela ehlukile futhi ngibonise ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa kanjani kudivayisi yangempela.
Ngizoxhuma imbobo ye-serial ye-laptop RS-232 ngekhebula lekhonsoli embobeni ye-console yomzila; ohlelweni intambo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Angidingi ukulungisa noma yimaphi amakheli e-IP ngoba awadingeki ukuze uxhumane nembobo yekhonsoli yomzila.
Kukhompyutha ephathekayo, ngiya kuthebhu yeTheminali bese ngibheka amapharamitha: izinga le-baud 9600 bps, amabhithi edatha - 8, akukho ukulingana, amabhithi wokumisa - 1, ukulawulwa kokugeleza - akukho, bese uchofoza okuthi KULUNGILE, okunginika ukufinyelela kumzila. ikhonsoli. Uma uqhathanisa imininingwane kuwo womabili amafasitela - i-CLI yerutha ye-R0 nasesikrinini seLaptop0 laptop, izofana ncamashi.
I-Packet Tracer ikuvumela ukuthi wenze izinto ezifanayo, kodwa ekusebenzeni ngeke sisebenzise iwindi le-CLI router console, kodwa sizosebenza kuphela ngetheminali yekhompyutha.
Ngakho-ke, sinerutha lapho sidinga ukusetha kabusha iphasiwedi. Uya kutheminali ye-laptop, hlola izilungiselelo, uye kuphaneli yezilungiselelo ze-router futhi ubone ukuthi ukufinyelela kuvinjelwe ngephasiwedi! Ungafika kanjani lapho?
Ngiya kumzila, kuthebhu lapho iboniswa khona njengedivayisi ephathekayo, chofoza inkinobho yamandla bese ngiyivula ngokushesha. Uyabona ukuthi umlayezo uyavela efasiteleni letheminali mayelana nokuzikhipha ngokwakho isithombe se-OS. Kuleli qophelo kufanele usebenzise inhlanganisela yokhiye u-Ctrl+C, lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukufaka imodi ye-rommon ohlelweni lwe-Packet Tracer. Uma ungene ngemvume nge-Hyperterminal, kuzomele ucindezele u-Ctrl+Break.
Uyabona ukuthi umugqa onesihloko esithi rommon 1 uvele esikrinini, futhi uma ufaka uphawu lombuzo, uhlelo luzonikeza uchungechunge lwamacebo mayelana nemiphi imiyalo engasetshenziswa kule modi.
Ipharamitha yokuqalisa iqala inqubo yangaphakathi yokuqalisa, i-confreg iqala insiza yokumisa yokubhalisa, futhi lona ngumyalo esiwuthandayo. Ngithayipha i-confreg 0x2142 kulayini wetheminali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uqalisa kabusha, ulwazi olugcinwe kumemori ye-flash ye-NVRAM luzozitshwa futhi umzila uzoqala ngezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo njengedivayisi entsha ngokuphelele. Uma ngibhala umyalo confreg 0x2102, umzila uzosebenzisa imingcele yokugcina egciniwe yokuqalisa.
Okulandelayo, ngisebenzisa umyalo wokusetha kabusha ukuze uqalise kabusha uhlelo. Njengoba ubona, ngemva kokuyilayisha, esikhundleni sokungitshela ukuthi ngifake iphasiwedi, njengokugcina, uhlelo luvele lubuze ukuthi ngihlose ukuqhubeka yini nengxoxo yokusetha. Manje sesinomzila onezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo, ngaphandle kokucushwa komsebenzisi.
Ngibhala cha, bese ngifaka, futhi ngisuka kumodi yomsebenzisi ngiye kumodi enelungelo. Njengoba ngifuna ukubuka ukucushwa kwe-boot, ngisebenzisa i-show startup-config command. Ubona igama lomethuleli werutha ye-NwKing, isibhengezo sokwamukela kanye nephasiwedi “console”. Manje sengiyayazi le phasiwedi futhi ngingakwazi ukuyikopisha ukuze ngingakhohlwa, noma ngingayishintsha ngiyise kwenye.
Engikudingayo kuqala ukulayisha ukucushwa kokuqalisa ekucushweni kwe-router yamanje. Ukuze ngenze lokhu ngisebenzisa umyalo wokukopisha wokuqalisa-ukuhlelwa kwe-run-config. Manje ukucushwa kwethu kwamanje kuwukucushwa kwe-router yangaphambilini. Ungabona ukuthi ngemva kwalokhu igama le-router kulayini womyalo lishintshile lisuka ku-Router liya ku-NwKingRouter. Usebenzisa umyalo we-show run, ungabuka ukucushwa kwamanje kwedivayisi, lapho ungabona khona ukuthi iphasiwedi ye-console yigama elithi "console", asizange sisebenzise iphasiwedi yokuvumela, lokhu kulungile. Udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi ukutakula kubulala imodi enelungelo futhi ubuyele kumodi yomyalo womsebenzisi.
Sisengakwazi ukwenza izinguquko kurejista, futhi uma iphasiwedi ibiyimfihlo, okungukuthi, kusetshenziswe umsebenzi oyimfihlo, kusobala ukuthi ngeke ukwazi ukukususa, ukuze ubuyele kumodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke nge-config t bese usetha i- Iphasiwedi Entsha. Ukwenza lokhu, ngithayipha umyalo vumela imfihlo ivuleke noma ngingasebenzisa noma yiliphi elinye igama njengephasiwedi. Uma uthayipha i-show run, uzobona ukuthi umsebenzi oyimfihlo wokunika amandla uvuliwe, igama-mfihlo manje alibukeki njengegama elithi “vumela”, kodwa njengochungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezibethelwe, futhi akudingeki ukhathazeke ngokuvikeleka ngoba usethe futhi ubethele iphasiwedi entsha ngokwakho.
Nansi indlela yokuthola kabusha iphasiwedi yakho yerutha. Into eyodwa ebalulekile okufanele uyiqaphele ukuthi uma ufaka umyalo wenguqulo yokubonisa, uzobona ukuthi inani lerejista yokucushwa ngu-0x2142. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngisebenzisa ikhophi esebenzayo ukuze ngiqalise umyalo futhi ngiqalise kabusha i-router, uhlelo luzophinde lulayishe izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo, okungukuthi, i-router izobuyela kuzilungiselelo zefekthri. Asikudingi nhlobo lokhu, ngoba sisethe kabusha iphasiwedi, sathola ukulawula idivayisi futhi sifuna ukuyisebenzisa kumodi yokukhiqiza.
Ngakho-ke, udinga ukufaka i-Global configuration mode Router(config)# bese ufaka umyalo config-register 0x2102 futhi ngemva kwalokho usebenzise umyalo ukukopisha ukucushwa kwamanje ekuqaleni kokukopisha ikhophi. Ungakwazi futhi ukukopisha izilungiselelo zamanje ekucushweni kwe-boot usebenzisa umyalo wokubhala. Uma manje uthayipha inguqulo yombukiso, uzobona ukuthi inani lerejista yokumisa manje seliyi-0x2102, futhi isistimu ibika ukuthi izinguquko zizoqala ukusebenza ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho uqalisa kabusha umzila.
Ngakho-ke, siqala ukuqalisa kabusha ngomyalo wokulayisha kabusha, isistimu iqala kabusha, futhi manje sinawo wonke amafayela okucushwa, zonke izilungiselelo futhi sazi wonke amaphasiwedi. Lena yindlela amaphasiwedi e-router atholakala ngayo.
Ake sibheke indlela yokwenza inqubo efanayo yokushintsha. I-router ine-switch evumela ukuthi ucime amandla futhi uvule futhi, kodwa i-Cisco switch ayinayo ukushintsha okunjalo. Kufanele sixhume embobeni yekhonsoli ngekhebula lekhonsoli, bese sinqamula ikhebula lamandla ngemuva kweswishi, ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-10-15 siyibuyisele emuva bese ucindezela ngokushesha bese ubamba inkinobho ye-MODE imizuzwana emi-3. Lokhu kuzofaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukushintshwa kumodi ye-ROMmon. Kule modi, kufanele uqalise uhlelo lwefayela ku-flash futhi uqambe kabusha ifayela le-config.text, isibonelo, ku-config.text.old. Uma umane uyisuse, ukushintshwa ngeke "kukhohlwe" hhayi amaphasiwedi kuphela, kodwa nazo zonke izilungiselelo zangaphambilini. Ngemva kwalokhu uqalisa kabusha isistimu.
Kwenzekani ekushintsheni? Ekuqaliseni kabusha, ifinyelela ifayela lokumisa elithi config.text. Uma ingalitholi leli fayela kumemori ye-flash yedivayisi, iqalisa i-IOS ngezilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo. Lona umehluko: ku-router kufanele ushintshe ukulungiselelwa kwerejista, kodwa ekushintsheni udinga nje ukushintsha igama lefayela lezilungiselelo zokuqalisa. Ake sibheke ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani ohlelweni lwe-Packet Tracer. Kulokhu ngixhuma ikhompyutha ephathekayo ngentambo yekhonsoli embobeni ye-console yokushintsha.
Asisebenzisi ikhonsoli ye-CLI yokushintsha, kodwa silingisa isimo lapho izilungiselelo zokushintshwa zingafinyelelwa kuphela kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha ephathekayo. Ngisebenzisa izilungiselelo zetheminali yekhompuyutha efanayo njengasesimeni serutha, futhi ngokucindezela okuthi “Enter” ngixhuma embobeni ye-console yokushintsha.
Ku-Packet Tracer, angikwazi ukunqamula futhi ngikhiphe intambo yamandla njengoba ngingenza ngedivayisi ephathekayo. Uma nginephasiwedi yekhonsoli, bengingakwazi ukulayisha kakhulu iswishi, ngakho-ke ngifaka umyalo wokunika amandla iphasiwedi ukuze unikeze iphasiwedi yokufinyelela yasendaweni kumodi yelungelo lekhonsoli.
Manje uma ngiya kuzilungiselelo, ngiyabona ukuthi isistimu icela iphasiwedi engingayazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuqalisa kabusha isistimu. Njengoba ubona, uhlelo alwamukeli umyalo wokulayisha kabusha, ovela kudivayisi yomsebenzisi kwimodi yomsebenzisi, ngakho-ke kufanele ngisebenzise imodi enelungelo. Njengoba ngishilo, empilweni yangempela ngingamane ngikhiphe ikhebula lamandla okushintsha imizuzwana embalwa ukuze ngiphoqe ukuqalisa kabusha, kodwa njengoba lokhu kungeke kwenziwe ohlelweni, kufanele ngisuse iphasiwedi futhi ngiqalise kabusha ngqo kusuka lapha. Uyaqonda ukuthi kungani ngenza lokhu, akunjalo?
Ngakho-ke, ngisuka kuthebhu ye-CLI ngiye kuthebhu Yedivayisi Engokoqobo, futhi lapho idivayisi iqala ukuqalisa phansi, ngibamba inkinobho ebonakalayo ye-MODE imizuzwana engu-3 bese ngifaka imodi ye-ROMmon. Uyabona ukuthi imininingwane efasiteleni le-CLI yeswishi iyafana nesefasiteleni esikrinini selaptop. Ngiya ku-laptop, efasiteleni lapho imodi ye-ROMmon yokushintsha ibonakala khona, bese ufaka umyalo we-flash_init. Lo myalo uqalisa uhlelo lwefayela ku-flash, ngemva kwalokho ngikhipha umyalo we-dir_flash ukuze ubuke okuqukethwe kwe-flash.
Kunamafayela amabili lapha - ifayela lesistimu yokusebenza ye-IOS enesandiso se-.bin kanye nefayela le-config.text, okumele siliqambe kabusha. Ukwenza lokhu ngisebenzisa umyalo wokuqamba kabusha i-flash:config.text flash:config.old. Uma manje usebenzisa umyalo we-dir_flash, ungabona ukuthi ifayela le-config.text liqanjwe kabusha ku-config.old.
Manje ngifaka umyalo wokusetha kabusha, inkinobho iqala kabusha futhi ngemva kwamabhuzu esistimu, iya kuzilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngokushintsha igama ledivayisi emugqeni womyalo ukusuka ku-NwKingSwitch ukuya ku-Switch kalula. Umyalo wokuqamba kabusha ukhona kudivayisi yangempela, kodwa awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ku-Packet Tracer. Ngakho-ke, ngisebenzisa i-show running conf, njengoba ubona, isishintshi sisebenzisa zonke izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo, bese ufaka umyalo we-flash more:config.old. Nakhu ukugebenga: kufanele umane ukopishe ukucushwa kwedivayisi yamanje okuboniswa esikrinini, uye kumodi yokucushwa yomhlaba wonke bese unamathisela imininingwane ekopishiwe. Ngokufanelekile, zonke izilungiselelo zikopishiwe, futhi uyabona ukuthi igama ledivayisi lishintshile futhi iswishi isishintshele ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile.
Manje okusele ukukopisha ukucushwa kwamanje ekucushweni kwe-boot, okungukuthi, ukudala ifayela elisha le-config.text. Indlela elula iwukuba umane uqambe kabusha ifayela elidala ulibuyisele ku-config.text, okungukuthi, ukukopisha okuqukethwe kwe-config.old ekucushweni kwamanje bese ukulondoloze njenge-config.text. Ngale ndlela uthola iphasiwedi yakho yokushintsha.
Manje sizobheka indlela yokwenza isipele nokubuyisela uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Cisco IOS. Ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kuhlanganisa ukukopisha isithombe se-IOS kuseva ye-TFTP. Okulandelayo, ngizokutshela ukuthi ungalidlulisela kanjani ifayela lesithombe sohlelo kusuka kule seva kuya kudivayisi yakho. Isihloko sesithathu ukutholwa kwesistimu kumodi ye-ROMmon. Lokhu kungase kudingeke uma osebenza naye esuse i-iOS ngephutha futhi nesistimu iyeka ukuqala.
Sizobheka ukuthi ungalithola kanjani ifayela lesistimu kuseva ye-TFTP usebenzisa imodi ye-ROMmod. Kunezindlela ezi-2 zokwenza lokhu, enye yazo yi-xmodem. I-Packet Tracer ayisekeli i-xmodem, ngakho-ke ngizochaza kafushane ukuthi iyini bese ngisebenzisa i-Packet Tracer ukukhombisa ukuthi indlela yesibili isetshenziswa kanjani - ukutakula kwesistimu nge-TFTP.
Umdwebo ubonisa i-Router0 yedivayisi, enikezwe ikheli le-IP 10.1.1.1. Le router ixhunywe kuseva enekheli le-IP 10.1.1.10. Ngikhohlwe ukwabela umzila ikheli, ngakho-ke ngizokwenza ngokushesha manje. I-router yethu ayixhunyiwe kwi-laptop, ngakho-ke uhlelo alunikezi ikhono lokusebenzisa ikhonsoli ye-CLI, futhi kuzodingeka ngilungise lokhu.
Ngixhuma ikhompyutha ephathekayo kumzila ngentambo yekhonsoli, isistimu icela iphasiwedi yekhonsoli, futhi ngisebenzisa igama elithi console. Kumodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, nginikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo se-f0/0 ikheli le-IP elifiswayo kanye nemaski ye-subnet engu-255.255.255.0 bese ngengeza umyalo othi akukho ukuvala shaqa.
Okulandelayo, ngithayipha umyalo we-show flash futhi ngibone ukuthi kunamafayela angu-3 enkumbulweni. Inombolo yefayela 3 ibaluleke kakhulu, leli ifayela le-IOS lomzila. Manje ngidinga ukumisa iseva ye-TFTP, ngakho ngichofoza kusithonjana sedivayisi ye-Server0 bese ngivula ithebhu ethi SERVICES. Siyabona ukuthi iseva ye-TFTP ivuliwe futhi iqukethe amafayela avela kuzinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza ze-Cisco, kuhlanganise ne-IOS yomzila wethu we-c1841 - leli yifayela lesithathu ohlwini. Ngidinga ukulikhipha kuseva ngoba ngizokopisha elinye ifayela le-IOS lapha kumzila wethu, Router0. Ukwenza lokhu, ngigqamisa ifayela bese ngichofoza Susa ifayela, bese uya kuthebhu yekhonsoli yekhonsoli.
Kusuka kukhonsoli yomzila, ngifaka umyalo wokukopisha i-flash flash tftp <igama lefayela lomthombo> <ikheli lendawo/igama lomethuleli>, bese ngikopisha futhi nginamathisele igama lefayela lesistimu yokusebenza.
Okulandelayo emyalweni udinga ukucacisa ikheli noma igama lomsingathi wesilawuli kude lapho leli fayela kufanele likopishwe khona. Njengalapho ulondoloza ukucushwa kwe-boot yomzila, udinga ukuqaphela lapha. Uma ukopisha ngephutha hhayi ukucushwa kwamanje ku-boot eyodwa, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, i-boot eyodwa kuya kweyamanje, khona-ke ngemva kokuqalisa kabusha idivayisi uzolahlekelwa yizo zonke izilungiselelo ozenzile. Ngokufanayo, kulesi simo, umthombo nendawo akumele kudideke. Ngakho, okokuqala sicacisa igama lefayela elidinga ukukopishelwa kuseva, bese kuba ikheli le-IP lale seva 10.1.1.10.
Uyabona ukuthi ukudluliswa kwefayela sekuqalile, futhi uma ubheka uhlu lwamafayela e-TFTP, ungabona ukuthi esikhundleni sefayela elisusiwe, ifayela elisha le-IOS lomzila wethu livele lapha. Lena yindlela i-IOS ekopishelwa ngayo kuseva.
Manje sibuyela efasiteleni lezilungiselelo ze-router esikrinini se-laptop bese ufaka umyalo we-tftp flash wekhophi, cacisa ikheli le-host host 10.1.1.10 kanye negama lefayela lomthombo Igama lefayela Lomthombo, okungukuthi, i-IOS okudingeka ikopishwe ku- i-router flash: c1841-ipbase-mz.123 -14.T7.bin. Okulandelayo, cacisa igama lefayela okuyiwa kulo, igama lefayela Lendawo, kithi elizofana ncamashi negama lomthombo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngicindezela "Enter" futhi ifayela elisha le-IOS likopishelwe kumemori ye-flash yomzila. Uyabona ukuthi manje sinamafayela amabili esistimu yokusebenza: entsha enombolweni 3 kanye neyokuqala yangaphambili enombolweni yesi-4.
Esiqokweni se-IOS, inguqulo ibalulekile kithi - efayeleni lokuqala, inombolo 3, ingu-124, kanti kwesibili, inombolo 4, ingu-123, okungukuthi, inguqulo endala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-advipservicesk9 ibonisa ukuthi le nguqulo yesistimu isebenza kakhulu kune-ipbase, njengoba ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-MPLS nokunye okunjalo.
Esinye isimo ukuthi ususe i-flash ngephutha - ngithayipha umyalo wokususa i-flash futhi ngicacise igama lefayela le-IOS elizosuswa.
Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi manje ngokuzenzakalelayo ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, inombolo yefayela yesistimu 3 izosetshenziswa, okungukuthi, c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin. Ake sithi ngesizathu esithile ngifuna inombolo yefayela 4 ukuthi isetshenziswe ngokuzayo lapho ngiqala uhlelo - c1841-ipbase-mz.123-14.T7.bin. Ukuze ngenze lokhu, ngiya kumodi yokucushwa komhlaba wonke bese ngithayipha umyalo we-flash system ye-boot: с1841-ipbase-mz.123-14.T7.bin.
Manje, ngokuzayo uma uvula, leli fayela lizosetshenziswa njenge-OS ezenzakalelayo, ngisho noma sinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ezigcinwe ku-flash.
Ake sibuyele ekususeni i-OS bese uthayipha umyalo wokususa i-flash: с1841-ipbase-mz.123-14.T7.bin. Ngemva kwalokhu, sizosusa i-OS yesibili ngomyalo we-flash wokususa: с1841- advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin, ukuze i-router izolahlekelwa kokubili izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Uma manje sithayipha i-show flash, siyabona ukuthi manje asinayo nhlobo i-OS. Kwenzekani uma nginikeza umyalo wokuqalisa kabusha? Ungabona ukuthi ngemva kokufaka umyalo wokulayisha kabusha, idivayisi ingena ngokushesha kumodi ye-ROMmon. Njengoba ngishilo, lapho ibhutha idivayisi ibheka ifayela le-OS futhi uma ilahlekile, iya ku-base OS rommon.
I-Packet Tracer ayinayo imiyalo ye-xmodem engasetshenziswa kudivayisi ephathekayo yangempela. Lapho ufaka i-xmodem bese wengeza izinketho ezidingekayo mayelana nokuqalisa i-OS. Uma usebenzisa ukuphela kwe-SecureCRT, ungachofoza efayeleni, ukhethe inketho edlulisayo, bese ukhetha i-xmodem. Uma usuyikhethile i-xmodem, ukhetha ifayela lesistimu yokusebenza. Ake sicabange ukuthi leli fayela likukhompyutha yakho ephathekayo, bese uthayipha i-xmodem, ukhombe leli fayela bese ulithumela. Nokho i-xmodem ihamba kancane kakhulu, futhi inqubo yokudlulisa kuye ngosayizi wefayela ingathatha amahora angu-1-2.
Iseva ye-TFTP ishesha kakhulu. Njengoba bese ngishilo, i-Packet Tracer ayinayo imiyalo ye-xmodem, ngakho-ke sizolayisha i-tftp ngomyalo we-tftpdnld, emva kwalokho uhlelo luzonikeza amacebo okuthi ungasibuyisela kanjani isithombe sohlelo ngeseva ye-TFTP. Ubona amapharamitha ahlukahlukene ozodinga ukuwacacisa ukuze ulande ifayela le-OS. Kungani le mingcele idingeka? Kufanele zisetshenziswe ngoba kumodi ye-rommon le router ayinakho ukusebenza kwedivayisi ye-IOS egcwele. Ngakho-ke, kufanele siqale sicacise ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi somzila wethu sisebenzisa ipharamitha IP_ADDRESS=10.1.1.1, bese kuba imaski engaphansi IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0, isango elizenzakalelayo DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.1.1.10, iseva TFTP_SERVER=10.1.1.10 kanye ne-the. ifayela TFTP_FILE= c1841- advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin.
Ngemva kokwenza lokhu, ngisebenzisa umyalo we-tftpdnld, futhi uhlelo lucela ukuqinisekisa lesi senzo, ngoba yonke idatha ekhona ku-flash izolahleka. Uma ngiphendula ngokuthi “Yebo,” uzobona ukuthi umbala wamachweba oxhumano lwe-router-server ushintshile waba luhlaza, okungukuthi, inqubo yokukopisha isistimu yokusebenza kusuka kuseva iyaqhubeka.
Ngemuva kokuthi ukulanda kwefayela sekuqediwe, ngisebenzisa umyalo wokuqalisa, obese uqala ukukhipha isithombe sohlelo. Uyabona ukuthi ngemva kwalokhu umzila ungena esimweni sokusebenza, njengoba uhlelo lokusebenza lubuyiselwa kudivayisi. Lena yindlela okubuyiselwa ngayo ukusebenza kwedivayisi elahlekelwe isistimu yayo yokusebenza.
Manje ake sikhulume kancane mayelana nelayisensi ye-Cisco IOS.
Ngaphambi kwenguqulo 15, kwakukhona izinguqulo zangaphambili zamalayisense, isibonelo 12, ngemva kwalokho inguqulo 15 yakhululwa ngokushesha, ungabuzi ukuthi izinombolo 13 no-14 zaya kuphi. Ngakho, lapho uthenga idivayisi ye-Cisco, ngokusebenza okuyisisekelo kwe-IOS IP Isisekelo kubiza, yithi, $1000. Lokhu bekuyinani elincane lentengo yehardware enesistimu yokusebenza yokucushwa eyisisekelo efakiwe.
Ake sithi umngane wakho ubefuna ukuthi idivayisi yakhe ibe nokusebenza okuthuthukile kwe-Advance IP Services, intengo yaba, yithi, amadola ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Ngikunikeza izinombolo ezingahleliwe ukuze nje ngikunikeze umbono. Nakuba nobabili nine-hardware efanayo, umehluko kuphela isofthiwe efakiwe. Akukho okungakuvimba ekuceleni umngane ikhophi yesofthiwe yakhe, uyifake ku-hardware yakho, bese ulondoloza u-$9. Ngisho noma ungenaye umngane onjalo, ngokuthuthuka kwesimanje kwe-Intanethi, ungalanda futhi ufake ikhophi yesoftware ehlaselwe. Akukho emthethweni futhi angikuncomi ukuthi ukwenze, kodwa abantu bakwenza kakhulu. Yingakho i-Cisco inqume ukusebenzisa indlela evimbela ukukhwabanisa okunjalo futhi yathuthukisa inguqulo ye-IOS 15 ehlanganisa nokunikezwa kwelayisensi.
Ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini ze-iOS, isibonelo, i-12.4, igama lesistimu ngokwalo libonise ukusebenza kwalo, ngakho ngokungena kuzilungiselelo zedivayisi, ungawanquma ngegama lefayela le-OS. Eqinisweni, bekunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa zenguqulo efanayo, njengalapho kukhona i-Windows Home, i-Windows Professional, i-Windows Enterprise, njll.
Enguqulweni ye-15, kunesistimu eyodwa kuphela yokusebenza yendawo yonke - i-Cisco IOSv15, enamazinga amaningana wokulayisensa. Isithombe sesistimu siqukethe yonke imisebenzi, kodwa ikhiyiwe futhi ihlukaniswe ngamaphakheji.
Iphakheji le-IP Base lisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, linokufaneleka impilo yonke futhi litholakala kunoma ubani othenga idivayisi ye-Cisco. Amaphakheji amathathu asele, Idatha, Ukuxhumana Okuhlanganisiwe Nokuphepha, angasetshenziswa kuphela ngelayisensi. Uma udinga iphakheji Yedatha, ungaya kuwebhusayithi yenkampani, ukhokhe inani elithile, futhi i-Cisco izothumela ifayela lelayisense ku-imeyili yakho. Ukopisha leli fayela kumemori ye-flash yocingo lwakho usebenzisa i-TFTP noma enye indlela, ngemva kwalokho zonke izici zephakheji Yedatha zitholakala ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uma udinga izici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ezifana nokubethela, i-IPSec, i-VPN, i-firewall, njll., uthenga ilayisensi yephakheji Yezokuphepha.
Manje, ngisebenzisa i-Packet Tracer, ngizokukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kubukeka kanjani. Ngiya kuthebhu ye-CLI yezilungiselelo ze-router bese ngifaka umyalo wenguqulo yombukiso. Ungabona ukuthi sisebenzisa inguqulo ye-OS 15.1, lena i-OS yendawo yonke equkethe konke ukusebenza. Uma uskrolela phansi kwewindi, ungabona imininingwane yelayisensi.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphakheji ye-ipbase ingunaphakade futhi itholakala njalo uma idivayisi ibhutha, futhi ukuphepha nedatha yamaphakheji engatholakali ngoba isistimu okwamanje ayinawo amalayisense afanelekile.
Ungasebenzisa ilayisensi yombukiso wonke umyalo ukuze ubuke imininingwane yelayisensi enemininingwane. Ungaphinda ubuke imininingwane yelayisensi yamanje usebenzisa umyalo wemininingwane yelayisensi yombukiso. Izici zelayisensi zingabukwa kusetshenziswa umyalo wezimpawu zelayisensi yombukiso. Lesi isifinyezo sohlelo lwamalayisense e-Cisco. Uya kuwebhusayithi yenkampani, uthenge ilayisense edingekayo, bese ufaka ifayela lelayisense ohlelweni. Lokhu kungenziwa kumodi yokumisa izilungiselelo zomhlaba wonke kusetshenziswa umyalo wokufaka ilayisensi.
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Source: www.habr.com