Cabanga ukuthi i-STP isesimweni sokuhlangana. Kwenzekani uma ngithatha ikhebula futhi ngixhuma inkinobho engu-H ngokuqondile ku-root switch A? I-Root Bridge "iyabona" ukuthi inechweba elisha elinikwe amandla futhi ithumela i-BPDU phezu kwayo.
Ukushintsha H, ngemva kokuthola lolu hlaka olunezindleko ezinguziro, kuzonquma izindleko zomzila odlula embotsheni entsha njengo-0 + 19 = 19, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindleko zembobo yezimpande zingu-76. Ngemva kwalokho, imbobo yokushintsha H , ebikade isesimweni sokukhubazeka, izodlula kuzo zonke izigaba zoshintsho futhi izoshintshela kumodi yokudlulisela kuphela ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-50. Uma amanye amadivaysi exhunywe kule swishi, khona-ke wonke azolahlekelwa ukuxhumana ne-root switch kanye nenethiwekhi iyonke imizuzwana engu-50.
I-Switch G yenza okufanayo, ithola uhlaka lwe-BPDU olusuka ku-H enesaziso sezindleko ezingu-19. Ishintsha izindleko zembobo eyabelwe yona ibe ngu-19+19= 38 futhi iyabela kabusha njengembobo yezimpande entsha, ngenxa yokuthi izindleko ze-Root yayo yangaphambilini. Imbobo ingu-57, enkulu kuno-38. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izigaba zokuqondisa kabusha imbobo ezithatha imizuzwana engu-50 ziqala futhi, futhi, ekugcineni, yonke inethiwekhi iyawa.
Manje ake sibheke ukuthi yini engenzeka esimweni esifanayo lapho usebenzisa i-RSTP. Ukushintsha kwempande kuzothumela i-BPDU kuswishi ye-H exhunywe kuyo ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho izovimba imbobo yayo. Lapho uthola lolu hlaka, ukushintsha H kuzonquma ukuthi lo mzila unezindleko eziphansi kunembobo yawo yezimpande, futhi uzowuvimba ngokushesha. Ngemva kwalokho, u-H uzothumela Isiphakamiso kusishintshi sempande ngesicelo sokuvula imbobo entsha, ngoba izindleko zayo zingaphansi kwezindleko zembobo ekhona kakade. Ngemuva kokuthi iswishi yempande ivumelane nesicelo, ivula imbobo yayo futhi ithumele Isivumelwano sokushintsha u-H, ngemva kwalokho lokhu kuzokwenza imbobo entsha imbobo yayo yezimpande.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yomshini we-Proposal / Agreement, ukunikezwa kabusha kwembobo yezimpande kuzokwenzeka cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, futhi wonke amadivaysi axhunywe ekushintsheni u-H ngeke alahlekelwe uxhumano nenethiwekhi.
Ngokunikeza Imbobo Yezimpande entsha, shintsha okuthi H kuzoshintsha imbobo yezimpande endala ibe enye imbobo. Okufanayo kuzokwenzeka nge-switch G - izoshintshanisa imilayezo yesiphakamiso / Isivumelwano ne-switch H, inikeze imbobo yezimpande entsha futhi ivimbe amanye amachweba. Bese inqubo izoqhubeka engxenyeni yenethiwekhi elandelayo ngokushintsha F.
Ukushintsha u-F, ngemva kokuhlaziya izindleko, kuzobona ukuthi umzila oya embotsheni yezimpande uzobiza u-57, kuyilapho umzila okhona odlula embotsheni engaphezulu ubiza u-38, futhi uzoshiya yonke into njengoba injalo. Lapho izwa ngalokhu, inkinobho engu-G izovimba imbobo ebheke ku-F futhi izodlulisela ithrafikhi kusiwishi esiyimpande emzileni omusha we-GHA.
Kuze kube yilapho inkinobho F ithola Isiphakamiso/Isivumelwano kusuka ku-G, izogcina imbobo yayo engezansi ivinjiwe ukuze ivimbele amalophu. Ngakho ungabona ukuthi i-RSTP iyiphrothokholi eshesha kakhulu engadali izinkinga i-STP enazo kunethiwekhi.
Manje ake siqhubekele emiyalweni. Udinga ukufaka imodi yokushintsha ukushintsha komhlaba bese ukhetha imodi ye-PVST noma i-RPVST usebenzisa umyalo wemodi yesihlahla esinwebekayo. . Khona-ke udinga ukunquma ukuthi ungashintsha kanjani okubalulekile kwe-VLAN ethile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa umyalo we-spanning-tree vlan <VLAN number> <value>. Kusukela esifundweni sevidiyo sokugcina, kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi okubalulekile wukuphindaphinda kwe-4096 futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo le nombolo ingu-32768 kanye nenombolo ye-VLAN. Uma ukhethe i-VLAN1, khona-ke okubalulekile okuzenzakalelayo kuzoba ngu-32768+1= 32769.
Kungani kungase kudingeke ukuthi uguqule okubalulekile kwamanethiwekhi? Siyazi ukuthi i-BID iqukethe inani elibalulekile lenombolo kanye nekheli le-MAC. Ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi alikwazi ukushintshwa, linenani eliqhubekayo, ngakho-ke inani elibalulekile kuphela elingashintshwa.
Ake sicabange ukuthi kunenethiwekhi enkulu lapho wonke amadivayisi e-Cisco axhunywe khona ngephethini eyindilinga. Kulokhu, i-PVST yenziwa yasebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngakho uhlelo luzokhetha iswishi yezimpande. Uma wonke amadivayisi anokubaluleka okufanayo, khona-ke ukushintshwa okunekheli le-MAC elidala kuzoza kuqala. Kodwa-ke, kungase kube ukushintshwa kwefa leminyaka eyi-10-12 elingenawo namandla nokusebenza "okuhola" inethiwekhi enkulu kangaka.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungase ube noshintsho olusha kakhulu kunethiwekhi ngamadola ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, okuthi, ngenxa yenani eliphakeme lekheli le-MAC, liphoqeleke ukuba "lithumele" kushintsho oludala olubiza amadola angamakhulu ambalwa. Uma iswishi endala iba isishintshi sezimpande, lokhu kubonisa iphutha elibi lomklamo wenethiwekhi.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele uye kuzilungiselelo zeswishi entsha futhi unikeze inani elibalulekile elibalulekile, isibonelo, 0. Uma usebenzisa i-VLAN1, inani eliphelele elibalulekile lizoba ngu-0 + 1 = 1, futhi wonke amanye amadivaysi azohlala eyibheka njenge ukushintsha impande.
Manje ake ucabange ngesimo esinjalo. Uma i-root switch ingatholakali ngenxa yesizathu esithile, ungase ufune ukuthi iswishi yempande entsha ingabi nje noma yikuphi ukushintshwa okubalulekile okuphansi, kodwa kube iswishi ethile enezici ezingcono zokuxhumana. Kulesi simo, izilungiselelo ze-Root Bridge zisebenzisa umyalo onikeza amaswishi ezimpande eziyinhloko nezesibili: spanning-tree vlan <VLAN network number> root <primary/secondary>. Inani elibalulekile leswishi Eyisisekelo lizoba ngu-32768 - 4096 - 4096 = 24576. Ekushintshanisweni Kwesibili, ibalwa ngefomula ethi 32768 - 4096 = 28672.
Awudingi ukufaka lezi zinombolo ngesandla - uhlelo luzokwenzela lokhu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukushintshwa okunokubaluleka okungu-24576 kuzoba ukushintshwa kwezimpande, futhi uma kungatholakali, ukushintshwa okubalulekile ku-28672, kuyilapho okubalulekile kwazo zonke ezinye izinguquko ngokuzenzakalelayo okungenani ku-32768. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe uma ungafuni uhlelo. ukwabela ngokuzenzakalelayo iswishi yezimpande.
Uma ufuna ukubuka izilungiselelo zephrothokholi ye-STP, kufanele usebenzise umyalo wokufingqwa kwesihlahla sombukiso. Manje ake sibheke zonke izihloko ezihlanganiswa namuhla kusetshenziswa i-Packet Tracer. Ngisebenzisa i-topology yenethiwekhi ye-4 switch model 2690, akunandaba, ngoba wonke amamodeli ama-switch e-Cisco asekela i-STP. Zixhumene komunye nomunye ukuze inethiwekhi yakhe umbuthano ononya.
Ngokuzenzakalelayo, amadivayisi e-Cisco asebenza ngemodi ye-PSTV+, okusho ukuthi imbobo ngayinye ngeke idinge amasekhondi angaphezu kwangu-20 ukuze ihlangane. Iphaneli yokulingisa ikuvumela ukuthi ubonise ukuthunyelwa kwethrafikhi futhi ubuke amapharamitha enethiwekhi edaliwe.
Ungabona ukuthi luyini uhlaka lwe-STP BPDU. Uma ubona inguqulo 0, khona-ke une-STP, ngenxa yokuthi inguqulo 2 isetshenziselwa i-RSTP. Iphinde ibonise inani le-Root ID, elihlanganisa ukubaluleka kanye nekheli le-MAC le-root switch, kanye nenani le-ID ye-Bridge elilingana nayo.
Lawa manani ayalingana, njengoba izindleko zomzila oya ekushintsheni kwempande ye-SW0 zingu-0, ngakho-ke, inguquko yempande ngokwayo. Ngakho, ngemva kokushintsha ukushintsha, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-STP, i-Root Bridge yakhethwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi inethiwekhi yaqala ukusebenza. Ungabona ukuthi ukuze uvimbele iluphu, imbobo engenhla engu-Fa0 / 2 yokushintsha i-SW2 yayisethelwe esimweni Sokuvimba, kodwa lokho okubonisa umbala osawolintshi womaka.
Ake siye kukhonsoli yezilungiselelo zokushintsha SW0 futhi sisebenzise imiyalo embalwa. Owokuqala umyalo we-shopping-tree-tree, ngemva kokungena esizoboniswa ulwazi mayelana nemodi ye-PSTV + ye-VLAN1 esikrinini. Uma sisebenzisa ama-VLAN ambalwa, enye ibhulokhi yolwazi izovela phansi kwefasitela kumanethiwekhi esibili nalandelayo asetshenzisiwe.
Ungabona ukuthi iphrothokholi ye-STP iyatholakala ngaphansi kwezinga le-IEEE, okusho ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-PVSTP+. Ngobuchwepheshe, lokhu akulona izinga le-.1d. Iphinde ibonise ulwazi lwe-ID ye-Root: okubalulekile 32769, ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi yezimpande, izindleko ezingu-19, njll. Lokhu kulandelwa ulwazi lwe-ID Yebhuloho, olunquma inani elibalulekile elithi 32768 +1, futhi lilandelwe elinye ikheli le-MAC. Njengoba ubona, ngenze iphutha - ukushintshwa kwe-SW0 akusona iswishi yezimpande, iswishi yezimpande inekheli elihlukile le-MAC elinikezwe kumapharamitha we-Root ID. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-SW0 ithole uhlaka lwe-BPDU olunolwazi lokuthi okunye ukushintshwa kunethiwekhi kunesizathu esihle sokudlala indima yempande. Manje sizocabangela lokhu.
(isaziso somhumushi: I-Root ID iyinkomba ye-root switch, efanayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi e-VLAN efanayo esebenza ngaphansi kwephrothokholi ye-STP, i-Bridge ID inkomba yokushintsha kwendawo njengengxenye ye-Root Bridge, engahluka amaswishi ahlukene nama-VLAN ahlukene).
Esinye isimo esikhomba ukuthi i-SW0 akuyona i-root switch ukuthi i-root switch ayinayo i-Root Port, futhi kulokhu kukhona kokubili i-Root Port kanye ne-Designated Port ezisesimweni sokudlulisela phambili. Uphinde ubone uhlobo lokuxhuma lwe-p2p, noma iphoyinti-kuya-iphuzu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimbobo ze-fa0/1 kanye ne-fa0/2 zixhunywe ngokuqondile kumaswishi angomakhelwane.
Uma imbobo ethile ibixhunywe kuhabhu, uhlobo loxhumano luzokhethwa njengolwabelwa ngalo, sizobheka lokhu kamuva. Uma ngifaka umyalo wesifinyezo sesihlahla esinwebekayo ukuze ngibuke ulwazi olufinyeziwe, sizobona ukuthi le swishi ikumodi ye-PVSTP, elandelwa ukufakwa kuhlu kwemisebenzi yembobo engatholakali.
Okulandelayo kubonisa isimo kanye nenombolo yezimbobo ezisebenzisa i-VLAN1: ukuvimba u-0, ukulalela 0, ukufunda u-0, kukhona izimbobo ezingu-2 esimweni sokudlulisela kumodi ye-STP.
Ngaphambi kokudlulela ekushintsheni i-SW2, ake sibheke izilungiselelo zokushintsha SW1. Ukuze senze lokhu, sisebenzisa umyalo ofanayo wokubonisa isihlahla.
Ungabona ukuthi ikheli le-MAC le-ID ye-Root yokushintsha i-SW1 liyafana nele-SW0, ngoba wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi athola ikheli elifanayo ledivayisi ye-Root Bridge lapho ehlangana, njengoba ethemba ukukhetha okwenziwe yi-STP. Iphrothokholi. Njengoba ubona, i-SW1 iwushintsho lwempande, ngoba i-Root ID nekheli le-ID yeBridge ayafana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomlayezo othi "le switch is root".
Olunye uphawu lwe-root switch ukuthi ayinawo ama-Root ports, womabili amachweba aqokwe njenge-Designated. Uma zonke izimbobo ziboniswa njengeziqokiwe futhi zisesimweni sokudlulisela phambili, lapho-ke uneswishi yempande.
Ukushintsha i-SW3 kuqukethe ulwazi olufanayo, futhi manje ngishintshela ku-SW2 ngoba enye yezimbobo zayo isesimweni Sokuvimba. Ngisebenzisa umyalo we-shopping-tree-tree futhi siyabona ukuthi ulwazi lwe-Root ID kanye nenani elibalulekile liyafana namanye amaswishi.
Kuphinde kwavezwa ukuthi elinye lamachweba yi-Alternative. Ungadideki, izinga le-802.1d liyibiza ngokuthi Imbobo Evimbelayo, futhi ku-PVSTP imbobo evinjiwe ihlale ibizwa ngokuthi Enye. Ngakho-ke, enye imbobo ye-Fa0/2 isesimweni esivinjiwe, futhi imbobo ye-Fa0/1 isebenza njenge-Root Port.
Imbobo evinjiwe itholakala engxenyeni yenethiwekhi phakathi kokushintsha u-SW0 nokushintsha i-SW2, ngakho-ke asenzi iluphu. Njengoba ubona, amaswishi asebenzisa uxhumano lwe-p2p ngoba awekho amanye amadivaysi axhumeke kuwo.
Sinenethiwekhi ehlangana ngephrothokholi ye-STP. Manje ngizothatha ikhebula futhi ngixhume ngokuqondile i-switch SW2 ku-switch yehhashi SW1. Ngemuva kwalokho, zonke izimbobo ze-SW2 zizokhonjiswa ngomaka abolintshi.
Uma sisebenzisa i-show spanning-tree summary command, sizobona ukuthi ekuqaleni izimbobo ezimbili zisesimweni Sokulalela, bese zingena esimweni Sokufunda, futhi ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa zingena esimweni Sokudlulisela phambili, kuyilapho umbala womaka ushintsha ukuze eluhlaza. Uma manje ukhipha umyalo wesihlahla esinwebekayo sombukiso, ungabona ukuthi i-Fa0/1, eyayivame ukuba yi-Root port, manje isingene esimweni sokuvimba futhi isiyaziwa ngokuthi Imbobo Ehlukile.
Imbobo ye-Fa0/3, okuxhunywe kuyo intambo yokushintsha impande, isiphenduke Imbobo ye-Root, futhi imbobo ye-Fa0/2 isiphenduke imbobo ekhethiwe. Ake sibheke futhi inqubo yokuhlangana eqhubekayo. Ngizonqamula ikhebuli ye-SW2-SW1 futhi ngibuyele ku-topology yangaphambilini. Ungabona ukuthi izimbobo ze-SW2 ziqala zivimbe bese ziphenduka zibe-orange futhi, bese ngokulandelana zidlule ezifundeni zokulalela nokufunda bese zifinyelela kusimo Sokudlulisela. Kulokhu, imbobo eyodwa iba luhlaza, kanti eyesibili, exhunywe kuswishi ye-SW0, ihlala isawolintshi. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ithathe isikhathi eside impela, lezi yizindleko zomsebenzi we-STP.
Manje ake sibheke ukuthi i-RSTP isebenza kanjani. Ake siqale ngeswishi ye-SW2 bese sifaka umyalo we-pvst wemodi ye-spanning-tree kuzilungiselelo zayo. Lo myalo unezinketho ezimbili kuphela zepharamitha: pvst kanye ne-rapid-pvst, ngisebenzisa eyesibili. Ngemva kokufaka umyalo, iswishi ishintshela kumodi ye-RPVST, ungabheka lokhu ngomyalo wokubonisa isihlahla.
Ekuqaleni, ubona umlayezo othi manje sinephrothokholi ye-RSTP esebenzayo. Konke okunye kwahlala kungashintshile. Bese kufanele ngenze okufanayo kuwo wonke amanye amadivayisi, futhi lokhu kuqeda ukusethwa kwe-RSTP. Ake sibheke ukuthi le phrothokholi isebenza kanjani ngendlela esenza ngayo ku-STP.
Ngiphinda ngikhebula iswishi i-SW2 ngqo kusishintshi sempande SW1 - ake sibone ukuthi ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngokushesha kangakanani. Ngithayipha umyalo wesifinyezo sesihlahla esinabile futhi ngibona ukuthi izimbobo zokushintshwa ezimbili zisesimweni Sokuvimba, u-1 usesimweni Sokudlulisela.
Ungabona ukuthi ukuhlangana kwenzeke cishe ngokushesha, ukuze ubone ukuthi i-RSTP ishesha kangakanani kune-STP. Okulandelayo, singasebenzisa umyalo ozenzakalelayo wephothifothi yesihlahla esina, ozobeka zonke izimbobo ekushintsheni zibe yimodi ye-portfast ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kubalulekile uma iningi lamachweba okushintsha amachweba e-Edge axhunywe ngokuqondile kubasingathi. Uma sinembobo engeyona ye-Edge, siyibuyisela kumodi yesihlahla esinwebekayo.
Ukuze ulungiselele umsebenzi nge-VLAN, ungasebenzisa umyalo we-spanning-tree vlan <number> onezimiso ezibalulekile (isetha ukubaluleka kokushintsha kwesihlahla esispana) noma impande (isetha iswishi njengempande). Sisebenzisa umyalo obalulekile we-spanning-tree vlan 1, sicacisa noma yikuphi ukuphindaphinda kwe-4096 ebangeni elisuka ku-0 kuye ku-61440 njengokubalulekile. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukushintsha mathupha ukubaluleka kwanoma iyiphi i-VLAN.
Ungakhipha umyalo wempande we-spanning-tree vlan 1 ngezinketho eziyinhloko noma zesibili ukuze ulungiselele imbobo yezimpande eyinhloko noma eyisipele yenethiwekhi ethile. Uma ngisebenzisa i-spannning-tree vlan 1 root primary, le port izoba imbobo yempande eyinhloko ye-VLAN1.
Ngizofaka i-show spanning-tree umyalo, futhi sizobona ukuthi le switch SW2 inokubaluleka kwe-24577, amakheli we-MAC we-Root ID kanye ne-ID ye-Bridge ayafana, okusho ukuthi manje isiphenduke i-root switch.
Ungabona ukuthi ukuhlangana nokushintsha izindima kwenzeke ngokushesha kangakanani. Manje ngizokhansela imodi yokushintsha eyinhloko nge-no spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary command, ngemva kwalokho okubalulekile kwayo kuzobuyela kunani langaphambilini lika-32769, futhi indima yokushintsha impande izophinde iye ku-SW1.
Ake sibone ukuthi i-portfast isebenza kanjani. Ngizofaka umyalo int f0 / 1, hamba kuzilungiselelo zalesi port bese usebenzisa umyalo we-spanning-tree, emva kwalokho uhlelo luzokwazisa amanani wepharamitha.
Okulandelayo, ngisebenzisa umyalo we-portfast wesihlahla esinabile, ongafakwa ngezinketho zokukhubaza (ikhubaza i-portfast yalesi sizinda) noma i-trunk (inika amandla i-portfast yalesi sizinda, ngisho nakumodi ye-trunk).
Uma ufaka i-spannning-tree portfast, umsebenzi uzovele uvule le port. Umyalo wokunika amandla isihlahla se-bpduguard kufanele usetshenziselwe ukunika amandla isici se-BPDU Guard, i-spanning-tree bpduguard disable command ikhubaza lesi sici.
Ngizokutshela ngokushesha into eyodwa futhi. Uma ku-VLAN1 isixhumi esibonakalayo se-switch SW2 esiqondisweni se-SW3 sivinjiwe, ngakho-ke nezinye izilungiselelo ze-VLAN, isibonelo, i-VLAN2, isixhumi esibonakalayo esifanayo singaba imbobo yezimpande. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lungasebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa umthwalo wethrafikhi - kwesinye isikhathi, le ngxenye yenethiwekhi ayisetshenziswa, kwesinye isetshenziswa.
Ngizobonisa ukuthi kwenzekani uma sinesixhumanisi esibonakalayo lapho sixhuma ihabhu. Ngizokwengeza ihabhu kumdwebo bese ngiwuxhuma ekushintsheni kwe-SW2 ngezintambo ezimbili.
Umyalo we-shopping-tree-tree uzoveza isithombe esilandelayo.
I-Fa0/5 (imbobo engezansi kwesokunxele yeswishi) iba imbobo eyisipele, futhi imbobo engu-Fa0/4 (imbobo engezansi kwesokudla yeswishi) iba imbobo ekhethiwe. Uhlobo lwazo zombili izimbobo luvamile, noma lwabiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye ye-hub-switch interface iyinethiwekhi eyabiwe.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-RSTP, sithole ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye izimbobo kanye nezipele. Uma sishintsha ukushintshwa kwe-SW2 kumodi ye-pvst ngomyalo we-pvst wemodi yesihlahla esinqamulayo, sizobona ukuthi isixhumi esibonakalayo se-Fa0 / 5 sishintshele ku-Alternative state futhi, ngoba manje awukho umehluko phakathi kwembobo eyisipele nenye imbobo.
Bekuyisifundo eside kakhulu, futhi uma kukhona ongakuqondi, ngikweluleka ukuthi usibuyekeze futhi.
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Source: www.habr.com