Isifundo sevidiyo sanamuhla sephrothokholi yomzila we-Distance Vector kanye ne-Link State sandulela esinye sezihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu zesifundo se-CCNA - i-OSPF ne-EIGRP yomzila. Lesi sihloko sizothatha izifundo zevidiyo ezi-4 noma ezi-6 ezilandelayo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla ngizokhuluma kafushane mayelana nemiqondo embalwa okudingeka uyazi ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda nge-OSPF ne-EIGRP.
Esifundweni sokugcina, sibuyekeze isigaba 2.1 sesihloko se-ICND2, futhi namuhla sizofunda izigaba 2.2 βUkufana nomehluko phakathi kwephrothokholi ye-vector yebanga I-Distance Vector (DV) kanye ne-Link State (LS) yamaphrothokholi wesiteshi sokuxhumanaβ kanye no-2.3 βUkufana nokuhluka phakathi kwamaphrothokholi omzila wangaphakathi nangaphandle ".
Njengoba ngishilo, kumavidiyo angu-4 noma angu-6 alandelayo sizohlanganisa izihloko ezibalulekile zesifundo sonke - OSPFv2 ye-IPv4, OSPFv3 ye-IPv6, EIGRP ye-IPv4 kanye ne-EIGRP ye-IPv6. Abafundi bavame ukungibuza ukuthi iyini iphrothokholi Yokuzula nokuthi ihluke kanjani kuphrothokholi ethi Routed/Routable.
Iphrothokholi yomzila esetshenziswa umzila, njenge-RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, nezinye. Iphrothokholi yomzila iyindlela yokuthi amarutha axhumane wodwa lapho acobelelana ngolwazi mayelana nenethiwekhi futhi agcwalise amathebula awo omzila ngalolo lwazi. Ngokusekelwe kulawa mathebula, benza izinqumo zomzila.
Ngemuva kokuthi ama-routers "akhulume" omunye nomunye futhi agcwalise amatafula omzila, enze konke lokhu ngosizo lwe-protocol yomzila, benza izinqumo mayelana nokuthumela ithrafikhi kwamanye amanethiwekhi. Isebenzisa iphrothokholi eshintshekayo evumela amarutha ukuthi adlulisele phambili noma ahambise ithrafikhi. Lawa maphrothokholi afaka i-IPv4 ne-IPv6.
Ngakho-ke, iphrothokholi yomzila iqinisekisa ukuthi amatafula omzila agcwaliswa ngolwazi, futhi umthetho olandelwayo uqinisekisa ukuthi ithrafikhi ihanjiswa ngokuhambisana nolwazi olukulawa mathebula. Ngenxa ye-IPv4 noma i-IPv6, idatha edlulisiwe ihlanganiswe futhi inikezwe izihloko ze-IP, njengoba amagama alezi zimiso ngokwazo, i-IP, ebonisa.
Umbuzo olandelayo umayelana nomehluko phakathi kwe-Interior Gateway Protocol kanye ne-Exterior Gateway Protocol. Ungavumeli igama elithi "isango" likukhohlise. Ngokuvamile, ama-routers asetshenziswa ohlelweni oluzimele. Ake sithi unamarutha angama-50 enkampanini yakho usebenzisa noma iyiphi iphrothokholi ye-IP oyithandayo. Zonke zakha uhlelo oluzimele, okungukuthi, zisetshenziswa futhi ziphathwe yinkampani eyodwa, inhlangano eyodwa.
Ngakho-ke, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziselwa ukunikeza umzila ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo oluzimele zibizwa ngokuthi i-internal gateway protocols, futhi imigomo yokukhipha umzila ngaphandle kwesistimu ibizwa ngokuthi izivumelwano zesango langaphandle. I-External Gateway Protocol inikeza umzila phakathi kwamasistimu ahlukene azimele. Isistimu eyodwa enjalo ingaba i-ISP yakho, futhi isistimu yabo ingaba amarutha angama-200. Amasistimu azimele asebenzisa iphrothokholi yesango langaphandle ukuze axhumane.
Izivumelwano zesango langaphakathi ziyi-RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, futhi umthetho olandelwayo owodwa okwamanje usetshenziswa njengephrothokholi yesango langaphandle - BGP.
Izincazelo ezimbili ezilandelayo okudingeka uziqonde i-Distance Vector kanye ne-Link State. Lezi izinhlobo ezimbili zephrothokholi yomzila wesango langaphakathi.
Ake sithi sinamarutha angu-3 axhunywe kwamanye kanye nakunethiwekhi ye-192.168.10.0/24. Masibabize ngo-A, B, no-C. Esifundweni se-ICND1, siyazi ukuthi kwenzekani uma usebenzisa i-RIP.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-Router B iseduze kakhulu nenethiwekhi ye-192.168.10.0/24, i-Router B ithumela isikhangiso sale nethiwekhi kuqala ku-Router A kanye ne-Router C. I-Router C nayo idlulisela lesi sikhangiso ku-Router A. I-Router A ithola ulwazi mayelana ne-interface yenethiwekhi 192.168.10.0. - f24/0 kanye no-f0/0. Njengoba iphrothokholi ye-RIPv1 isebenzisa imethrikhi ye-Hop Count, izotshela umzila ukuthi umzila olungile wokufinyelela kule nethiwekhi ukudlula Umzila B, ngoba lapho-ke inethiwekhi ingafinyelelwa nge-hop eyodwa. Uma usebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo se-f2/192.168.10.0 ukuze uxhumane nenethiwekhi ye-24/0, kuzodingeka ama-hop angu-1. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono we-router A, kuzoba kuhle ukusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi se-f2/0. U-A wenza lesi sinqumo ngoba usebenzisa i-RIP, okuyiphrothokholi ye-vector yebanga.
Ngokomdwebo obonisiwe, siyabona ukuthi lesi yisixazululo esifanele, ngoba ibanga eliphakathi kuka-A no-B lifushane kakhulu. Kodwa kwenzekani uma ngithi kukhona umugqa wama-kbps angama-64 phakathi kuka-A no-B, kanye nomugqa ongu-100 Mbps phakathi kuka-C no-B, futhi umugqa ofanayo uphakathi kuka-C no-A?
Imuphi umzila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ozoba okahle kakhulu?
Kunjalo, amamegabhithi ayi-100 ngomugqa wesibili ungcono kakhulu kunamakhilobhithi angama-64 ngomugqa wesibili, noma umzila odlula kuwo uthatha ama-hops ama-2 esikhundleni sowodwa. Kodwa-ke, iphrothokholi yevekhtha yebanga i-RIP ayibheki isivinini sokudluliswa kwethrafikhi, njengoba ukukhethwa komzila olungile kuqondiswa inani elincane lama-hops. Kulokhu, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-Link State protocol efana ne-OSPF. Le nqubo yomthetho ihlola izindleko zemizila, bese ithola βeshibhe kakhulu,β ithumela ithrafikhi endleleni Umzila A - Umzila C - Umzila B.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-RIP, i-OSPF iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, icabangela izici eziningi lapho inquma umzila ongcono kakhulu, kanye nokuthola indlela emfushane kakhulu ngokuya ngamamethrikhi.
I-EIGRP yake yaba yi-Cisco proprietary routing protocol futhi manje isiyindinganiso evulekile. Kuyinhlanganisela yezici ezinhle kakhulu zephrothokholi ye-vector yebanga kanye nephrothokholi yesimo senethiwekhi. Icabangela kokubili umkhawulokudonsa kanye nokulibaziseka kwenethiwekhi. Njengoba wazi, uma umzila umude, okungukuthi, ama-hops amaningi, ukulibaziseka kuba kude. Ngakho-ke, iphrothokholi ye-EIGRP ikhetha umzila onokuphuma okuphezulu kanye nokubambezeleka kwengqikithi encane ngokuqhathanisa amamethrikhi omzila. I-output ebonisiwe nokubambezeleka kuyingxenye yefomula esekelwe lapho kwenziwa khona isinqumo somzila.
Lona umehluko phakathi kwe-Distance Vector kanye ne-Link State protocol. Izimiso zevekhtha yebanga kuphela zicabangela ibanga lomzila, kuyilapho izimiso ze-Link State zicabangela isimo senethiwekhi endleleni yomzila, njengejubane nokuphuma.
I-EIGRP iyiphrothokholi yomzila oyingxubevange njengoba ihlanganisa izici zazo zombili lezi zimiso ezingenhla. Ngokombono we-Cisco, lena iphrothokholi yomzila engcono kakhulu, ngakho-ke ikhethwa yibo bonke onjiniyela benkampani, kodwa isimiso esivame kakhulu emhlabeni yi-OSPF. Isizathu siwukuthi i-EIGRP isanda kuba yindinganiso evulekile, ngakho abathengisi bezinkampani zangaphandle abaqiniseki ngokuhambisana kwayo nemishini yabo yenethiwekhi.
Cabanga ukuthi lingakanani izinga lokwethenjwa kuphrothokholi. Lapho irutha A ithola ulwazi lomzila oluvela emithonjeni emi-2 ehlukene, isebenzisa ifomula ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi imizila emibili okufanele ifakwe etafuleni lomzila. Kulula ngoba ubheka amapharamitha womzila B-A no-A-C-B, awaqhathanise futhi enze isinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Yiqiniso, i-OSPF iphinde ilayishe izilinganiso, okungukuthi, uma imizila emibili inezindleko ezifanayo, yenza ukulinganisa komthwalo. Sizocubungula le nkinga ngokuningiliziwe kumavidiyo alandelayo, kodwa namuhla ngifuna nje wazi ngayo.
Ake sibheke ithebula elilandelayo. Ngezansi ngizophinda ngidwebe amarutha A, B kanye no-C, akha isistimu yenethiwekhi ezimele enkampanini yakho. Ake sithi inkampani yakho ithole enye inkampani enesistimu enamarutha A1, B1, kanye ne-C1. Ngakho-ke, manje usunezinkampani ezimbili, ngayinye inenethiwekhi yayo. Ake sithi eyokuqala isebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo we-EIGRP, kanti eyesibili isebenzisa i-OSPF.
Yebo, ungakwazi ukulungisa kabusha inethiwekhi yakho ukuze usebenzise i-OSPF, noma ushintshe inethiwekhi yenkampani yakho oyizuzile ibe yi-EIGRP, kodwa lowo inqwaba yomsebenzi wokuphatha. Enkampanini encane, lokhu kusengenziwa, kodwa uma inkampani inkulu, khona-ke lokhu kungumsebenzi omkhulu. Kulokhu, ungakwazi ukusabalalisa kabusha, okungukuthi, uthathe imizila ye-EIGRP futhi usabalalise phezu kwe-OSPF, futhi usabalalise kabusha imizila ye-OSPF phezu kwe-EIGRP. Kungenzeka ngempela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, enye yamarutha enkampani yakho kufanele isebenze kumaphrothokholi amabili - i-EIGRP ne-OSPF, ake sithi izoba umzila B. Izoqukatha itafula lomzila, lapho ezinye zemizila zitholakala ku-EIGRP, kanti ezinye zivela ku-OSPF. Ake sithi sinenye inethiwekhi zombili izinkampani ezixhumeke kuyo. Kulesi simo, inkampani yokuqala izosebenzisa imizila yetafula le-EIGRP ukuxhumana nayo, kanti eyesibili izosebenzisa imizila evela ku-protocol ye-OSPF, futhi kuyoba nzima kakhulu ukuqhathanisa le mizila etholwe emithonjeni ehlukene, ngoba ngayinye bakhetha umzila ongcono kakhulu ngokuya ngamamethrikhi awo.
Kulokhu, umqondo we-Administrative Distance, noma ibanga lokuphatha, lisetshenziswa. Isiza irutha ukukhetha umzila ofaneleka kakhulu emizileni eminingana etholwe kumaphrothokholi omzila ahlukene. Isibonelo, uma i-router B ixhunywe ngokuqondile ku-router C, ibanga lokuphatha lizoba ngu-0, okuwumzila othembeke kakhulu. Ake sithi u-A wazisa u-B ukuthi naye uyakwazi ukufinyelela ku-C, lapho i-router B izomphendula: "Ngiyabonga ngolwazi lwakho, kodwa i-router C ixhunywe kimi ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke ngikhetha inketho ngebanga elincane lokuphatha, hhayi inketho yokuxhumana nawe".
Ibanga lokulawula libonisa izinga lokuzethemba kuphrothokholi. Uma ibanga lokuphatha liba lincane, ukuthembana kukhulu. Inketho elandelayo ethembeke kakhulu ngemva koxhumano oluqondile ukuxhumana okumile nebanga lokuphatha elingu-1. Izinga lokuthembana le-EIGRP ngu-90, OSPF 110, kanye ne-RIP 120.
Ngakho-ke, uma i-EIGRP ne-OSPF zombili zimelela inethiwekhi efanayo, i-router izothemba ulwazi lomzila olutholwe ku-EIGRP, ngoba le protocol inebanga lokuphatha elingu-90, elingaphansi kwe-OSPF.
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Source: www.habr.com