Siyakwamukela emhlabeni wamaswishi! Namuhla sizokhuluma ngamaswishi. Ake sicabange ukuthi ungumqondisi wenethiwekhi futhi usehhovisi lenkampani entsha. Umphathi uza kuwe ngeswishi engaphandle kwebhokisi futhi akucele ukuthi uyisethe. Ungase ucabange ukuthi sikhuluma ngokushintsha ugesi okuvamile (ngesiNgisi, igama elithi switch lisho kokubili ukushintshwa kwenethiwekhi kanye neswitch kagesi - inothi lomhumushi), kodwa lokhu akunjalo - kusho ukushintshwa kwenethiwekhi, noma ukushintsha kweCisco.
Ngakho-ke, umphathi ukunika i-switch entsha ye-Cisco, efakwe ukuxhumana okuningi. Kungaba ukushintshwa kwembobo okungu-8,16 noma okungu-24. Kulokhu, isilayidi sibonisa iswishi enamachweba angama-48 ngaphambili, ehlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4 zezimbobo eziyi-12. Njengoba sazi ezifundweni ezedlule, kukhona ezinye izindlela zokuhlangana ngemuva kweswishi, enye yazo okuyichweba le-console. Imbobo ye-console isetshenziselwa ukufinyelela kwangaphandle kudivayisi futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza yokushintsha ilayisha kanjani.
Sesixoxile vele icala uma ufuna ukusiza osebenza naye futhi usebenzise ideskithophu ekude. Uxhuma kukhompyutha yakhe, wenze izinguquko, kodwa uma ufuna umngane wakho aqale kabusha ikhompuyutha, uzolahlekelwa ukufinyelela futhi ngeke ukwazi ukubuka okwenzeka esikrinini ngesikhathi sokulayisha. Le nkinga yenzeka uma ungenakho ukufinyelela kwangaphandle kule divayisi futhi uxhumeke kuyo kuphela ngenethiwekhi.
Kodwa uma unokufinyelela ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, ungabona isikrini sokuqalisa, ukukhishwa kwe-IOS nezinye izinqubo. Enye indlela yokufinyelela le divayisi ukuxhuma kunoma yiziphi izimbobo ezingaphambili. Uma umise ukuphathwa kwekheli le-IP kule divayisi, njengoba kubonisiwe kule vidiyo, uzokwazi ukufinyelela kuyo nge-Telnet. Inkinga ukuthi uzolahlekelwa yilokhu kufinyelela ngemuva nje kokuthi idivayisi ivalwe.
Ake sibone ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani ukusetha kokuqala kweswishi entsha. Ngaphambi kokuthi siye ngqo kuzilungiselelo zokucushwa, sidinga ukwethula imithetho embalwa eyisisekelo.
Ezifundweni eziningi zevidiyo, ngisebenzise i-GNS3, i-emulator ekuvumela ukuthi ulingise isistimu yokusebenza ye-Cisco IOS. Ezimweni eziningi ngidinga idivayisi engaphezu kweyodwa, isibonelo uma ngibonisa ukuthi umzila wenziwa kanjani. Kulokhu, ngingase ngidinge, isibonelo, amadivaysi amane. Esikhundleni sokuthenga amadivayisi aphathekayo, ngingasebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza yenye yamadivayisi ami, ngiyixhume ku-GNS3, futhi ngilingise leyo-IOS ezimweni eziningi zedivayisi ebonakalayo.
Ngakho-ke angidingi ukuba namarutha amahlanu ngokomzimba, ngingaba nomzila owodwa kuphela. Ngingasebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza kukhompuyutha yami, ngifake i-emulator, futhi ngithole izimo zedivayisi ezi-5. Sizobheka ukuthi singakwenza kanjani lokhu kuma-tutorials wevidiyo akamuva, kodwa namuhla inkinga ngokusebenzisa i-emulator ye-GNS3 ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukulingisa ukushintshwa nayo, ngoba ukushintshwa kweCisco kunama-hardware ASIC chips. I-IC ekhethekile eyenza iswishi ibe yintsha, ngakho awukwazi ukuvele ulingise lo msebenzi wehadiwe.
Ngokuvamile, i-emulator ye-GNS3 isiza ukusebenza ngokushintsha, kodwa kukhona imisebenzi ethile engeke isetshenziswe ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke kulesi sifundo namanye amavidiyo, ngisebenzise enye isofthiwe ye-Cisco ebizwa ngokuthi i-Cisco Packet Tracer. Ungangibuzi ukuthi ungafinyelela kanjani ku-Cisco Packet Tracer, ungathola ngayo usebenzisa i-Google, ngizosho kuphela ukuthi kufanele ube yilungu le-Network Academy ukuze uthole lokhu kufinyelela.
Ungase ukwazi ukufinyelela i-Cisco Packet Tracer, ungase ukwazi ukufinyelela idivayisi ephathekayo noma i-GNS3, ungasebenzisa noma yimaphi kulawa mathuluzi ngenkathi ufunda isifundo se-Cisco ICND. Ungasebenzisa i-GNS3 uma unomzila, isistimu yokusebenza nokushintsha futhi izosebenza ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ungasebenzisa idivayisi ephathekayo noma i-Packet Tracer - vele unqume ukuthi yini ekufanele kakhulu.
Kodwa ezifundweni zami zevidiyo ngizosebenzisa i-Packet Tracer ngokuqondile, ngakho ngizoba namavidiyo ambalwa, eyodwa eye-Packet Tracer kuphela futhi enye eye-GNS3 kuphela, ngizoyithumela maduze, kodwa okwamanje sizoyisebenzisa. I-Packet Tracer. Nansi indlela ebukeka ngayo. Uma futhi unokufinyelela ku-Network Academy, uzokwazi ukufinyelela lolu hlelo, futhi uma kungenjalo, ungasebenzisa amanye amathuluzi.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba namuhla sikhuluma ngokushintsha, ngizobheka into ethi Ukushintsha, khetha imodeli yokushintsha yochungechunge lwe-2960 bese uhudula isithonjana sayo efasiteleni lohlelo. Uma ngichofoza kabili kulesi sithonjana, ngizoya kusixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo.
Okulandelayo, ngibona ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza yokushintsha ilayishwa kanjani.
Uma uthatha idivayisi ephathekayo bese uyixhuma kukhompuyutha, uzobona isithombe esifanayo sokubhutha i-Cisco IOS. Ungabona ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza ivuliwe, futhi ungafunda eminye imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe nesivumelwano selayisense, ulwazi lwe-copyright... konke lokhu kuboniswa kuleli windi.
Okulandelayo, isiteji lapho i-OS esebenza khona izoboniswa, kulokhu ukushintsha kwe-WS-C2690-24TT, futhi yonke imisebenzi ye-hardware izoboniswa. Inguqulo yohlelo nayo iboniswa lapha. Okulandelayo, siya ngqo kulayini womyalo, uma ukhumbula, lapha sinamacebo kumsebenzisi. Isibonelo, uphawu ( > ) likumema ukuthi ufake umyalo. Kusukela esifundweni sevidiyo sosuku lwesi-5, uyazi ukuthi lena imodi yokuqala, ephansi kakhulu yokufinyelela izilungiselelo zedivayisi, lokho okubizwa ngemodi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi. Lokhu kufinyelela kungatholakala kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-Cisco.
Uma usebenzisa i-Packet Tracer, uthola ukufinyelela kwe-OOB ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kudivayisi futhi ungabona ukuthi idivayisi iqala kanjani. Lolu hlelo lulingisa ukufinyelela kushintsho ngembobo yekhonsoli. Ushintsha kanjani usuka kumodi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi uye kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo? Uthayipha umyalo othi "vumela" bese ushaya u-enter, ungasebenzisa futhi iseluleko ngokuthayipha u-"en" futhi uthole izinketho zomyalo okungenzeka uqale ngazo lezo zinhlamvu. Uma ufaka nje uhlamvu "e", idivayisi ngeke ikuqonde ukuthi usho ukuthini ngoba kunemiyalo emithathu eqala ngo "e", kodwa uma ngibhala "en", uhlelo luzoqonda ukuthi igama kuphela eliqala ngalawa. izinhlamvu ezimbili lokhu kunikwe amandla. Ngakho, ngokufaka lo myalo, uzothola ukufinyelela kumodi ye-Exec enelungelo.
Kule modi, singenza konke okukhonjiswe kusilayidi sesibili - shintsha igama lomsingathi, setha isibhengezo sokungena, iphasiwedi ye-Telnet, vumela ukungena kwephasiwedi, lungisa ikheli le-IP, setha isango elizenzakalelayo, unikeze umyalo wokucisha idivayisi, khansela imiyalo efakwe ngaphambili bese ulondoloza izinguquko zokumisa ezenziwe.
Lena imiyalo eyi-10 eyisisekelo oyisebenzisayo uma uqalisa idivayisi. Ukufaka le mingcele, kufanele usebenzise imodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, esizoshintshela kuyo manje.
Ngakho-ke, ipharamitha yokuqala yigama lomethuleli, lisebenza kuyo yonke idivayisi, ngakho ukuyishintsha kwenziwa kumodi yokucushwa komhlaba wonke. Ukuze senze lokhu, sifaka ipharamitha ye-Shintsha (config) # kulayini womyalo. Uma ngifuna ukushintsha igama lomethuleli, ngifaka igama lomethuleli iNetworKing kulo mugqa, cindezela u-Enter, futhi ngibona ukuthi igama elithi Shintshela idivayisi selishintshele ku-NetworKing. Uma ujoyina le shintshela kunethiwekhi lapho sekuvele kunamanye amadivayisi amaningi, leli gama lizosebenza njengesihlonzi salo phakathi kwamanye amadivaysi enethiwekhi, ngakho-ke zama ukuqhamuka negama eliyingqayizivele leswishi yakho elinencazelo. Ngakho-ke, uma le swishi ifakiwe, yithi, ehhovisi lomlawuli, ungaliqamba ngokuthi AdminFloor1Room2. Ngakho, uma unikeza idivayisi igama elinengqondo, kuzoba lula kakhulu kuwe ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi iswishi oxhuma kuyo. Lokhu kubalulekile, njengoba kuzokusiza ukuthi ungadideki kumadivayisi njengoba inethiwekhi ikhula.
Okulandelayo kuza ipharamitha yesibhengezo se-Logon. Lena into yokuqala ukuthi noma ubani ongena kule divayisi ngokungena ngemvume azoyibona. Le pharamitha isethwe kusetshenziswa umyalo #isibhengezo. Okulandelayo, ungafaka i-motd efinyeziwe, Umlayezo Wosuku, noma "umlayezo wosuku". Uma ngifaka uphawu lombuzo emugqeni, ngithola umlayezo othi: LINE onombhalo wesibhengezo nge.
Kubukeka kudida, kodwa kumane kusho ukuthi ungafaka umbhalo kusuka kunoma imuphi uhlamvu ngaphandle kuka-"s", okuwuhlamvu oluhlukanisayo kulokhu. Ngakho-ke ake siqale nge-ampersand (&). Ngicindezela u-enter futhi uhlelo luthi manje usungakwazi ukufaka noma yimuphi umbhalo wesibhengezo bese uwuphetha ngohlamvu olufanayo (&) oluqala umugqa. Ngakho-ke ngaqala nge-ampersand futhi kufanele ngiphethe umyalezo wami nge-ampersand.
Ngizoqala isibhengezo sami ngomugqa wezinkanyezi (*) futhi kulayini olandelayo ngizobhala “Iswishi eyingozi kakhulu! Ungangeni"! Ngicabanga ukuthi kuhle, noma ubani uzosaba ukubona isibhengezo sokwamukela esinjalo.
Lona "umlayezo wami wosuku". Ukuhlola ukuthi kubukeka kanjani esikrinini, ngicindezela u-CTRL+Z ukuze ngisuke kumodi yomhlaba wonke ngiye kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo, lapho engingaphuma khona kumodi yezilungiselelo. Lena yindlela umlayezo wami obukeka ngayo esikrinini futhi yile ndlela noma ubani ongena kule swishi azoyibona ngayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isibhengezo sokungena ngemvume. Ungadala futhi ubhale noma yini oyifunayo, kodwa ngikweluleka ukuthi uyithathe ngokungathi sína. Ngisho ukuthi, abanye abantu esikhundleni sombhalo ozwakalayo babeka izithombe zezimpawu ezingazange zithwale noma yimuphi umthwalo we-semantic njengesibhengezo sokwamukela. Akukho okungakuvimba ekwenzeni "ubuciko" obunjalo, khumbula nje ukuthi ngezinhlamvu ezengeziwe ulayisha kakhulu inkumbulo yedivayisi (RAM) kanye nefayela lokumisa elisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwesistimu. Uma izinhlamvu eziningi kuleli fayela, iswishi ilayisha kancane, ngakho zama ukunciphisa ifayela lokumisa, wenze okuqukethwe kwesibhengezo kucace futhi kucace.
Okulandelayo, sizobheka iphasiwedi ku-Iphasiwedi ye-Console. Ivimbela abantu abangahleliwe ukuthi bangene kudivayisi. Ake sicabange ukuthi ushiye idivayisi ivuliwe. Uma ngiyisigebengu se-inthanethi, ngizoxhuma ikhompyutha yami ephathekayo ngentambo yekhonsoli kusiwishi, ngisebenzise ikhonsoli ukuze ngingene emshinini futhi ngishintshe iphasiwedi noma ngenze enye into enonya. Kodwa uma usebenzisa iphasiwedi embotsheni yekhonsoli, ngingangena kuphela ngale phasiwedi. Awufuni ukuthi othile avele angene kukhonsoli futhi aguqule okuthile kuzilungiselelo zakho zokushintshwa. Ngakho-ke ake sibheke ukucushwa kwamanje kuqala.
Njengoba ngikwimodi yokulungisa, ngingathayipha okuthi do sh run commands. I-show run umyalo wumyalo wemodi ye-EXEC enelungelo. Uma ngifuna ukungena kumodi yomhlaba wonke ukusuka kule modi, kufanele ngisebenzise umyalo othi "yenza". Uma sibheka umugqa we-console, sibona ukuthi ngokuzenzakalelayo ayikho iphasiwedi futhi umugqa we-con 0 uyaboniswa. Lo mugqa utholakala esigabeni esisodwa, futhi ngezansi kunesinye isigaba sefayela lokumisa.
Njengoba kungekho lutho esigabeni "sekhonsoli yomugqa", lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ngixhuma ekushintsheni ngembobo ye-console, ngizothola ukufinyelela okuqondile kukhonsoli. Manje, uma uthayipha okuthi "end", ungabuyela emuva kumodi eyilungelo futhi ukusuka lapho uye kumodi yomsebenzisi. Uma ngicindezela u-Enter manje, ngizoqonda ngqo kumodi yomugqa womyalo, ngoba ayikho iphasiwedi lapha, ngaphandle kwalokho uhlelo luzongicela ukuthi lufake izilungiselelo zokumisa.
Ngakho-ke, masicindezele u-"Enter" bese uthayipha umugqa we-con 0 emgqeni, ngoba kumadivayisi we-Cisco yonke into iqala kusukela ekuqaleni. Njengoba sinekhonsoli eyodwa kuphela, ifushanisiwe "con". Manje, ukunikeza iphasiwedi, isibonelo igama elithi "Cisco", sidinga ukuthayipha igama lomyalo we-cisco ku-NetworKing (config-line) # umugqa bese ucindezela u-Enter.
Manje sesisethe iphasiwedi, kodwa kukhona esikushodayo. Ake sizame yonke into futhi bese siphuma kuzilungiselelo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sibeke iphasiwedi, uhlelo aluyiceli. Kungani?
Akabuzi i-password ngoba asimbuzi. Sisethe iphasiwedi, kodwa asizange sicacise umugqa lapho kubhekwa khona uma ithrafikhi iqala ukufika kudivayisi. Kufanele senzeni? Kufanele futhi sibuyele emugqeni lapho sinomugqa we-con 0, bese sifaka igama elithi "login".
Lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuqinisekisa iphasiwedi, okungukuthi, ukungena ngemvume kuyadingeka ukuze ungene. Ake sihlole esinakho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, phuma kuzilungiselelo bese ubuyela efasiteleni lesibhengezo. Ungabona ukuthi ngaphansi kwayo sinomugqa odinga ukuthi ufake iphasiwedi.
Uma ngifaka iphasiwedi lapha, ngingafaka izilungiselelo zedivayisi. Ngale ndlela, sikuvimbele ngempumelelo ukufinyelela kudivayisi ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, futhi manje yilabo abazi iphasiwedi kuphela abangangena ohlelweni.
Manje uyabona ukuthi sinenkinga encane. Uma uthayipha okuthile isistimu engayiqondi, icabanga ukuthi igama lesizinda futhi izama ukuthola igama lesizinda seseva ngokuvumela ukuxhumeka kukheli le-IP 255.255.255.255.
Lokhu kungenzeka, futhi ngizokukhombisa ukuthi ungamisa kanjani lo mlayezo ukuthi ungaveli. Ungalinda nje kuze kuphele isikhathi sokucela, noma usebenzise isinqamuleli sekhibhodi Control + Shift + 6, ngezinye izikhathi sisebenza ngisho nakumadivayisi aphathekayo.
Khona-ke kudingeka siqiniseke ukuthi uhlelo alubheki igama lesizinda, ngoba lokhu sifaka umyalo "akukho ukubheka kwesizinda se-IP" futhi sihlole ukuthi kusebenze kanjani.
Njengoba ubona, manje usungakwazi ukusebenza ngezilungiselelo zokushintsha ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Uma siphinda siphuma kuzilungiselelo esikrinini sokwamukela futhi senza iphutha elifanayo, okungukuthi, faka iyunithi yezinhlamvu engenalutho, idivayisi ngeke ichithe isikhathi icinga igama lesizinda, kodwa izovele ibonise umlayezo "umyalo ongaziwa". Ngakho, ukusetha iphasiwedi yokungena ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ozodinga ukuzenza kudivayisi yakho entsha ye-Cisco.
Okulandelayo, sizocubungula iphasiwedi yephrothokholi ye-Telnet. Uma nge-password ku-console besine-“con 0” emgqeni, ku-password ku-Telnet ipharamitha ezenzakalelayo ithi “line vty”, okungukuthi, igama-mfihlo licushwe kumodi yokugcina ye-virtual, ngoba i-Telnet akuyona into ephathekayo, kodwa umugqa we-virtual. Ipharamitha yomugqa wokuqala we-vty ngu-0 futhi owokugcina ngu-15. Uma simisa ipharamitha ku-15, kusho ukuthi ungakha imigqa engu-16 ukuze ufinyelele le divayisi. Okusho ukuthi, uma sinamadivaysi amaningana kunethiwekhi, lapho sixhuma ekushintsheni usebenzisa i-protocol ye-Telnet, idivayisi yokuqala izosebenzisa umugqa 0, owesibili - umugqa 1, njalonjalo kuze kufike kulayini we-15. Ngakho-ke, abantu abangu-16 bangaxhuma ekushintsheni ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ukushintshwa kuzokwazisa umuntu weshumi nesikhombisa lapho ezama ukuxhuma ukuthi umkhawulo wokuxhumana ufinyelelwe.
Singasetha iphasiwedi evamile kuyo yonke imigqa ebonakalayo eyi-16 ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-15, silandela umqondo ofanayo lapho sibeka iphasiwedi kukhonsoli, okungukuthi, sifaka umyalo wephasiwedi emgqeni bese usetha iphasiwedi, ngokwesibonelo, igama. "telnet", bese ufaka umyalo "login". Lokhu kusho ukuthi asifuni abantu bangene ngemvume kudivayisi basebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-Telnet ngaphandle kwephasiwedi. Ngakho-ke, siyala ukuhlola ukungena ngemvume futhi ngemva kwalokho sinikeze ukufinyelela ohlelweni.
Okwamanje, asikwazi ukusebenzisa i-Telnet, ngenxa yokuthi ukufinyelela idivayisi ngale nqubo yomthetho kungenziwa kuphela ngemva kokusetha ikheli le-IP ekushintsheni. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola izilungiselelo ze-Telnet, ake siqale sidlulele ekuphatheni amakheli e-IP.
Njengoba wazi, ukushintshwa kusebenza kungqimba 2 yemodeli ye-OSI, inamachweba angama-24 ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukuba nekheli le-IP elithile. Kodwa kufanele sabelane ngekheli le-IP kule swishi uma sifuna ukuxhuma kuyo sisuka kwenye idivayisi ukuze siphathe amakheli e-IP.
Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukwabela ikheli le-IP elilodwa ekushintsheni, elizosetshenziselwa ukuphathwa kwe-IP. Ukwenza lokhu, sizofaka omunye wemiyalo engiyithandayo "bonisa i-ip interface kafushane" futhi sizokwazi ukubona zonke izixhumanisi ezikhona kule divayisi.
Ngakho-ke, ngibona ukuthi nginezimbobo ezingamashumi amabili nane ze-FastEthernet, izimbobo ezimbili ze-GigabitEthernet, nesixhumi esibonakalayo esisodwa se-VLAN. I-VLAN iyinethiwekhi ebonakalayo, kamuva sizobhekisisa umqondo wayo, okwamanje ngizosho ukuthi inkinobho ngayinye iza nesixhumi esibonakalayo esisodwa esibizwa nge-VLAN interface. Yilokhu esikusebenzisa ukuphatha iswishi.
Ngakho-ke, sizozama ukufinyelela lesi sikhombimsebenzisi bese sifaka ipharamitha ye-vlan 1 emugqeni womyalo. Manje ungabona ukuthi umugqa womyalo usuyiNetworKing (config-if) #, okusho ukuthi siku-VLAN switch management interface. Manje sizofaka umyalo wokusetha ikheli le-IP kanje: Ip add 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 bese ucindezela "Enter".
Siyabona ukuthi lesi sikhombimsebenzisi sivele ohlwini lwezixhumanisi ezimakwe "ngokuphatha phansi". Uma ubona umbhalo onjalo, kusho ukuthi kulesi sikhombimsebenzisi kukhona umyalo "wokuvala" okuvumela ukuthi ukhubaze ichweba, futhi kulokhu leli chweba likhutshaziwe. Ungasebenzisa lo myalo kunoma yisiphi isixhumi esibonakalayo esinophawu "phansi" kusitaki sesici saso. Isibonelo, ungaya kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-FastEthernet0/23 noma i-FastEthernet0/24, ukhiphe umyalo "wokuvala", ngemuva kwalokho le chweba izomakwa njengokuthi "iphansi ngokulawula" ohlwini lwe-interfaces, okungukuthi, ikhutshaziwe.
Ngakho-ke, sibheke ukuthi umyalo wokukhubaza imbobo "yokuvala shaqa" usebenza kanjani. Ukuze unike amandla imbobo noma unike amandla noma yini ekushintsheni, sebenzisa Umyalo Ophikisayo, noma “ukuphika umyalo”. Isibonelo, kithi, ukusebenzisa umyalo onjalo kungasho "akukho ukuvala shaqa". Lona umyalo olula wegama elilodwa elithi "cha" - uma umyalo "wokuvala shaqa" usho "cisha idivayisi", khona-ke umyalo othi "akukho ukuvala shaqa" usho "vula idivayisi". Ngakho, ngokunganaki noma yimuphi umyalo ngezinhlayiyana "cha", siyala idivayisi yeCisco ukuthi yenze okuphambene nalokho.
Manje ngizofaka umyalo othi “bonisa i-ip interface brief” futhi, futhi uzobona ukuthi isimo sechweba lethu le-VLAN, manje eselinekheli le-IP elingu-10.1.1.1, lishintshile lisuka kokuthi “phansi” - “cima” liya “phezulu. ” - “vuliwe” , kodwa uchungechunge lwelogi lusathi "phansi".
Kungani iphrothokholi ye-VLAN ingasebenzi? Ngoba okwamanje akaboni noma iyiphi ithrafikhi edlula kuleli chweba, ngoba, uma ukhumbula, kunedivayisi eyodwa kuphela kunethiwekhi yethu ebonakalayo - ukushintshwa, futhi kulokhu angeke kube khona ithrafikhi. Ngakho-ke, sizofaka enye idivayisi kunethiwekhi, i-PC-PT(PC0) ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu.
Ungakhathazeki nge-Cisco Packet Tracer, kwenye yamavidiyo alandelayo ngizokukhombisa ukuthi lolu hlelo lusebenza kanjani ngokuningiliziwe, okwamanje sizoba nombono jikelele wamakhono alo.
Ngakho-ke, manje ngizocupha ukulingiswa kwe-PC, chofoza isithonjana sekhompiyutha bese usebenzisa ikhebula ukusuka kuso siye ekushintsheni kwethu. Umlayezo uvele kukhonsoli othi iphrothokholi yomugqa wesixhumi esibonakalayo se-VLAN1 ishintshe isimo sayo saba PHEZULU, njengoba sinethrafikhi evela ku-PC. Ngokushesha nje lapho i-protocol iphawula ukubukeka kwethrafikhi, yangena ngokushesha esimweni esilungile.
Uma unikeza umyalo "wokubonisa i-ip interface emfushane" futhi, ungabona ukuthi i-interface ye-FastEthernet0 / 1 isishintshile isimo sayo kanye nesimo sephrothokholi yayo yaba yi-UP, ngoba bekukhona lapho ikhebula lekhompyutha lixhunywe khona, ngokusebenzisa okwaqala ukugeleza izimoto. I-interface ye-VLAN iphinde yenyuka ngoba "ibone" ithrafikhi kulelo chweba.
Manje sizochofoza isithonjana sekhompyutha ukubona ukuthi siyini. Lokhu ukulingisa nje kwe-Windows PC, ngakho-ke sizoya kuzilungiselelo zokucushwa kwenethiwekhi ukuze sinikeze ikhompuyutha ikheli le-IP lika-10.1.1.2 futhi sinikeze imaski ye-subnet engu-255.255.255.0.
Asidingi isango elizenzakalelayo ngoba sikunethiwekhi efanayo nesishintshi. Manje ngizozama ukufaka inkinobho ngomyalo othi "ping 10.1.1.1", futhi, njengoba ubona, i-ping iphumelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje ikhompuyutha ingakwazi ukufinyelela ekushintsheni futhi sinekheli le-IP lika-10.1.1.1 lapho ukushintsha kulawulwa khona.
Ungase ubuze ukuthi kungani isicelo sokuqala sekhompuyutha sithole impendulo "yokuphelelwa yisikhathi". Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi ikhompuyutha yayingalazi ikheli le-MAC lokushintsha futhi kwakudingeka iqale ithumele isicelo se-ARP, ngakho ucingo lokuqala oluya ekhelini le-IP 10.1.1.1 lwehlulekile.
Ake sizame ukusebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-Telnet ngokuthayipha okuthi "telnet 10.1.1.1" kukhonsoli. Sixhumana nale khompyutha ngephrothokholi ye-Telnet enekheli elithi 10.1.1.1, elingeyona into engaphezu kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sokushintshwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, efasiteleni letheminali yomugqa womyalo, ngibona ngokushesha isibhengezo sokwamukela sokushintsha esisifake ngaphambili.
Ngokomzimba, le switch ingatholakala noma kuphi - esitezi sesine noma esitezi sokuqala sehhovisi, kodwa kunoma yikuphi siyithola sisebenzisa i-Telnet. Uyabona ukuthi iswishi icela iphasiwedi. Ithini le phasiwedi? Setha amaphasiwedi amabili - eyodwa eye-console, enye eye-VTY. Ake sizame kuqala ukufaka iphasiwedi ku-console "cisco" futhi ungabona ukuthi ayamukelwa uhlelo. Bese ngizama iphasiwedi "telnet" ku-VTY futhi yasebenza. Iswishi yamukele iphasiwedi ye-VTY, ngakho-ke igama eliyimfihlo le-vty yilona elisebenza kuphrothokholi ye-Telnet esetshenziswa lapha.
Manje ngizama ukufaka umyalo othi "vumela", lapho uhlelo luphendula "akukho phasiwedi ebekiwe" - "iphasiwedi ayisethiwe". Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukushintsha kungivumele ukuthi ngifinyelele kumodi yezilungiselelo zomsebenzisi, kodwa akuzange kunginike ukufinyelela okukhethekile. Ukuze ngingene kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo, ngidinga ukudala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "vumela iphasiwedi", okungukuthi nika amandla iphasiwedi. Ukwenza lokhu, siyaphinda futhi efasiteleni lezilungiselelo zokushintsha ukuze sivumele isistimu ukuthi isebenzise iphasiwedi.
Ukuze senze lokhu, sisebenzisa umyalo othi "vumela" ukushintsha kusuka kumodi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi kuya kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo. Njengoba sifaka "vumela", uhlelo ludinga nephasiwedi, ngoba lo msebenzi ngeke usebenze ngaphandle kwephasiwedi. Ngakho-ke, siphinda sibuyela ekulingiseni ukuthola ukufinyelela kwekhonsoli. Sengivele ngikwazi ukufinyelela lokhu kushintsha, ngakho-ke efasiteleni le-IOS CLI, ku-NetworKing (config) # vumela umugqa, ngidinga ukwengeza "vumela iphasiwedi", okungukuthi, vula umsebenzi wokusebenzisa iphasiwedi.
Manje ake ngizame futhi ukuthayipha okuthi "vumela" kulayini womyalo wekhompuyutha bese ngishaya u-"Enter", okwazisa isistimu ukuthi icele iphasiwedi. Ithini le phasiwedi? Ngemuva kokuthi ngithayiphe futhi ngifake umyalo othi "vumela", ngithole ukufinyelela kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo. Manje sengiyakwazi ukufinyelela le divayisi ngekhompyutha, futhi ngingenza noma yini engiyifunayo ngayo. Ngingaya ku-"conf t", ngingakwazi ukushintsha igama-mfihlo noma igama lomethuleli. Manje ngizoshintsha igama lomethuleli libe yi-SwitchF1R10, okusho ukuthi "floor floor, room 10". Ngakho, ngishintshe igama leswishi, futhi manje isingikhombisa indawo yale divayisi ehhovisi.
Uma ubuyela ewindini lesixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo wokushintsha, ungabona ukuthi igama layo lishintshile, futhi ngikwenze lokhu ukude ngesikhathi seseshini ye-Telnet.
Lena yindlela esifinyelela ngayo ukushintsha nge-Telnet: sinikeze igama lomethuleli, sakha isibhengezo sokungena, setha iphasiwedi yekhonsoli kanye nephasiwedi ye-Telnet. Sibe sesisenza ukuthi ukufakwa kwephasiwedi kutholakale, sakha amandla okuphatha i-IP, savumela isici "sokuvala shaqa", futhi sanika amandla amandla okuphika umyalo.
Okulandelayo, sidinga ukwabela isango elizenzakalelayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, siphinde sishintshele kumodi yokucushwa koshintsho lomhlaba wonke, thayipha umyalo othi "ip default-gateway 10.1.1.10" bese ucindezela u-"Enter". Ungase ubuze ukuthi kungani sidinga isango elizenzakalelayo uma ukushintsha kwethu kuyidivayisi ye-layer 2 yemodeli ye-OSI.
Kulokhu, sixhume i-PC ekushintsheni ngokuqondile, kodwa ake sicabange ukuthi sinamadivayisi amaningana. Ake sithi idivayisi engiqale ngayo i-Telnet, okungukuthi, ikhompuyutha, ikunethiwekhi eyodwa, futhi inkinobho enekheli le-IP 10.1.1.1 ikunethiwekhi yesibili. Kulokhu, ithrafikhi ye-Telnet yavela kwenye inethiwekhi, inkinobho kufanele iyibuyisele emuva, kodwa ayazi ukuthi ifika kanjani lapho. Iswishi inquma ukuthi ikheli le-IP lekhompyutha lingelenye inethiwekhi, ngakho-ke kufanele usebenzise isango elizenzakalelayo ukuze uxhumane nalo.
Ngakho-ke, sisetha isango elizenzakalelayo lale divayisi ukuze kuthi lapho ithrafikhi ifika ivela kwenye inethiwekhi, iswishi ingathumela iphakethe lempendulo esangweni elizenzakalelayo, elilidlulisela endaweni yalo yokugcina.
Manje ekugcineni sizobheka indlela yokulondoloza lokhu kulungiselelwa. Senze izinguquko eziningi kakhulu kuzilungiselelo zale divayisi kangangokuthi yisikhathi sokuzilondoloza. Kunezindlela ezi-2 zokulondoloza.
Enye iwukufaka umyalo othi "bhala" kumodi ye-EXEC enelungelo. Ngibhala lo myalo, cindezela u-Enter, futhi uhlelo luphendula ngomlayezo othi "Ukucushwa kwesakhiwo - KULUNGILE", okungukuthi, ukucushwa kwamanje kwedivayisi kulondolozwe ngempumelelo. Esikwenzile ngaphambi kokulondoloza kubizwa ngokuthi "ukucushwa kwedivayisi esebenzayo". Igcinwa ku-RAM yeswishi futhi izolahleka ngemva kokuba ivaliwe. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukubhala konke okusekucushweni kokusebenza ekucushweni kwe-boot.
Noma ngabe yikuphi okusekucushweni okusebenzayo, umyalo othi "bhala" ukopisha lolu lwazi bese ulubhala efayeleni lokumisa ibhuthi, elizimele ku-RAM futhi lihlala kumemori engaguquki ye-NVRAM switch. Uma idivayisi iqala, isistimu ihlola ukuthi kukhona yini ukulungiselelwa kokuqalisa ku-NVRAM futhi iguqule ibe ukulungiselelwa okusebenzayo ngokulayisha amapharamitha ku-RAM. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisebenzisa umyalo othi "bhala", imingcele yokumisa esebenzayo iyakopishwa futhi igcinwe ku-NVRAM.
Indlela yesibili yokulondoloza izilungiselelo zokucushwa ukusebenzisa umyalo omdala othi "do write". Uma sisebenzisa lo myalo, okokuqala sidinga ukufaka igama elithi "kopisha". Ngemuva kwalokho, uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Cisco luzobuza ukuthi ufuna ukukopisha kuphi izilungiselelo: kusuka ohlelweni lwefayela nge-ftp noma i-flash, kusukela ekucushweni okusebenzayo noma kusukela ekucushweni kwe-boot. Sifuna ukwenza ikhophi yemingcele yokuqalisa-yokucupha, ngakho-ke sithayipha lo musho emugqeni. Khona-ke uhlelo luzophinda lukhiphe uphawu lombuzo, lubuze ukuthi ungakopisha kuphi imingcele, futhi manje sicacisa ukuqalisa-ukucushwa. Ngakho, sikopishe ukucushwa okusebenzayo kufayela lokucushwa kwe-boot.
Udinga ukuqaphela kakhulu ngale miyalo, ngoba uma ukopisha ukucushwa kwe-boot ekucushweni okusebenzayo, okwenziwa ngezinye izikhathi lapho kusetha inkinobho entsha, sizobhubhisa zonke izinguquko ezenziwe futhi sithole i-boot enemingcele ye-zero. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuqaphela ukuthi uzogcina ini futhi kuphi ngemuva kokuthi ulungiselele amapharamitha wokucushwa kweswishi. Yile ndlela ogcina ngayo ukucushwa, futhi manje, uma uqalisa kabusha iswishi, izobuyela esimweni esifanayo naleso esasikuso ngaphambi kokuqalisa kabusha.
Ngakho-ke, sihlole ukuthi amapharamitha ayisisekelo weswishi entsha amiswa kanjani. Ngiyazi ukuthi kungokokuqala abaningi benu bebone umugqa womyalo wedivayisi, ngakho-ke kungase kuthathe isikhathi ukwamukela yonke into eboniswe kulesi sifundo sevidiyo. Ngikweluleka ukuthi ubuke le vidiyo izikhathi eziningana uze uqonde ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani izindlela zokucushwa ezihlukene, imodi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi, imodi ye-EXEC enelungelo, imodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, ukusebenzisa umugqa womyalo ukuze ufake imiyalo engaphansi, ushintshe igama lomethuleli, udale isibhengezo, njalo njalo.
Sihlanganise imiyalo eyisisekelo okufanele uyazi futhi esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokucushwa kokuqala kwanoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-Cisco. Uma uyayazi imiyalo yokushintsha, kusho ukuthi uyayazi imiyalo yerutha.
Khumbula nje ukuthi iyiphi imodi ngayinye yale miyalo eyisisekelo ikhishwa kuyo. Isibonelo, igama lomethuleli nesibhengezo sokungena kuyingxenye yokucushwa komhlaba wonke, udinga ukusebenzisa ikhonsoli ukuze unikeze iphasiwedi ku-console, iphasiwedi ye-Telnet yabelwe kulayini we-VTY ukusuka ku-zero ukuya ku-15. Udinga ukusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo se-VLAN. ukuphatha ikheli le-IP. Kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi isici esithi "vumela" sikhutshazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngakho-ke ungase udinge ukusivumela ngokufaka umyalo othi "akukho ukuvala shaqa".
Uma udinga ukunikeza isango elizenzakalelayo, ufaka imodi yokumisa yomhlaba wonke, sebenzisa umyalo othi "ip default-gateway", futhi unikeze ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi esangweni. Ekugcineni, ulondoloza izinguquko zakho usebenzisa umyalo othi "bhala" noma ukopisha ukulungiselelwa okusebenzayo kufayela lokumisa ibhuthi. Ngethemba ukuthi le vidiyo ibifundisa kakhulu futhi ikusize ukwazi izifundo zethu eziku-inthanethi.
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, Isaphulelo sika-30% sabasebenzisi be-Habr ku-analogue ehlukile yamaseva eleveli yokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Cores) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps mahhala kuze kube yihlobo lapho ukhokha isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha, ungakwazi uku-oda .
I-Dell R730xd ishibhile izikhathi ezi-2? Lapha kuphela eNetherlands! I-Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - isuka ku-$99! Funda mayelana
Source: www.habr.com