Izakhiwo ze-ultraviolet zincike kubude beza, futhi i-ultraviolet evela emithonjeni ehlukene inombono ohlukile. Sizoxoxa ngokuthi yimiphi imithombo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet nokuthi singayisebenzisa kanjani ukuze kwandiswe umphumela wokubulala amagciwane kuyilapho sinciphisa izingozi zemiphumela engadingeki yezinto eziphilayo.
Ilayisi. 1. Isithombe asibonisi ukubulawa amagciwane ngemisebe ye-UVC, njengoba ungase ucabange, kodwa ukuqeqeshwa ekusetshenzisweni kwesudi yokuzivikela ngokutholwa kwamabala akhanyayo okuqeqesha uketshezi lomzimba emisebeni ye-UVA. I-UVA iyi-ultraviolet ethambile futhi ayinawo umphumela wokubulala amagciwane. Ukuvala amehlo akho kuyisinyathelo esiphusile sokuphepha, njengoba i-spectrum ebanzi yamalambu e-UVA e-fluorescent asetshenziswa eqa i-UVB, eyingozi emehlweni (umthombo u-Simon Davis/DFID).
Ubude begagasi bokukhanya obubonakalayo buhambisana namandla e-quantum lapho isenzo se-photochemical sivele senzeke. I-quanta ekhanyayo ebonakalayo ijabulisa ukusabela kwe-photochemical kusicubu esithile se-photosensitive - i-retina.
I-Ultraviolet ayibonakali, ubude bayo be-waveleng bufushane, imvamisa namandla e-quantum aphezulu, imisebe inzima kakhulu, futhi ukuhlukahluka kokusabela kwe-photochemical kanye nemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo kukhulu.
I-Ultraviolet ihlukile:
- I-long-wavelength/soft/ed eduze ne-UVA (400...315 nm) efana nezakhiwo kuya ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo;
- Ubulukhuni obuphakathi - UVB (315...280 nm);
- Igagasi elifushane/igagasi elide/eliqinile – UVC (280…100 nm).
Umphumela we-bactericidal wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
Umphumela we-bactericidal ukhishwa ukukhanya okuqinile kwe-ultraviolet - i-UVC, futhi kancane kancane ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okuqinile okuphakathi nendawo - UVB. Ijika elisebenza kahle le-bactericidal libonisa ukuthi ububanzi obuncane kuphela obungu-230...300 nm, okungukuthi, cishe ingxenye yesine yobubanzi obubizwa ngokuthi i-ultraviolet, bunomphumela ocacile we-bactericidal.
Ilayisi. 2 Amajika asebenzayo e-bactericidal avela []
I-Quanta enamaza amaza kulolu hlu imuncwa ama-nucleic acid, okuholela ekubhujisweni kwesakhiwo se-DNA ne-RNA. Ngaphezu kokuba yi-bactericidal, okungukuthi, ukubulala amagciwane, lolu hlu lunemiphumela ye-virucidal (antiviral), i-fungicidal (antifungal) kanye ne-sporicidal (ebulalayo). Lokhu kubandakanya ukubulala igciwane le-RNA i-SARS-CoV-2020, elibangele ubhubhane lwango-2.
Umphumela we-bactericidal wokukhanya kwelanga
Umphumela we-bactericidal wokukhanya kwelanga mncane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ake sibheke i-spectrum yelanga ngaphezulu nangaphansi komkhathi:
Ilayisi. 3. I-Spectrum yemisebe yelanga ngaphezu komkhathi kanye nezinga lolwandle. Ingxenye enzima kakhulu yohla lwe-ultraviolet ayifinyeleli ebusweni bomhlaba (ebolekwe ku-Wikipedia).
Kuyafaneleka ukunaka i-spectrum engaphezulu-semkhathini egqanyiswe ngokuphuzi. Amandla we-quantum onqenqemeni lwesokunxele we-spectrum yemisebe yelanga ye-supra-atmospheric ene-wavelength engaphansi kuka-240 nm ahambisana namandla esibopho samakhemikhali angu-5.1 eV ku-molecule ye-oxygen "O2". I-oksijeni yamangqamuzana ibamba lezi zibalo, isibopho samakhemikhali siphukile, i-oxygen ye-athomu "O" yakheka, ehlanganisa emuva kuma-molecule oksijini "O2" futhi, ngokwengxenye, i-ozone "O3".
I-Solar supra-atmospheric UVC yakha i-ozone emkhathini ongaphezulu, okuthiwa ungqimba lwe-ozone. Amandla esibopho samakhemikhali ku-molecule ye-ozone aphansi kune-molecule ye-oksijini ngakho-ke i-ozone imunca i-quanta yamandla aphansi kunomoya-mpilo. Futhi nakuba umoya-mpilo udonsa i-UVC kuphela, ungqimba lwe-ozone lumunca i-UVC ne-UVB. Kuvela ukuthi ilanga likhiqiza i-ozone emaphethelweni engxenye ye-ultraviolet ye-spectrum, futhi le-ozone ibe isimunca iningi lemisebe ye-ultraviolet eqinile yelanga, ivikela uMhlaba.
Manje, ngokucophelela, sinaka ubude be-wavelength nesilinganiso, sizohlanganisa i-spectrum yelanga ne-spectrum yesenzo se-bactericidal.
Ilayisi. 4 I-Spectrum yesenzo se-bactericidal kanye ne-spectrum yemisebe yelanga.
Kungabonakala ukuthi umphumela we-bactericidal wokukhanya kwelanga awubalulekile. Ingxenye ye-spectrum ekwazi ukwenza umphumela we-bactericidal cishe imuncwe ngokuphelele umkhathi. Ngezikhathi ezihlukene zonyaka nasezindaweni ezihlukene isimo sihluka kancane, kodwa siyafana ngekhwalithi.
Ingozi ye-ultraviolet
Umholi welinye lamazwe amakhulu uphakamise ukuthi: "ukwelapha i-COVID-19, udinga ukuletha ukukhanya kwelanga emzimbeni." Nokho, i-UV ebulala amagciwane ibhubhisa i-RNA ne-DNA, kuhlanganise neyabantu. Uma “uletha ukukhanya kwelanga emzimbeni,” lowo muntu uzofa.
I-epidermis, ngokuyinhloko i-stratum corneum yamaseli afile, ivikela izicubu eziphilayo ku-UVC. Ngaphansi kwe-epidermal layer, ingaphansi kuka-1% kuphela yemisebe ye-UVC engena [i-WHO]. Amagagasi amade e-UVB nawe-UVA angena ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ukube bekungekho imisebe ye-ultraviolet yelanga, mhlawumbe abantu bebengeke babe ne-epidermis ne-stratum corneum, futhi ubuso bomzimba bungaba ngamafinyila, njengaleyo yeminenke. Kodwa njengoba abantu bavela ngaphansi kwelanga, izindawo ezivikelekile kuphela elangeni ezinamafinyila. Okusengozini kakhulu indawo yamafinyila yeso, evikelwe ngokwemibandela emisebeni yelanga e-ultraviolet ngamajwabu amehlo, izinkophe, amashiya, amakhono emoto yobuso, kanye nomkhuba wokungalibheki ilanga.
Lapho beqala ukufunda ukususa ilensi esikhundleni seyokwenziwa, odokotela bamehlo babhekana nenkinga yokusha kweretina. Baqala ukuqonda izizathu futhi bathola ukuthi ilensi yomuntu ephilayo i-opaque ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet futhi ivikela i-retina. Ngemuva kwalokhu, ama-lens okwenziwa nawo enziwa afiphele ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet.
Isithombe seso emisebeni ye-ultraviolet sibonisa ukufiphala kwelensi ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet. Akufanele ukhanyise iso lakho ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, njengoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-lens iba namafu, kuhlanganise ngenxa yomthamo wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet eqoqwe phakathi neminyaka, futhi idinga ukushintshwa. Ngakho-ke, sizosebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abanesibindi abangakunakanga ukuphepha, bakhanyisa ithoshi le-ultraviolet ngobude begagasi obungu-365 nm emehlweni abo, futhi bathumela umphumela ku-YouTube.
Ilayisi. 5 Namanje kusukela kuvidiyo esiteshini se-YouTube "Kreosan".
Amathoshi e-ultraviolet enza ukukhanya kwe-luminescence anobude begagasi obungu-365 nm (UVA) adumile. Zithengwa ngabantu abadala, kodwa nakanjani ziwela ezandleni zezingane. Izingane zikhanyisa lezi zibani emehlweni azo futhi zibheke ngokucophelela futhi isikhathi eside ekristalu elikhazimulayo. Kunconywa ukuvimbela izenzo ezinjalo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ungaziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-cataracts ezifundweni zamagundane abangelwa ukukhanya kwe-UVB kwelensi, kodwa umphumela we-catarogenic we-UVA awuzinzile [].
Nokho i-spectrum eqondile yesenzo sokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ku-lens akwaziwa. Futhi uma ucabangela ukuthi i-cataract ingumphumela obambezeleke kakhulu, udinga ukuhlakanipha okuthile ukuze ungakhanyi ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet emehlweni akho kusengaphambili.
Ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lweso luvuvukala ngokushesha ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, lokhu kubizwa nge-photokeratitis ne-photoconjunctivitis. Ulwelwesi lwamafinyila luba bomvu, futhi umuzwa “wesihlabathi emehlweni” uvela. Umphumela uyaphela ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukusha okuphindaphindiwe kungaholela ekuguquguqukeni kwe-cornea.
Ubude begagasi obudala le miphumela buhambisana cishe nomsebenzi wengozi ye-UV enesisindo onikezwe ezingeni lokuphepha le-photobiological [IEC 62471] futhi cishe elifana nebanga le-germicide.
Ilayisi. 6 I-Spectra yemisebe ye-ultraviolet ebangela i-photoconjunctivitis kanye ne-photokeratitis kusuka [] kanye nomsebenzi onesisindo wengozi ye-Actinic UV esikhumbeni nasemehlweni asuka [].
Imithamo ye-Threshold ye-photokeratitis ne-photoconjunctivitis ingu-50-100 J/m2, leli nani alidluli imithamo esetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane. Ngeke kwenzeke ukukhipha amagciwane ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lweso ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngaphandle kokubangela ukuvuvukala.
I-Erythema, okungukuthi, “ukushiswa yilanga,” iyingozi ngenxa yemisebe ye-ultraviolet ebangeni elingafika ku-300 nm. Ngokweminye imithombo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-spectral kwe-erythema kukumaza wamaza angaba ngu-300 nm []. Umthamo omncane obangela i-erythema MED engabonakali (I-Minimum Erythema Dose) ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zesikhumba usuka ku-150 kuye ku-2000 J/m2. Kubahlali bendawo emaphakathi, i-DER ejwayelekile ingabhekwa njengenani elingaba ngu-200...300 J/m2.
I-UVB ebangeni le-280-320 nm, enenani eliphakeme elizungeze ama-300 nm, ibangela umdlavuza wesikhumba. Ayikho i-threshold dose; umthamo ophezulu usho ingozi enkulu, futhi umphumela uyabambezeleka.
Ilayisi. 7 Amajika e-UV adala i-erythema nomdlavuza wesikhumba.
Ukuguga kwesikhumba okubangelwa isithombe kubangelwa imisebe ye-ultraviolet kulo lonke uhla lwe-200 ... 400 nm. Kunesithombe esaziwayo somshayeli weloli ochayeke emisebeni ye-ultraviolet yelanga ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lwesobunxele ngenkathi eshayela. Umshayeli wayenomkhuba wokushayela ehliswe iwindi lomshayeli, kodwa uhlangothi lwesokudla lobuso bakhe lwaluvikelekile emisebeni yelanga e-ultraviolet ngewindi langaphambili. Umehluko esimweni esihlobene neminyaka yesikhumba ohlangothini lwesokudla nesobunxele uyamangaza:
Ilayisi. 8 Isithombe somshayeli owashayela phansi iwindi lomshayeli iminyaka engu-28 [].
Uma silinganisela ukuthi ubudala besikhumba ezinhlangothini ezihlukene zobuso balo muntu buhluka ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili futhi lokhu kuwumphumela weqiniso lokuthi cishe iminyaka efanayo engamashumi amabili uhlangothi olulodwa lobuso lwalukhanyiswa ilanga, kanti olunye lwalukhanyiswa ilanga. kwakungenjalo, singaphetha ngokuqapha ukuthi usuku elangeni elivulekile luwusuku olulodwa futhi ludala isikhumba.
Kusuka kudatha yesithenjwa [] kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi nendawo ehlobo ngaphansi kwelanga eliqondile, isilinganiso esincane se-erythemal esingu-200 J/m2 sinqwabelana ngokushesha kunehora. Uma siqhathanisa lezi zibalo nesiphetho esitholiwe, singafinyelela esinye isiphetho: ukuguga kwesikhumba ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nesikhashana esinezibani ze-ultraviolet akuyona ingozi enkulu.
Kungakanani ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okudingekayo ukuze kubulawe amagciwane?
Inani lama-microorganisms aphilayo endaweni nasemoyeni lehla kakhulu ngokwanda komthamo wemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Isibonelo, umthamo obulala u-90% we-mycobacterium tuberculosis ngu-10 J/m2. Imithamo emibili enjalo ibulala ama-99%, imithamo emithathu ibulala ama-99,9%, njll.
Ilayisi. 9 Ukuncika kwengxenye yokusinda kwesifo sofuba se-mycobacterium kumthamo wemisebe ye-ultraviolet kubude begagasi obungu-254 nm.
Ukuncika kwe-exponential kuyamangalisa ngoba ngisho nethamo elincane libulala ama-microorganisms amaningi.
Phakathi kwalabo ababalwe ku- [] amagciwane e-pathogenic, i-Salmonella imelana kakhulu nemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Umthamo obulala u-90% wamagciwane awo ngu-80 J/m2. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa [Kowalski2020], isilinganiso somthamo obulala u-90% wama-coronavirus ngu-67 J/m2. Kodwa kuma-microorganisms amaningi lesi silinganiso asidluli ku-50 J/m2. Ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, ungakhumbula ukuthi umthamo ojwayelekile obulala amagciwane ngokusebenza kahle okungu-90% ngu-50 J/m2.
Ngokwendlela yamanje egunyazwe uMnyango Wezempilo waseRussia ngokusebenzisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet yokubulala amagciwane emoyeni [] Kudingeka ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokubulala amagciwane “kweziyisishiyagalolunye ezintathu” noma u-99,9% emagumbini okuhlinzela, ezibhedlela zababeletha, njll. Okwamakilasi esikole, izakhiwo zomphakathi, njll. “Eyodwa eyisishiyagalolunye” yanele, okungukuthi, ama-microorganisms angama-90% abhujiswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi isigaba segumbi, kusuka kumthamo owodwa kuya kwemithathu ejwayelekile ye-50...150 J/m2 yanele.
Isibonelo sokulinganisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokushiswa kwemisebe: ake sithi kuyadingeka ukukhipha amagciwane emoyeni nasezindaweni ezingaphezulu ekamelweni elingamamitha angu-5 × 7 × 2,8, lapho kusetshenziswa khona isibani esisodwa se-Philips TUV 30W.
Incazelo yobuchwepheshe yesibani ikhombisa ukugeleza kwe-bactericidal kwe-12 W []. Esimeni esihle, ukugeleza konke kuya ngokuqinile endaweni ekhishwa amagciwane, kodwa esimweni sangempela, ingxenye yokugeleza izochithwa ngaphandle kwenzuzo, isibonelo, izokhanyisa udonga olungemuva kwesibani ngomfutho owedlulele. Ngakho-ke, sizobala ukugeleza okuwusizo kwama-watts angu-6. Ingqikithi yendawo ekhanyayo ekamelweni iphansi 35 m2 + uphahla 35 m2 + izindonga 67 m2, isamba esingu-137 m2.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ukugeleza kwemisebe ye-bactericidal ewela phezulu kungu-6 W/137 m2 = 0,044 W/m2. Ngehora, okungukuthi, kumasekhondi angu-3600, lezi zindawo zizothola umthamo ongu-0,044 W/m2 × 3600 s = 158 J/m2, noma cishe u-150 J/m2. Okuhambisana imithamo emithathu evamile ye-50 J/m2 noma “abayisishiyagalolunye abathathu” - 99,9% ukusebenza kahle kwe-bactericidal, i.e. izidingo zegumbi lokusebenza. Futhi njengoba umthamo obaliwe, ngaphambi kokuba uwele phezulu, udlule umthamo wegumbi, umoya wawukhishwe amagciwane ngaphandle kokusebenza kahle okuncane.
Uma izidingo zokungabi nanzalo zincane futhi "isishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye" sanele, ngokwesibonelo esicatshangelwe, isikhathi sokukhipha imisebe esiphindwe kathathu siyadingeka - cishe imizuzu engama-20.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-UV
Isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuzivikela ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-ultraviolet ukuphuma ekamelweni. Ukuba seduze nesibani se-UV esisebenzayo, kodwa ukubheka kude ngeke kusize; ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lwamehlo lusacwebezela.
Izibuko zengilazi zingaba isilinganiso esincane sokuvikela ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lwamehlo. Isitatimende esinezigaba esithi “ingilazi ayihambisi imisebe ye-ultraviolet” asilungile; ngokwezinga elithile iyakwenza, futhi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingilazi zenza kanjalo ngezindlela ezihlukene. Kodwa ngokuvamile, njengoba ubude begagasi buncipha, ukudluliselwa kuyehla, futhi i-UVC isakazwa ngokuphumelelayo kuphela ngengilazi ye-quartz. Izibuko ze-spectacle aziyona i-quartz kunoma yikuphi.
Singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ama-lens ezingilazi abhalwe ukuthi i-UV400 awadluliseli imisebe ye-ultraviolet.
Ilayisi. I-10 Transmission spectrum yezibuko zezibuko ezinezinkomba ze-UV380, UV400 ne-UV420. Isithombe esivela kuwebhusayithi []
Futhi isilinganiso sokuvikela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yohlu lwe-UVC ebulala amagciwane engakhiphi okungaba yingozi, kodwa engasebenzi kahle ekubulaweni amagciwane, ububanzi be-UVB kanye ne-UVA.
Imithombo ye-Ultraviolet
Ama-UV diode
I-365 nm ultraviolet diode (UVA) evame kakhulu yakhelwe "izibani zamaphoyisa" ezikhiqiza ukukhanya ukuze kutholwe ukungcola okungabonakali ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ukukhipha amagciwane ngama-diode anjalo akunakwenzeka (bheka umdwebo 11).
Ukubulala amagciwane, ama-UVC diode amagagasi amafushane anobude obungamaza angama-265 nm angasetshenziswa. Izindleko zemodyuli ye-diode ezothatha indawo yesibani se-mercury bactericidal ngama-oda amathathu obukhulu obuphakeme kunezindleko zesibani, ngakho-ke ekusebenzeni izixazululo ezinjalo azisetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane ezindaweni ezinkulu. Kodwa amadivaysi ahlangene asebenzisa ama-UV diode avela ukuze kubulawe amagciwane ezindaweni ezincane - izinsimbi, izingcingo, izilonda zesikhumba, njll.
Izibani ze-mercury ezinengcindezi ephansi
I-low pressure mercury lamp iyindinganiso lapho yonke eminye imithombo iqhathaniswa nayo.
Isabelo esiyinhloko samandla emisebe ye-mercury vapor ekucindezelweni okuphansi ekukhishweni kukagesi siwela kubude begagasi obungu-254 nm, obulungele ukubulala amagciwane. Ingxenye encane yamandla ikhishwa ku-wavelength engu-185 nm, eyenza ngamandla i-ozone. Futhi amandla amancane kakhulu akhishwa kwamanye amaza amaza, kuhlanganise nobubanzi obubonakalayo.
Ezibani ezivamile ezimhlophe ze-mercury fluorescent, ingilazi yesibani ayidluliseli imisebe ye-ultraviolet ekhishwa umhwamuko we-mercury. Kodwa i-phosphor, impushana emhlophe ezindongeni zeflask, ikhanya ebangeni elibonakalayo ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Amalambu e-UVB noma e-UVA aklanywe ngendlela efanayo, isibani sengilazi asidluliseli ukuphakama kwe-185 nm kanye ne-254 nm peak, kodwa i-phosphor ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-ultraviolet yamaza amafushane ayikhiphi ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kodwa i-ultraviolet yamaza amade. imisebe. Lawa amalambu ngezinjongo zobuchwepheshe. Futhi njengoba ukukhanya kwezibani ze-UVA kufana nokwelanga, izibani ezinjalo zisetshenziselwa ukushukwa kwesikhumba. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-spectrum nejika elisebenza kahle le-bactericidal kukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amalambu e-UVB ikakhulukazi ama-UVA okubulala amagciwane akulungile.
Ilayisi. 11 Ukuqhathaniswa kwejika lejika elisebenzayo lokubulala amagciwane, i-spectrum yesibani se-UVB, i-spectrum yesibani sokushuka kwe-UVA kanye ne-spectrum ye-365 nm diode. I-spectra yesibani ethathwe kuwebhusayithi ye-American Paint Manufacturers Association [].
Qaphela ukuthi i-spectrum yesibani se-UVA fluorescent ibanzi futhi ivala ububanzi be-UVB. I-spectrum ye-365 nm diode incane kakhulu, lokhu "i-UVA ethembekile". Uma i-UVA idingeka ukukhiqiza i-luminescence ngezinjongo zokuhlobisa noma ukuthola ukungcola, ukusebenzisa i-diode kuphephile kunokusebenzisa isibani se-ultraviolet fluorescent.
Isibani esinengcindezi ephansi ye-UVC mercury bactericidal siyahluka kumalambu e-fluorescent ngoba ayikho i-phosphor ezindongeni ze-bulb, futhi isibani sidlulisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ulayini oyinhloko we-254 nm uhlale usakazwa, futhi ulayini okhiqiza i-ozone okhiqiza i-185 nm ungashiywa ku-spectrum yesibani noma ususwe yi-bulb yengilazi ngokudluliselwa okukhethiwe.
Ilayisi. 12 Ibanga lokuphuma kwegazi likhonjiswe ekulebeni kwamalambu e-ultraviolet. Isibani se-UVC se-germicidal singabonwa ngokungabikho kwe-phosphor ku-bulb.
I-ozone inomphumela owengeziwe we-bactericidal, kodwa iyi-carcinogen, ngakho-ke, ukuze ungalindi ukuthi i-ozone iguguleke ngemva kokubulala amagciwane, kusetshenziswa izibani ezingakhiqizi i-ozone ngaphandle komugqa we-185 nm ku-spectrum. Lezi zibani zine-spectrum ecishe ifane - ulayini oyinhloko onokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-bactericidal ka-254 nm, imisebe ebuthakathaka kakhulu ebangeni le-ultraviolet elingenamagciwane, kanye nemisebe "yesiginali" encane ebangeni elibonakalayo.
Ilayisi. 13. I-spectrum yesibani se-mercury ye-UVC enengcindezi ephansi (ehlinzekwe ngumagazini i-lumen2b.ru) ihlanganiswe ne-spectrum yemisebe yelanga (kusuka ku-Wikipedia) kanye nejika elisebenzayo le-bactericidal (kusuka ku-ESNA Lighting Handbook []).
Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwezibani ezibulala amagciwane kukuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi isibani semercury sivuliwe futhi siyasebenza. Ukukhanya kubuthakathaka, futhi lokhu kunikeza umbono odukisayo wokuthi kuphephile ukubheka isibani. Asizwa ukuthi imisebe ebangeni le-UVC ibalelwa ku-35...40% wamandla aphelele asetshenziswa isibani.
Ilayisi. 14 Ingxenye encane yamandla emisebe ye-mercury vapor isebangeni elibonakalayo futhi ibonakala njengokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okubuthakathaka.
Isibani se-bactericidal mercury esinengcindezi ephansi sinesisekelo esifanayo nesibani esivamile se-fluorescent, kodwa senziwe ngobude obuhlukile ukuze isibani se-bactericidal singafakwa ezibanini ezivamile. Isibani sesibani se-bactericidal, ngaphezu kobukhulu baso, sihlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi zonke izingxenye zepulasitiki zimelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, izintambo ezivela ku-ultraviolet zimbozwe, futhi azikho i-diffuser.
Ngezidingo ze-bactericidal zasekhaya, umbhali usebenzisa isibani se-bactericidal esingu-15 W, esake sasetshenziselwa ukukhipha amagciwane isisombululo sezakhi zokufakwa kwe-hydroponic. I-analogue yayo ingatholwa ngokucinga “i-aquarium uv sterilisator”. Lapho isibani sisebenza, i-ozone ikhishwa, engeyinhle, kodwa iwusizo ekubulaleni amagciwane, isibonelo, izicathulo.
Ilayisi. 15 Izibani ze-mercury ezinengcindezi ephansi ezinezinhlobo ezahlukene zesisekelo. Izithombe ezivela kuwebhusayithi ye-Aliexpress.
Amalambu e-mercury anengcindezi ephakathi nendawo
Ukwanda komfutho we-mercury vapor kuholela ku-spectrum eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu; i-spectrum iyakhula futhi kuvela imigqa eyengeziwe kuwo, kuhlanganise namaza amaza akhiqiza i-ozone. Ukwethulwa kwezithasiselo ku-mercury kuholela enkingeni enkulu nakakhulu ye-spectrum. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zalezi zibani, futhi i-spectrum ngayinye ikhethekile.
Ilayisi. 16 Izibonelo ze-spectra yamalambu e-mercury anengcindezi ephakathi nendawo nephezulu
Ukwandisa ingcindezi kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwesibani. Ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-Aquafineuv njengesibonelo, izibani ze-UVC ezinengcindezi ephakathi zikhipha u-15-18% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla, hhayi u-40% njengezibani zokucindezela okuphansi. Futhi izindleko zemishini nge-watt ngayinye yokugeleza kwe-UVC ziphezulu [].
Ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zesibani kunxeshezelwa ngokuhlangana kwaso. Isibonelo, ukubulawa kwamagciwane emanzini ahambayo noma ukomiswa kwevanisha okufakwa ngesivinini esikhulu ekuphrinteni kudinga imithombo ehlangene nenamandla; izindleko ezithile nokusebenza kahle akubalulekile. Kodwa akulungile ukusebenzisa isibani esinjalo ukuze kubulawe amagciwane.
I-irradiator ye-UV eyenziwe ngesishisi se-DRL nesibani se-DRT
Kukhona indlela "yabantu" yokuthola umthombo onamandla we-ultraviolet ngokuqhathaniswa nezindleko eziphansi. Azophela ukusetshenziswa, kodwa amalambu amhlophe e-DRL angu-125...1000 W asathengiswa. Kulezi zibani, ngaphakathi kwe-flask yangaphandle kukhona "i-mbarner" - isibani se-mercury esinengcindezi ephezulu. Ikhipha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-broadband, evinjwe isibani sengilazi sangaphandle, kodwa ibangele ukuthi i-phosphor esezindongeni zayo ikhanye. Uma uphula i-flask yangaphandle futhi uxhuma isishisi kunethiwekhi ngokusebenzisa ukuminyanisa okujwayelekile, uzothola i-emitter ye-ultraviolet ye-broadband enamandla.
I-emitter enjalo yasekhaya inemibi: ukusebenza kahle okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani eziphansi, ingxenye enkulu yemisebe ye-ultraviolet ingaphandle kwebanga le-bactericidal, futhi awukwazi ukuhlala ekamelweni isikhathi esithile ngemva kokucisha isibani kuze kube yilapho i-ozone ihlakazeka noma inyamalala.
Kodwa izinzuzo nazo azinakuphikwa: izindleko eziphansi namandla aphezulu ngosayizi ohlangene. Enye yezinzuzo ukukhiqizwa kwe-ozone. I-ozone izobulala amagciwane ezindaweni ezinomthunzi ezingavezwanga emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.
Ilayisi. 17 I-Ultraviolet irradiator eyenziwe ngamalambu e-DRL. Isithombe sishicilelwe ngemvume yombhali, udokotela wamazinyo waseBulgaria, esebenzisa le irradiator ngaphezu kwesibani esivamile se-Philips TUV 30W se-bactericidal.
Imithombo efanayo ye-ultraviolet yokubulala amagciwane ngendlela yezibani ze-high-pressure mercury isetshenziswa kuma-irradiator ohlobo lwe-OUFK-01 "Solnyshko".
Isibonelo, isibani esidumile "DRT 125-1" umenzi akashicileli i-spectrum, kodwa uhlinzeka ngemingcele emibhalweni: ukuqina kwe-irradiation ebangeni elingu-1 m ukusuka ku-UVA yesibani - 0,98 W / m2, UVB - 0,83 I-W/m2, UVC – 0,72 W/m2, ukugeleza kwe-bactericidal 8 W, futhi ngemva kokusetshenziswa, kudingeka umoya wegumbi ovela ku-ozone []. Ephendula umbuzo oqondile mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwesibani se-DRT nesishisi se-DRL, umkhiqizi uphendule kubhulogi yakhe ukuthi i-DRT ine-insulating green coating kuma-cathodes.
Ilayisi. 18 Umthombo we-Broadband ultraviolet - isibani se-DRT-125
Ngokwezici ezishiwo, kusobala ukuthi i-spectrum iyi-broadband enesabelo esicishe silingane semisebe ku-ultraviolet ethambile, emaphakathi, neqinile, okuhlanganisa ne-UVC eqinile ekhiqiza i-ozone. Ukugeleza kwe-bactericidal yi-6,4% yokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle kungaphansi izikhathi ezi-6 kunesibani esine-tubular esicindezelayo.
Umkhiqizi akashicileli i-spectrum yalesi sibani, futhi isithombe esifanayo esine-spectrum ye-DRT eyodwa sizungeza ku-inthanethi. Umthombo wangempela awaziwa, kodwa isilinganiso samandla kububanzi be-UVC, UVB ne-UVA asihambisani naleyo emenyezelwe isibani se-DRT-125. Ku-DRT, kushiwo isilinganiso esicishe silingane, futhi i-spectrum ibonisa ukuthi amandla e-UVB makhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunamandla e-UBC. Futhi ku-UVA iphakeme izikhathi eziningi kune-UVB.
Ilayisi. 19. I-Spectrum yesibani se-arc ye-high-pressure mercury, evame ukubonisa i-spectrum ye-DRT-125, esetshenziselwa kakhulu izinjongo zokwelapha.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izibani ezinezingcindezi ezihlukene kanye nezithasiselo ze-mercury ziphuma ngokuhlukile. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi umthengi ongenalwazi uthambekele ekucabangeni ngokuzimela izici ezifiselekayo nezakhiwo zomkhiqizo, athole ukuzethemba ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kwakhe, futhi athenge. Futhi ukushicilelwa kwe-spectrum yesibani esithile kuzodala izingxoxo, ukuqhathanisa neziphetho.
Umbhali wake wathenga ukufakwa kwe-OUFK-01 ngesibani se-DRT-125 futhi wakusebenzisa iminyaka eminingana ukuhlola ukumelana kwe-UV kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Ngafakela imisebe emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa, omunye wawo okwakuwumshini wokulawula owenziwe ngepulasitiki elimelana ne-ultraviolet, futhi ngabheka ukuthi iyiphi ezoba phuzi ngokushesha. Ngohlelo olunjalo, ulwazi lokuma okuqondile kwe-spectrum akudingekile; kubalulekile kuphela ukuthi i-emitter ibe i-broadband. Kodwa kungani usebenzise ukukhanya kwe-broadband ultraviolet uma kudingeka ukubulawa amagciwane?
Inhloso ye-OUFK-01 ithi i-irradiator isetshenziselwa izinqubo zokuvuvukala ezinzima. Okusho ukuthi, ezimweni lapho umphumela omuhle wokukhipha amagciwane esikhumbeni udlula umonakalo ongase ube khona wemisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-broadband. Ngokusobala, kulokhu, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-ultraviolet-band ewumngcingo, ngaphandle kwamaza e-spectrum anomphumela ngaphandle kwe-bactericidal.
Ukukhipha amagciwane emoyeni
Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kubhekwa njengendlela enganele yokubulala amagciwane, njengoba imisebe ayikwazi ukungena lapho, isibonelo, utshwala bungena khona. Kodwa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuyawubulala amagciwane emoyeni.
Lapho uthimula futhi ukhwehlela, kwakheka amaconsi angama-micrometer ambalwa ngobukhulu, alenga emoyeni kusukela emizuzwini embalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa []. Ucwaningo lwesifo sofuba lubonise ukuthi ukudonsa okukodwa kwe-aerosol kwanele ukudala izifo.
Emgwaqweni siphephile uma kuqhathaniswa ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu nokuhamba komoya, okungahlakaza futhi kubulale amagciwane noma yikuphi ukuthimula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nemisebe yelanga. Ngisho nasendaweni kamasipala we-metro, kuyilapho inani labantu abanaleli gciwane lilincane, ingqikithi yomoya kumuntu ngamunye onegciwane likhulu, futhi ukungena komoya okuhle kwenza ingozi yokusabalalisa ukutheleleka ibe mancane. Indawo eyingozi kakhulu phakathi nobhadane lwezifo eziqhutshwa emoyeni yikheshi. Ngakho-ke, labo abathimulayo kufanele bahlaliswe bodwa, futhi umoya osezikhaleni zomphakathi ezingenawo umoya owanele udinga ukubulawa amagciwane.
Ama-recirculators
Enye yezinketho zokukhipha amagciwane emoyeni ama-UV recyclers avaliwe. Ake sixoxe ngenye yalezi recirculators - "Dezar 7", eyaziwa ngokubonakala ngisho ehhovisi lomuntu wokuqala wombuso.
Incazelo ye-recirculator ithi ishaya i-100 m3 ngehora futhi iklanyelwe ukuphatha igumbi elinomthamo we-100 m3 (cishe 5 × 7 × 2,8 amamitha).
Nokho, amandla okubulala amagciwane angu-100 m3 womoya ngehora akusho ukuthi umoya osegumbini elingu-100 m3 ngehora uzophathwa ngendlela ephumelelayo. Umoya ophathwayo unciphisa umoya ongcolile, futhi kuleli fomu ungena ku-recirculator kaninginingi. Kulula ukwakha imodeli yezibalo nokubala ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo enjalo:
Ilayisi. 20 Umthelela wokusebenza kwe-UV recirculator enanini lama-microorganisms emoyeni wegumbi elingenawo umoya.
Ukunciphisa ukuhlushwa kwama-microorganisms emoyeni ngo-90%, i-recirculator idinga ukusebenza amahora angaphezu kwamabili. Uma kungekho umoya ekamelweni, lokhu kungenzeka. Kodwa ngokuvamile awekho amagumbi anabantu futhi angenawo umoya. Isb, [] ichaza isilinganiso esincane sokugeleza komoya ngaphandle kokungena komoya okungu-3 m3 ngehora endaweni eyi-1 m2 yendawo yokuhlala. Lokhu kuhambisana nokushintshwa okuphelele komoya kanye ngehora futhi kwenza ukusebenza kwe-recirculator kungenamsebenzi.
Uma sicabangela imodeli hhayi yokuxuba okuphelele, kodwa amajethi e-laminar adlula umzila oqinile oyinkimbinkimbi ekamelweni futhi angene endaweni yokukhipha umoya, inzuzo yokubulala amagciwane enye yalezi jets incane nakakhulu kunemodeli yokuxuba okuphelele.
Kunoma yikuphi, i-recirculator ye-UV ayisebenzi njengefasitela elivuliwe.
Esinye sezizathu zokungasebenzi kahle kwama-recirculators ukuthi umphumela we-bactericidal mncane kakhulu ngokuya nge-watt ngayinye yokugeleza kwe-UV. Uhlaka luhamba cishe amasentimitha ayi-10 ngaphakathi kokufakwa, bese lubonakala lusuka ku-aluminium nge-coefficient engaba ngu-k = 0,7. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indlela ephumelelayo ye-beam ngaphakathi kokufakwa cishe isigamu semitha, emva kwalokho idonswa ngaphandle kwenzuzo.
Ilayisi. 21. Kusavela kuvidiyo ye-YouTube ebonisa isisebenzi kabusha sihlakazwa. Amalambu e-Germicidal kanye nendawo ekhanyayo ye-aluminium iyabonakala, ebonisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet kubi kakhulu kunokukhanya okubonakalayo [].
Isibani esibulala amagciwane, esilenga ngokusobala odongeni ehhovisi lasemtholampilo futhi sivulwa udokotela ngokwesimiso, sisebenza ngokuphindwe kaningi. Imisebe yesibani esivulekile ihamba amamitha amaningana, ibulala amagciwane kuqala emoyeni bese iba ngaphezulu.
Ama-airirdiators engxenyeni engenhla yegumbi
Emawadini asesibhedlela lapho iziguli ezilele embhedeni zihlala zikhona, amayunithi e-UV ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziselwa ukukhiphela umoya ogeleza ojikelezayo ngaphansi kosilingi. Ububi obuyinhloko bokufakwa okunjalo ukuthi i-grille emboza izibani ivumela kuphela imisebe edlula ngokuqinile ohlangothini olulodwa, idonsa ngaphezu kuka-90% wokugeleza okusele ngaphandle kokuhlomula.
Ungakwazi futhi ukuphefumula umoya ngokusebenzisa i-irradiator ukuze udale i-recirculator ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa lokhu akwenziwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungabaza ukuba ne-accumulator yothuli ekamelweni.
Ilayisi. 22 I-UV air irradiator efakwe eluphahleni, isithombe esivela endaweni [].
Ama-grille avikela abantu ekamelweni ekugelezeni okuqondile kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa ukugeleza okudlula ku-grille kushaya ophahleni nasezindongeni futhi kubonakale ngokuhlukana, nge-reflection coefficient engaba ngu-10%. Igumbi ligcwele imisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-omnidirectional futhi abantu bathola umthamo wemisebe ye-ultraviolet ngokulingana nesikhathi esichithwa ekamelweni.
Ababuyekezi nombhali
Ababuyekezi:
Artyom Balabanov, unjiniyela we-elekthronikhi, umthuthukisi wezinhlelo zokuphulukisa ze-UV;
Rumen Vasilev, Ph.D., unjiniyela wokukhanyisa, OOD "Interlux", Bulgaria;
Vadim Grigorov, isazi sezinto eziphilayo;
UStanislav Lermontov, unjiniyela wezibani, Complex Systems LLC;
U-Alexey Pankrashkin, Ph.D., UProfesa Ohlangene, ubunjiniyela be-semiconductor lighting and photonics, INTECH Engineering LLC;
U-Andrey Khramov, onguchwepheshe ekwakhiweni kokukhanyisa izikhungo zezokwelapha;
U-Vitaly Tsvirko, inhloko yelabhorethri yokuhlola izibani "TSSOT NAS yaseBelarus"
Author: U-Anton Sharakshane, Ph.D., unjiniyela wokukhanyisa kanye ne-biophysicist, i-First Moscow State Medical University eqanjwe ngalo. KWABO. Sechenov
izithenjwa
izithenjwa
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[CIE 155:2003] CIE 155:2003 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION
[DIN 5031-10] DIN 5031-10 2018 I-Optical radiation physics kanye nobunjiniyela obukhanyayo. Ingxenye 10: Imisebe esebenza kahle ngokwesithombe, amanani, izimpawu nobubanzi besenzo. I-Physics yemisebe ye-optical kanye nobunjiniyela bokukhanyisa. Imisebe ye-photobiologically esebenzayo. Ubukhulu, izimpawu kanye ne-spectra yesenzo
[ESNA] I-ESNA Lighting Handbook, Uhlelo lwesi-9. ed. Rea M.S. I-Illuminating Engineering Society yaseNyakatho Melika, eNew York, ngo-2000
[IEC 62471] GOST R IEC 62471-2013 Amalambu namasistimu wezibani. Ukuphepha kwe-Photobiological
[Kowalski2020] Wladyslaw J. Kowalski et al., 2020 I-COVID-19 I-Ultraviolet Susceptibility ye-COVID-10.13140, DOI: 2.2.22803.22566/RG.XNUMX
[Lisma]
[Mitsuichemicals]
[Nejm]
[Penta]
[TUV]
[WHO] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. I-Ultraviolet Radiation: Ukubuyekezwa okusemthethweni kwesayensi kwemiphumela yemvelo nempilo yemisebe ye-UV, kubhekiselwa ekuncipheni kwe-ozone emhlabeni jikelele.
[Desar]
[R 3.5.1904-04] R 3.5.1904-04 Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet bactericidal yokubulala amagciwane emoyeni wasendlini
[SP 60.13330.2016] SP 60.13330.2016 Ukushisa, ukungena komoya kanye nesimo somoya.
Source: www.habr.com