🥇Iseva yewebhu ku-CentOS 8 ene-php7, node.js ne-redis

Isibikezelo

Sekuyizinsuku ezingu-2 kusukela ekukhululweni kwenguqulo entsha yesistimu yokusebenza ye-CentOS, okungukuthi i-CentOS 8. Futhi kuze kube manje kunezihloko ezimbalwa impela ku-inthanethi mayelana nokuthi izinto zenziwa kanjani kuyo, ngakho nginqume ukugcwalisa lesi sikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngizokutshela hhayi kuphela mayelana nendlela yokufaka lezi zinhlelo ezimbili, kodwa futhi mayelana nendlela engivame ukubona ngayo ukufaka i-Linux endaweni ebonakalayo ezweni lanamuhla ngemisebenzi evamile, okuhlanganisa amadiski okuhlukanisa nokunye.

Kodwa ekuqaleni, ngifuna ukukhuluma kafushane ngokuthi kungani kufanelekile ukushintshela kule nguqulo kusuka kuzo zonke ezedlule, futhi kunezizathu ezimbili zalokhu:

php7! Kunguqulo yangaphambilini ye-CentOS, i-php5.4 ye-“Orthodox” yafakwa...
Kulungile, ukuze sibe bucayi kakhulu, amaphakheji amaningi agxume ezinguqulweni ezimbalwa ngobuningi. Thina (abalandeli bama-OS afana ne-redhat) sesingenile ekugcineni, uma kungenjalo esikhathini esizayo, okungenani sibe yimanje. Futhi abalandeli baka-Ubuntu ngeke besasihleka futhi basikhombe ngeminwe, kahle ... okungenani okwesikhashana;).
Ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-yum kuya ku-dnf. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi manje usekelwa ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza nezinguqulo eziningana zamaphakheji ngesikhathi esisodwa. Khona kanye kwabayisishiyagalombili, angikaze ngikuthole lokhu kuwusizo, kodwa kuzwakala kuthembisa.

Ukudala umshini obonakalayo

Kukhona ama-hypervisors ahlukene futhi anginawo umgomo wokwenza umfundi afaneleke othize, ngizokutshela ngezimiso ezijwayelekile.

inkumbulo

Okokuqala ... Ukufaka uhlelo lwe-CentOS oluqala kusukela ku-7 ngokuqinisekile, futhi ngombono wami lokhu kwakunjalo ku-6 ("kodwa lokhu akuqinisekile"), udinga ubuncane 2 GB RAM. Ngakho-ke, ngikweluleka ukuthi ukhiphe okungako kuqala.

Kodwa uma kukhona, ngemva kokufaka usayizi wememori ungancishiswa. Ku-1 GB uhlelo olungenalutho lusebenza kahle, ngibhekile.

idiski

Ukufakwa okujwayelekile, kufanele udale idiski ebonakalayo enomthamo we-20-30 GB. Lokhu kwanele ohlelweni. Nediski yesibili yedatha. Inganezelwa kokubili esigabeni sokudala umshini obonakalayo nangemva kwalokho. Ngivame ukuyengeza kamuva.

processor

Komunye umongo, isistimu engenalutho ayinciphisi. Futhi njengoba izinsiza zingakaleka ngokukhululekile, angiboni phuzu ekunikezeni okwengeziwe esigabeni sokufaka (ngaphandle uma wazi izidingo ngokuphelele futhi uvilapha kakhulu ukungena kusilungisi futhi)

Okunye ngokuvamile kungashiywa njengokuzenzakalelayo.

Ukufakwa kwangempela

Ngakho... Ake siqalise isifaki... Ngokwami, bengilokhu ngifaka izinsizakalo ezinjalo kuphela ngendlela yemishini ebonakalayo isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ngeke ngichaze zonke izinhlobo zamarekhodi okusabalalisa ku-flash drive - ngivele ngifake i-ISO njenge-CD ku-hypervisor engiyithandayo, landa bese uhamba.

Ukufakwa okuyisisekelo kujwayelekile, ngizohlala emaphuzwini ambalwa kuphela.

Ukukhetha umthombo

Kusukela ekukhululweni kwenguqulo yesishiyagalombili, isibuko esivela ku-Yandex silele izinsuku. Hhayi-ke, okungukuthi, ikhuphuka ngezikhathi ezithile, bese iphinda iqale ukukhombisa iphutha. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi kungenxa yomthwalo oweqile kusevisi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngibonise umthombo, mina ngokwami kwadingeka, esikhundleni sokufaka ikheli elivamile, ngihambe lapha, khetha isibuko engisithandayo lapho bese ufaka mathupha ikheli efasiteleni lesifaki. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula lapha ukuthi udinga ukucacisa indlela eya kufolda lapho uhla lwemibhalo lukhona i-repodata... Ngokwesibonelo, mirror.corbina.net/pub/Linux/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwediski

Lo mbuzo ungowenkolo ngokubona kwami. Umlawuli ngamunye unombono wakhe ngalolu daba. Kodwa ngisazokwabelana ngombono wami ngalolu daba.

Yebo, empeleni, ungabeka yonke indawo empandeni futhi izosebenza, imvamisa ngisho kahle kakhulu. Kungani-ke ubiyela ingadi enezigaba ezahlukene? - Ngokubona kwami, kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zalokhu: ama-quotas kanye nokuphatheka.

Isibonelo, uma kukhona okungahambi kahle futhi kwenzeka amaphutha ekuhlukaniseni idatha eyinhloko, ufuna ukukwazi ukusayinisa isistimu futhi wenze izinyathelo zokuvuselela kabusha. Ngakho-ke, mina ngokwami nginikeza ukwahlukanisa okuhlukile kwe-/boot. Kukhona i-kernel kanye ne-bootloader. Ngokuvamile ama-megabytes angu-500 anele, kodwa ezimweni ezingavamile kungase kudingeke okwengeziwe, futhi njengoba sesijwayele ukulinganisa isikhala ngama-terabytes, nginikeza i-2GB yalesi sigaba. Futhi okubalulekile lapha ukuthi akunakwenziwa lvm.

Okulandelayo kuza impande yesistimu. Ukuze kufakwe okuvamile, angikaze ngidinge okungaphezu kwe-4 GB ngohlelo ngalunye, kodwa phakathi nemicimbi ehleliwe ngivame ukusebenzisa umkhombandlela we-/tmp ukuze ngikhiphe ukusabalalisa, futhi angiboni noma iyiphi iphuzu ekuyinikezeleni ekuhlukaniseni okuhlukile - ezinhlelweni zanamuhla. ihlanzwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngakho ayigcwaliswa . Ngakho-ke ngabela i-8GB yempande.

Shintsha... Ngokuvamile, kuncane ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo okuvela kuyo. Uma uqala ukusebenzisa ukushintshanisa kuseva yakho, namuhla emhlabeni wangempela lokhu kusho kuphela ukuthi iseva idinga ukwengeza i-RAM eyengeziwe. Uma kungenjalo, izinkinga zokusebenza ziqinisekisiwe (noma inkumbulo ethile yohlelo "ukuvuza"). Ngakho-ke, lesi sigaba sidingeka ngezinjongo zokuxilonga kuphela. Ngakho-ke, i-2 GB iyinombolo enhle kakhulu. Yebo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani inkumbulo kuseva. Yebo, ngifunde zonke lezo zihloko lapho kubhalwe khona mayelana nesilinganiso sevolumu yememori ukushintshanisa ivolumu ... I-IMHO, ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Eminyakeni engu-10 yokuzilolonga angikaze ngikudinge lokhu. Eminyakeni engu-15 edlule ngawasebenzisa, yebo.

I-IMHO, wonke umuntu angazinqumela ngokwakhe ukuthi ahlukanise /abe nekhaya endaweni ehlukile. Uma othile kuseva ezosebenzisa lolu hlu lwemibhalo, kungcono ukulunikeza. Uma kungekho muntu, asikho isidingo.

Okulandelayo, /var. Ngokubona kwami, kufanele nakanjani kugqanyiswe. Okokuqala, ungazikhawulela ku-4 GB, futhi ubone ukuthi kuhamba kanjani. Futhi yebo, ngokuthi “kuhamba kanjani” ngiqonde lokho

Okokuqala, ungahlala ufaka enye idiski ku-/var subdirectory (engizoyibonisa kamuva ngesibonelo)
Okwesibili, sine-lvm - ungayengeza njalo. Futhi ngokuvamile kufanele uyengeze lapho izingodo eziningi kakhulu ziqala ukuthela lapho. Kodwa angikaze ngikwazi ukubikezela lesi sibalo kusengaphambili, ngakho-ke ngiqala nge-2 GB bese ngibuka.

Isikhala esingabelwe sizohlala simahhala eqenjini levolumu futhi singasetshenziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-LVM

Zonke Kunengqondo ukwenza ama-partitions ngaphandle kwe-/boot ku-LVM. Yebo, kufaka phakathi ukushintshana. Yebo, ngokuvumelana nazo zonke izeluleko, ukushintshwa kufanele kube ekuqaleni kwediski, kodwa esimweni se-LVM indawo yayo ayikwazi ukunqunywa ngokomgomo. Kodwa njengoba ngibhale ngenhla, uhlelo lwakho akufanele sebenzisa ukushintshana nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, akunandaba ukuthi ukuphi. Hhayi-ke, asihlali ngo-95, ngokweqiniso!

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-LVM kunezinhlaka ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ozidingayo ukuze ukwazi ukuphila nazo:

umthamo womzimba
iqembu levolumu
ivolumu enengqondo

Imiqulu engokomzimba ihlanganiswa ibe ngamaqembu, futhi umthamo ngamunye womzimba ungaba eqenjini elilodwa kuphela, futhi iqembu lingatholakala emiqulwini eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Futhi imiqulu enengqondo ngayinye iseqenjini elilodwa.

Kodwa ... Damn, sekuyikhulu lama-21 futhi. Futhi amaseva kukhona virtual. Akunangqondo ukusebenzisa kubo izindlela ezifanayo ezasetshenziswa kwezenyama. Futhi kuma-virtual kubalulekile ukuba nedatha ngokwehlukana nesistimu! Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ikhono lokushintsha ngokushesha idatha komunye umshini we-virtual (isibonelo, lapho ushintshela ku-OS entsha) futhi ngokujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziwusizo (i-backups ehlukene ngokuhlukanisa usebenzisa amathuluzi we-hypervisor, isibonelo) . Ngakho-ke, iqembu elilodwa levolumu lisetshenziselwa uhlelo futhi elinye lisetshenziselwa idatha! Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okunengqondo kusiza kakhulu empilweni!

Uma udale i-virtual hard disk eyodwa kuphela lapho udala umshini we-virtual, yilapho ukucushwa kuphela khona. Futhi uma kukhona okubili, ungamaki owesibili okwamanje.

Ake siqale ukufaka.

Ngemuva kokufakwa

Ngakho-ke, isistimu esanda kufakwa ekugcineni iqalisiwe. Into yokuqala okudingeka uyihlole yi-inthanethi.

ping ya.ru

Ingabe ikhona impendulo? - Kuhle, cindezela u-Ctrl-C.
Uma kungenjalo, hamba usethe inethiwekhi, akukho ukuphila ngaphandle kwalokhu, kodwa akukhona lokho okushiwo isihloko sami.

Manje uma singakabi ngaphansi kwempande, yiya ngaphansi kwempande, ngoba ukuloba kanjalo inombolo yemiyalo ene-sudo ngokwami ingiphule (futhi kwangathi abaphathi be-paranoid bangangixolela):

sudo -i

Manje into yokuqala esiyenzayo ukuthayipha

dnf -y update

Futhi uma ufunda lesi sihloko ngo-2019, cishe akukho okuzokwenzeka, kodwa bekufanele uzame.

Manje ake silungiselele idiski esele

Ake sithi ukwahlukanisa nesistimu bekuyi-xvda, bese idiski yedatha izoba xvdb. KULUNGILE.

Izeluleko eziningi zizoqala ngokuthi "Run fdisk bese udala ukwahlukanisa..."

Ngakho lokhu okungalungile!

Ngizophinda futhi ngoba ibaluleke kakhulu! Kulokhu, ukusebenza ne-LVM, ethatha idiski eyodwa ye-virtual, ukudala ukuhlukaniswa kuyo kuyingozi! Wonke amagama kule nkulumo abalulekile. Uma sisebenza ngaphandle kwe-LVM, sidinga. Uma sinesistimu nedatha kudiski, siyayidinga. Uma ngesizathu esithile sidinga ukushiya ingxenye yediski ingenalutho, kufanele nathi. Kodwa ngokuvamile yonke le mibono iyithiyori kuphela. Ngoba uma sithatha isinqumo sokwengeza isikhala esakhiweni esikhona, khona-ke indlela elula yokukwenza lokhu kulungiselelwa. Futhi ukuphatha kalula kudlula ezinye izinto eziningi kangangokuthi sisondela ngamabomu kulokhu kumisa.

Futhi okulula ukuthi uma ufuna ukwandisa ukwahlukanisa kwedatha, umane wengeze izikhala ekuhlukaniseni okubonakalayo, bese wandisa iqembu usebenzisa i-vgextend futhi yikho! Ezimweni ezingavamile, kungase kudingeke enye into, kodwa okungenani ngeke kudingeke ukwandise umthamo onengqondo ekuqaleni, osekuvele kuhle. Uma kungenjalo, ukuze kwandiswe wona kanye lo mthamo, batusa kuqala ukususa ekhona, bese udala entsha phezulu... Okungabonakali kukuhle kakhulu futhi okungeke kwenziwe bukhoma, kodwa ukunwetshwa ngokwesimo engisibonisile kungaba okwenziwa “ngendiza” ngaphandle ngisho nokwehlisa ukwahlukanisa.

Ngakho-ke, sakha ivolumu ebonakalayo, bese kuba iqembu levolumu elifaka phakathi, bese kuba ukuhlukaniswa kweseva yethu:

pvcreate /dev/xvdb
vgcreate data /dev/xvdb
lvcreate -n www -L40G data
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/mapper/data-www

Lapha, esikhundleni sohlamvu olukhulu "L" (kanye nosayizi ku-GB), ungacacisa encane, bese esikhundleni sosayizi ophelele, ucacise isihlobo, isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ingxenye yesikhala esikhululekile okwamanje. iqembu levolumu, udinga ukucacisa "-l +50%MAHHALA"

Futhi umyalo wokugcina ufometha ukuhlukaniswa ohlelweni lwefayela le-ext4 (okuthi kuze kube manje, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, kubonisa ukuzinza okukhulu kakhulu uma kwenzeka yonke into iphuka, ngakho ngiyayikhetha).

Manje sibeka ukwahlukanisa endaweni efanele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, engeza umugqa olungile ku-/etc/fstab:

/dev/mapper/data-www    /var/www                ext4    defaults        1 2

Futhi siyadayela

mount /var/www

Uma kwenzeka iphutha, hlaba umkhosi! Ngoba lokhu kusho ukuthi sinephutha ku-/etc/fstab. Futhi ukuthi ekuqaliseni kabusha okulandelayo sizoba nezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu. Isistimu ingase ingaqalisi nhlobo, okuvame ukudabukisa kakhulu ngezinsizakalo zamafu. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulungisa ngokushesha umugqa wokugcina owengeziwe, noma uwususe ngokuphelele! Kungakho singazange sibhale umyalo wokukhweza ngesandla - lapho-ke besingeke sibe nethuba elihle kangaka lokuhlola ukumisa ngaso leso sikhathi.

Manje sifaka konke ebesikufuna futhi sivula izimbobo zewebhu:

dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"
dnf -y install httpd @nodejs @redis php
firewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent
firewall-cmd --add-service https --permanent

Uma ufisa, ungaphinda ubeke i-database lapha, kodwa ngokwami ngizama ukuyigcina ihlukene neseva yewebhu. Nakuba ukumgcina eseduze kuyashesha, yebo. Ijubane lama-adaptha enethiwekhi angokoqobo ngokuvamile lizungeze i-gigabit, futhi uma usebenza emshinini ofanayo, izingcingo zenzeka cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Kodwa akuphephile kangako. Yini ebaluleke kakhulu kubani?

Manje sengeza ipharamitha kufayela lokucushwa (sakha entsha, umbono wesimanje weCentOS unje)

echo "vm.overcommit_memory = 1"> /etc/sysctl.d/98-sysctl.conf

Siqalisa kabusha iseva.
Kumazwana, ngithethiswe ngokungeluleka ukuthi ngivale i-SeLinux, ngakho-ke ngizozilungisa futhi ngibhale mayelana neqiniso lokuthi ngemva kwalokhu udinga ukukhumbula ukulungisa i-SeLinux.
Empeleni, inzuzo! 🙂

Source: www.habr.com

Iseva yewebhu ku-CentOS 8 ene-php7, node.js kanye ne-redis