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ngo 1990 , ongumeluleki wezokuxhumana kanye nochwepheshe be-UNIX, bashicilele umbono obanzi wesimo senethiwekhi yamakhompyutha ngaleso sikhathi. Esigabeni esifushane ngekusasa le-computing, wabikezela ukuvela kwenethiwekhi eyodwa yomhlaba wonke "ye-imeyili, izingqungquthela, ukudluliselwa kwamafayela, ukungena okukude - njengoba nje kukhona inethiwekhi yocingo yomhlaba wonke kanye ne-mail yomhlaba wonke namuhla." Nokho, akazange anamathisele indima ekhethekile ku-Inthanethi. Uphakamise ukuthi le nethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke "cishe izosetshenziswa izinhlangano zezokuxhumana zikahulumeni," ngaphandle kwase-United States, "lapho izosetshenziswa khona yizigaba zesifunda zeBell Operating Companies kanye nabathwali bamabanga amade."
Inhloso yale ndatshana iwukuchaza ukuthi, ngokukhula kwayo okungazelelwe kokuqhuma okukhulu, i-inthanethi ikuguqule kanjani ngokusobala ukuqagela kwemvelo ngokuphelele.
Ehambisa induku
Isehlakalo sokuqala esibucayi esiholela ekuveleni kwe-inthanethi yesimanje senzeka ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, lapho i-Defence Communications Agency (DCA) [manje eyi-DISA] inquma ukuhlukanisa i-ARPANET ibe izingxenye ezimbili. I-DCA yaqala ukulawula inethiwekhi ngo-1975. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase kusobala ukuthi iHhovisi Lezobuchwepheshe Lokucubungula Ulwazi le-ARPA (IPTO), inhlangano ezinikele ocwaningweni lwemibono yetiyetha, yayingenangqondo ekubambeni iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwenethiwekhi eyayingasetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwezokuxhumana kodwa ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke. I-ARPA yehlulekile ukuzama ukuphuca ukulawula kwenethiwekhi enkampanini ezimele i-AT&T. I-DCA, ebhekelele izinhlelo zokuxhumana zempi, ibonakala iyindlela yesibili engcono kakhulu.
Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yesimo esisha, i-ARPANET yachuma esimweni sokunganakwa okujabulisayo. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana egugile yoMnyango Wezokuvikela yayidinga kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa. Iphrojekthi ehlongozwayo yokushintshanisa, i-AUTODIN II, lapho i-DCA ikhethe i-Western Union njengosonkontileka wayo, ibonakala ihlulekile. Izinhloko ze-DCA zibe seziqoka uColonel Heidi Hayden ukuthi aphathe ukukhetha enye indlela. Uhlongoze ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokushintshwa kwephakethe, i-DCA eyayivele inabo ngendlela ye-ARPANET, njengesisekelo senethiwekhi entsha yedatha yezokuvikela.
Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona inkinga ecacile yokudlulisa idatha yezempi phezu kwe-ARPANET - inethiwekhi yayigcwele ososayensi abanezinwele ezinde, abanye babo ababephikisana ngentshiseko nokuphepha kwekhompyutha noma imfihlo - isibonelo, nabaduni bakhe be-MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. UHayden uhlongoze ukuhlukanisa inethiwekhi ibe izingxenye ezimbili. Unqume ukugcina ososayensi bocwaningo abaxhaswe yi-ARPA ku-ARPANET futhi ahlukanise amakhompyutha okuvikela abe yinethiwekhi entsha ebizwa nge-MILNET. Le mitosis yaba nemiphumela emibili ebalulekile. Okokuqala, ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zenethiwekhi zezempi nezingezona ezempi kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokudlulisa i-inthanethi ngaphansi kwezakhamuzi, futhi kamuva ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwangasese. Okwesibili, kwakuwubufakazi bokusebenza kobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi be-seminal - imigomo ye-TCP/IP, eyasungulwa okokuqala cishe eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili. I-DCA yayidinga wonke ama-node e-ARPANET ukuthi ashintshe esuka kuzivumelwano zefa aye ekusekelweni kwe-TCP/IP ekuqaleni kuka-1983. Ngaleso sikhathi, ambalwa amanethiwekhi asebenzisa i-TCP/IP, kodwa inqubo kamuva yaxhuma amanethiwekhi amabili e-proto-Inthanethi, okuvumela ithrafikhi yomlayezo ukuxhumanisa ucwaningo namabhizinisi ezempi njengoba kudingeka. Ukuqinisekisa ubude besikhathi se-TCP/IP kumanethiwekhi ezempi, u-Hayden wasungula isikhwama semali engu-$20 million ukuze asekele abakhiqizi bamakhompyutha abazobhala isofthiwe ukuze basebenzise i-TCP/IP kumasistimu abo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokudluliswa kancane kancane kwe-inthanethi kusuka kwezempi kuya ekulawuleni okuyimfihlo futhi kusinikeza ithuba elihle lokuvalelisa ku-ARPA ne-IPTO. Uxhaso lwayo lwezimali kanye nomthelela, oluholwa nguJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider, u-Ivan Sutherland, noRobert Taylor, luhole ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile kuyo yonke intuthuko yokuqala ye-interactive computing kanye nenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha. Nokho, ngokwakhiwa kwezinga le-TCP/IP maphakathi nawo-1970, kwadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wamakhompyutha okokugcina.
Iphrojekthi enkulu elandelayo yekhompiyutha exhaswe yi-DARPA kuzoba uMqhudelwano Wezimoto Ezizimele zika-2004-2005. Iphrojekthi edume kakhulu ngaphambi kwalokhu kuzoba uhlelo lwamasu lwekhompiyutha olusekelwe ku-AI olusekelwe ku-AI lweminyaka yawo-1980, olwaluzoveza izicelo ezimbalwa eziwusizo zempi kodwa olungenamthelela emiphakathini yomphakathi.
Umnqamulajuqu ekulahlekeni kwethonya lenhlangano kwaba . Iningi labacwaningi bezemfundo lalikholelwa ukuthi babelwa impi enhle futhi bevikela intando yeningi lapho ucwaningo lwenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi luxhaswa amasosha. Kodwa-ke, labo abakhule ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960 balahlekelwa ukuwethemba amasosha kanye nezinjongo zawo ngemuva kokucwila eMpini yaseVietnam. Phakathi kwabokuqala kwakukhona noTaylor ngokwakhe, owashiya i-IPTO ngo-1969, ethatha imibono yakhe nokuxhumana ne-Xerox PARC. ICongress elawulwa yiDemokhrasi, ekhathazekile ngomthelela owonakalisayo wemali yezempi ocwaningweni lwesayensi oluyisisekelo, yaphasisa izichibiyelo ezidinga ukuthi imali yokuvikela isetshenziswe ngokukhethekile ocwaningweni lwezempi. I-ARPA ibonise lolu shintsho esikweni lokuxhasa ngezimali ngo-1972 ngokuziqamba kabusha ngokuthi i-DARPA— .
Ngakho-ke, induku yadluliselwa kumuntu ovamile (NSF). Ngo-1980, ngesabelomali sezigidi ezingu-20 zamaRandi, i-NSF yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhasa ngemali cishe ingxenye yezinhlelo zocwaningo lwekhompiyutha zikahulumeni e-United States. Futhi iningi lalezi zimali maduze lizokwabelwa inethiwekhi entsha yekhompyutha kazwelonke .
I-NSFNET
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, uLarry Smarr, isazi sefiziksi eNyuvesi yase-Illinois, wavakashela Isikhungo. UMax Planck eMunich, lapho kwakusebenza khona i-supercomputer ethi "Cray", lapho abacwaningi baseYurophu babevunyelwe ukufinyelela khona. Ekhungathekiswe ukushoda kwezinsiza ezifanayo kososayensi base-US, uphakamise ukuthi i-NSF ixhase ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo eziningi ze-supercomputing ezweni lonke. Le nhlangano yaphendula uSmarr nabanye abacwaningi abanezikhalazo ezifanayo ngokwakha i-Advanced Scientific Computing Division ngo-1984, okwaholela ekuxhasweni kwezikhungo ezinhlanu ezinjalo ngesabelomali seminyaka emihlanu samaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-42, kusukela eNyuvesi yaseCornell enyakatho-mpumalanga kuya eSan Diego. eNingizimu-Ntshonalanga. Itholakala phakathi nendawo, iNyuvesi yase-Illinois, lapho uSmarr esebenza khona, yathola isikhungo sayo, iNational Center for Supercomputing Applications, NCSA.
Nokho, ikhono lezikhungo lokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kumandla wekhompyutha lalilinganiselwe. Ukusebenzisa amakhompuyutha abo kubasebenzisi abangahlali eduze nesikhungo esisodwa kwezinhlanu kungaba nzima futhi kuzodinga uxhaso lwemali yohambo locwaningo oluthatha isemester noma lwasehlobo. Ngakho-ke, i-NSF yanquma ukwakha inethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Umlando waziphinda—u-Taylor wakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwe-ARPANET ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 ukuze anikeze umphakathi wocwaningo ukufinyelela kwezinsiza zekhompyutha ezinamandla. I-NSF izohlinzeka ngomgogodla ozoxhumanisa izikhungo eziyinhloko ze-supercomputing, inwebe izwekazi lonke, bese ixhuma kumanethiwekhi esifunda anikeza amanye amanyuvesi namalabhorethri ocwaningo ukufinyelela kulezi zikhungo. I-NSF izosebenzisa izimiso ze-inthanethi ezakhuthazwa uHayden ngokunikeza isibopho sokwakha amanethiwekhi endawo emiphakathini yendawo yesayensi.
I-NSF iqale yadlulisela imisebenzi yokwakha nokugcina inethiwekhi ye-NCSA isuka eNyuvesi yase-Illinois njengomthombo wesiphakamiso sokuqala sokudala uhlelo lukazwelonke lwe-supercomputing. I-NCSA yona yaqasha izixhumanisi ezifanayo ezingama-56 kbps ebezisetshenziswa i-ARPANET kusukela ngo-1969 futhi yethula inethiwekhi ngo-1986. Kodwa-ke, le migqa yasheshe yagcwala ithrafikhi (imininingwane yale nqubo ingatholakala emsebenzini kaDavid Mills ""). Futhi futhi umlando we-ARPANET uziphindaphinda - ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wenethiwekhi akufanele kube ukufinyelela kososayensi emandleni ekhompyutha, kodwa ukushintshana kwemiyalezo phakathi kwabantu ababekwazi ukuyifinyelela. I-ARPANET ingathethelelwa ngokungazi ukuthi into enjengalena ingenzeka - kodwa kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi iphutha elifanayo liphinde lenzeke cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva? kubiza amanani ayisishiyagalombili kunokuthethelela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezinjalo emigomweni ebonakala ingenamsebenzi, njengekhono lokushintshana ngama-imeyili.Lokhu akusho ukuthi i-NSF yadukisa noma ubani ngamabomu. kungenxa yokuthi uma kungenjalo besingeke sibe khona, futhi thina Ukube bebengakwazi ukuzibona, bekungeke kudingeke ukuthi ngibhale ngenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha exhaswe nguhulumeni uma bezingekho izizatho ezifanayo, ezingelona iqiniso ngobukhona bayo.
Ngokuqiniseka ukuthi inethiwekhi ngokwayo ibaluleke kakhulu njengamakhompiyutha amakhulu afakazela ubukhona bayo, i-NSF yaphendukela osizweni lwangaphandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe umgogodla wenethiwekhi ngezixhumanisi ze-T1-capacity (1,5 Mbps). /With). Izinga le-T1 lasungulwa yi-AT&T ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, futhi bekufanele libambe izingcingo ezingafinyelela kwezingama-24, ngalunye lwazo lwalufakwe ikhodi ekusakazweni kwedijithali okungu-64 kbit/s.
I-Merit Network, Inc. iwine inkontileka. ngokubambisana ne-MCI kanye ne-IBM, futhi yathola uxhaso lwezigidi ezingama-$58 ku-NSF eminyakeni yayo yokuqala emihlanu yokwakha nokugcina inethiwekhi. I-MCI inikeze ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana, i-IBM inikeze amandla ekhompuyutha kanye nesoftware yamarutha. Inkampani engenzi nzuzo i-Merit, ebisebenzisa inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha exhumanisa amakhempasi eNyuvesi yaseMichigan, ifike nolwazi lokugcina inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha esayensi, futhi yanikeza lonke ubudlelwano inyuvesi umuzwa okwenze kwaba lula ukwamukela i-NSF kanye nososayensi abasebenzisa i-NSFNET. Kodwa-ke, ukudluliswa kwezinsizakalo zisuka ku-NCSA ziye ku-Merit kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala esisobala esibhekise kumabhizinisi angasese.
I-MERIT ekuqaleni ibimele iMichigan Educational Research Information Triad. I-Michigan State yengeze amaRandi ayizigidi ezi-5 ukusiza inethiwekhi yasekhaya ye-T1 ikhule.
Umgogodla we-Merit wawuthwala ithrafikhi evela kumanethiwekhi esifunda angaphezu kweshumi nambili, kusukela ku-NYSERNet yaseNew York, inethiwekhi yocwaningo nemfundo exhunywe eNyuvesi yase-Cornell e-Ithaca, kuya ku-CERFNet, inethiwekhi yocwaningo nemfundo ehlangene yaseCalifornia exhunywe e-San Diego. Ngayinye yalawa manethiwekhi esifunda axhunywe kumanethiwekhi ekhampasi endawo angenakubalwa, njengoba amalebhu ekolishi namahhovisi obuhlakani asebenzisa amakhulukhulu emishini ye-Unix. Le nethiwekhi yenhlangano yamanethiwekhi yaba ikristalu yembewu ye-Intanethi yesimanje. I-ARPANET ixhume abacwaningi besayensi yekhompiyutha abaxhaswa kahle kuphela abasebenza ezikhungweni zesayensi eziphakeme. Futhi ngo-1990, cishe noma yimuphi umfundi wasenyuvesi noma uthisha usengangena ku-inthanethi. Ngokujikijela amaphakethe ukusuka ku-node kuya endaweni—nge-Ethernet yendawo, bese kunethiwekhi yesifunda, bese enqamula amabanga amade ngesivinini sokukhanya kumgogodla we-NSFNET—bangashintshanisa ama-imeyili noma babe nezingxoxo ezihloniphekile ze-Usenet nozakwabo abavela kwezinye izingxenye zezwe. .
Ngemuva kokuthi i-NSFNET ifinyeleleke ezinhlanganweni eziningi zesayensi kune-ARPANET, i-DCA yahoxisa inethiwekhi yefa ngo-1990, futhi yakhipha ngokuphelele uMnyango Wezokuvikela ekuthuthukiseni amanethiwekhi omphakathi.
Suka
Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, inani lamakhompyutha axhunywe ku-NSFNET kanye namanethiwekhi ahlobene - futhi konke lokhu manje sesingakubiza nge-inthanethi - cishe seliphindeke kabili ngonyaka. abangu-28 000 ngo-December 1987, abangu-56,000 1988 ngo-October 159, abangu-000 1989 ngo-October 1990, njalonjalo. Lo mkhuba waqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-XNUMX, kwase kuba ukukhula . Ngabe, uma kubhekwa lo mkhuba, ngiyazibuza, kungenzeka yini ukuthi uQuarterman wehlulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Intanethi imiselwe ukubusa umhlaba? Uma ubhadane lwakamuva lusifundise okuthile, kungukuthi kunzima kakhulu kubantu ukucabanga ukukhula okunamandla ngoba akuhambisani nanoma yini esibhekana nayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Kunjalo, igama nomqondo we-inthanethi wandulela i-NSFNET. Iphrothokholi ye-inthanethi yasungulwa ngo-1974, futhi nangaphambi kwe-NSFNET kwakukhona amanethiwekhi ayexhumana nge-IP. Sesiyishilo kakade i-ARPANET ne-MILNET. Nokho, angikwazanga ukuthola noma yikuphi okushiwo “nge-inthanethi”—inethiwekhi eyodwa, yomhlaba wonke yamanethiwekhi—ngaphambi kokufika kwe-NSFNET yezigaba ezintathu.
Inani lamanethiwekhi ngaphakathi kwe-Intanethi lakhula ngezinga elifanayo, lisuka ku-170 ngoJulayi 1988 laya ku-3500 ekwindla ka-1991. 1988. Ngo-1995, cishe amazwe ayikhulu ayekwazi ukuthola i-Internet, kusukela e-Algeria kuya eVietnam. Futhi nakuba inani lemishini namanethiwekhi kulula kakhulu ukubala kunenani labasebenzisi bangempela, ngokwezilinganiso ezinengqondo, ekupheleni kuka-100 kwakukhona izigidi eziyi-1994-10. Uma ingekho idatha enemininingwane yokuthi ubani, kungani futhi ngasiphi isikhathi lapho usebenzisa i-inthanethi, kunzima impela ukufakazela lokhu noma enye incazelo yomlando yokukhula okumangalisayo okunjalo. Iqoqo elincane lezindaba nama-anecdotes alikwazi ukuchaza indlela ama-computer angu-20 1991 axhunywe ngayo ku-Internet kusukela ngo-January 1992 kuya ku-January 350, bese kuba ngu-000 600 ngonyaka olandelayo, kanye nezinye eziyizigidi ezingu-000 ngonyaka olandelayo.
Kodwa-ke, ngizongena kule ndawo enyakazayo futhi ngiphikisane ngokuthi amagagasi amathathu agqagqene abasebenzisi abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhula okuqhumayo kwe-inthanethi, ngalinye linezizathu zalo zokuxhuma, aqhutshwa umqondo ongenakunyakaziswa. , okusho ukuthi inani (ngakho-ke amandla okukhanga) enethiwekhi ayanda njengoba isikwele senani labahlanganyeli bayo.
Ososayensi beza kuqala. I-NSF yasabalalisa ngamabomu izibalo emanyuvesi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemva kwalokho, wonke usosayensi wayefuna ukujoyina iphrojekthi ngoba bonke abanye babevele bekhona. Uma ama-imeyili engase angakufinyeleli, uma ungase ungaboni noma ubambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni zakamuva ze-Usenet, uzifaka engozini yokuphuthelwa isimemezelo sengqungquthela ebalulekile, ithuba lokuthola umeluleki, ukuntuleka kocwaningo oluphambili ngaphambi kokuba lushicilelwe, nokunye. . Ezizwa ecindezelwa ukuthi ajoyine izingxoxo zesayensi ku-inthanethi, amanyuvesi axhumeka ngokushesha kumanethiwekhi esifunda angawaxhuma kumgogodla we-NSFNET. Isibonelo, i-NEARNET, ehlanganisa izifunda eziyisithupha esifundeni saseNew England, yayithole amalungu angaphezu kuka-1990 ekuqaleni kwawo-200.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukufinyelela kwaqala ukwehla kusuka kubuhlakani kanye nabafundi abathweswe iziqu kuya emphakathini omkhulu wabafundi. Ngo-1993, cishe u-70% wabantu abasha base-Harvard babenekheli le-imeyili. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Intanethi eHarvard yayisifinyelele kuwo wonke amakhona kanye nezikhungo ezihambisanayo. ukuze kuhlinzekwe i-Ethernet hhayi kuphela kuwo wonke amabhilidi esikhungo semfundo, kodwa nakuzo zonke izindlu zokulala zabafundi. Impela kwakungeke kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi omunye wabafundi abe ngowokuqala ukukhubeka ekamelweni lakhe ngemva kobusuku obunesiphepho, awele esihlalweni futhi alwe kanzima ukubhala i-imeyili azisole ngokuyithumela ngakusasa ekuseni - kungaba isimemezelo sothando noma isijeziso esithukutheleyo esitheni.
Esikhathini esilandelayo, cishe ngo-1990, abasebenzisi bezentengiselwano baqala ukufika. Ngalowo nyaka, izizinda ze-.com eziyi-1151 zabhaliswa. Abahlanganyeli bokuqala bezohwebo kwakuyiminyango yocwaningo yezinkampani zobuchwepheshe (Bell Labs, Xerox, IBM, njll.). Empeleni bebesebenzisa inethiwekhi ngezinjongo zesayensi. Ukuxhumana kwebhizinisi phakathi kwabaholi babo kudlule kwamanye amanethiwekhi. Nokho, ngo-1994 Sekuvele kunamagama angaphezu kuka-60 esizindeni se-.com, futhi ukwenza imali ku-inthanethi sekuqalile ngobuqotho.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, amakhompyutha aqala ukuba yingxenye yomsebenzi wansuku zonke nempilo yasekhaya yezakhamuzi zase-US, futhi ukubaluleka kokuba khona kwedijithali kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elibucayi kwabonakala. I-imeyili inikeze indlela yokushintshisana kalula nangokushesha kakhulu imiyalezo nozakwethu, amaklayenti nabahlinzeki. Uhlu lwamakheli kanye ne-Usenet zinikeze zombili izindlela ezintsha zokuhambisana nentuthuko emphakathini wochwepheshe kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokukhangisa ezishibhile kubasebenzisi abahlukahlukene. Nge-inthanethi kwakungenzeka ukuthi kufinyelelwe inhlobonhlobo yolwazi lwamahhala - ezomthetho, ezokwelapha, ezezimali kanye nezombangazwe. Abafundi bayizolo abebethola imisebenzi futhi behlala ezindlini zokulala ezixhumene bathanda i-inthanethi njengabaqashi babo. Inikeze ukufinyelela kusethi enkulu kakhulu yabasebenzisi kunanoma yiziphi izinkonzo zokuhweba ngazinye (Umthetho we-Metcalfe futhi). Ngemva kokukhokhela ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kwenyanga, cishe yonke enye into yayimahhala, ngokuphambene nezindleko ezinkulu zehora ngalinye noma zomlayezo ngamunye i-CompuServe nezinye izinsiza ezifanayo ezidingekayo. Abangene kuqala emakethe ye-inthanethi bahlanganisa izinkampani ezi-oda ngeposi, njenge-The Corner Store yase-Litchfield, e-Connecticut, ekhangiswe ngamaqembu ase-Usenet, kanye ne-Online Bookstore, isitolo se-e-book esasungulwa umhleli wangaphambili we-Little, Brown and Company, kanye neminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kwe-Kindle.
Kwabe sekufika igagasi lesithathu lokukhula, eliletha abathengi bansuku zonke abaqala ukungena ku-inthanethi ngamanani amakhulu maphakathi nawo-1990. Ngalesi sikhathi, uMthetho kaMetcalfe wawusuvele usebenza ngegiya eliphezulu. Ngokukhulayo, “ukuba ku-inthanethi” kwakusho “ukuba ku-inthanethi.” Abathengi abakwazanga ukunweba imigqa yekilasi le-T1 elizinikele emakhaya abo, ngakho-ke cishe njalo babefinyelela i-inthanethi nge- . Sesiyibonile vele ingxenye yale ndaba lapho ama-BBS entengiso kancane kancane ephenduka aba abahlinzeki be-inthanethi. Lolu shintsho luzuzise bobabili abasebenzisi (abama-pool abo edijithali akhule ngokuzumayo aba olwandle) kanye nama-BBS ngokwawo, athuthela ebhizinisini elilula kakhulu lokuxhumanisa phakathi kwesistimu yocingo kanye ne-inthanethi "yomgogodla" ophumayo ku-T1, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulondoloza. izinkonzo zabo.
Amasevisi amakhulu aku-inthanethi athuthukiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ngo-1993, zonke izinsiza zikazwelonke e-United States—Prodigy, CompuServe, GEnie, kanye nenkampani esafufusa i-America Online (AOL)—zinikeze abasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingu-3,5 ithuba lokuthumela i-imeyili kumakheli e-inthanethi. Futhi yiDelphi elisalele kuphela (enababhalisile abangu-100) abanikeze ukufinyelela okugcwele ku-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka embalwa eyalandela, inani lokufinyelela ku-intanethi, eliqhubeka likhula ngesilinganiso esicacile, ngokushesha ladlula ukufinyelela kumaforamu okuphathelene, imidlalo, izitolo nokunye okuqukethwe kwezinsizakalo zezohwebo ngokwazo. U-000 kwaba inkathi yoshintsho - ngo-Okthoba, u-1996% wabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-inthanethi base besebenzisa i-WWW, uma kuqhathaniswa no-73% wangonyaka odlule. Kwaqanjwa igama elisha, elithi “portal,” ukuchaza izinsalela zezinsiza ezihlinzekwa yi-AOL, Prodigy nezinye izinkampani abantu abakhokha kuzo imali ukuze nje bafinyelele ku-inthanethi.
Isithako esiyimfihlo
Ngakho-ke, sinombono ongemuhle wokuthi i-inthanethi ikhule kanjani ngezinga eliqhuma kangaka, kodwa besingakatholi ukuthi kungani kwenzekile. Kungani yaba namandla kangaka lapho kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinkonzo ezizama ukukhula zibe ngumanduleli wayo? ?
Yebo, uxhaso lukahulumeni lwaba nengxenye. Ngaphezu kokuxhasa umgogodla, lapho i-NSF inquma ukutshala imali ngokujulile ekuthuthukisweni kwenethiwekhi ngaphandle kohlelo lwayo lwe-supercomputing, ayizange ichithe isikhathi ngezinto ezincane. Abaholi bomqondo wohlelo lwe-NSFNET, uSteve Wolfe kanye noJane Cavines, banqume ukwakha hhayi nje inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha amakhulu, kodwa ingqalasizinda yolwazi entsha yamakolishi namanyuvesi aseMelika. Ngakho-ke bakha uhlelo lwe-Connections, olwathatha ingxenye yezindleko zokuxhuma amanyuvesi kunethiwekhi ukuze banikeze abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi emakhempasini abo. Lokhu kwasheshisa ukusabalala kwe-inthanethi kokubili ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. Ngokungaqondile, ngenxa yokuthi amanethiwekhi amaningi esifunda adale amabhizinisi asebenzisa ingqalasizinda exhasiwe efanayo ukuze adayisele i-inthanethi ezinhlanganweni zentengiso.
Kodwa iMinitel iphinde yaba nemixhaso. Kodwa-ke, okwahlukanisa i-inthanethi ngaphezu kwakho konke kwakuwukwakheka kwayo okunezendlalelo eziningi kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo okungokwemvelo. I-IP ivumele amanethiwekhi anezinto ezibonakalayo ezihluke ngokuphelele ukuthi asebenze nesistimu yamakheli efanayo, futhi i-TCP iqinisekise ukulethwa kwamaphakethe kumamukeli. Yilokho kuphela. Ubulula bohlelo oluyisisekelo lokusebenza kwenethiwekhi lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwengeza cishe noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza kuso. Okubalulekile, noma yimuphi umsebenzisi anganikela ngokusebenza okusha uma engakholisa abanye ukuthi basebenzise uhlelo lwakhe. Isibonelo, ukudlulisa amafayela kusetshenziswa i-FTP kwakungenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi eminyakeni yokuqala, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthola amaseva anikeza amafayela owathanda ngawo ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngomlomo. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi abadabukisayo bakha izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zokubeka ikhathalogi nokugcina uhlu lwamaseva e-FTP - isibonelo, i-Gopher, i-Archie ne-Veronica.
Ngokwethiyori, kwakukhona ukuguquguquka okufanayo, kanye nesibusiso esisemthethweni sezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhondlakhondla zezokuxhumana ukuze zisebenze njengezinga lokusebenza kwe-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, inkambu yahlala ne-TCP/IP, futhi inzuzo yayo ewujuqu kwakuyikhodi eyaqala ukusebenza ezinkulungwaneni bese kuba izigidi zemishini.
Ukudlulisa isilawuli sesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza emaphethelweni enethiwekhi kuholele komunye umphumela obalulekile. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izinhlangano ezinkulu, ezijwayele ukuphatha umkhakha wazo siqu, zingazizwa zikhululekile. Izinhlangano zingasetha amaseva azo ama-imeyili futhi zithumele futhi zamukele ama-imeyili ngaphandle kokuthi konke okuqukethwe kugcinwe kukhompuyutha yomunye umuntu. Bangakwazi ukubhalisa amagama wabo wesizinda, bamise amawebhusayithi abo afinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu ku-inthanethi, kodwa bawagcine ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula kwabo.
Ngokwemvelo, isibonelo esigqama kakhulu sesakhiwo esinezendlalelo eziningi kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwabantu yiWorld Wide Web. Emashumini amabili eminyaka, amasistimu kusukela kumakhompuyutha okwabelana ngesikhathi we-1960s kuya kumasevisi afana ne-CompuServe ne-Minitel ayezungeza isethi encane yezinsizakalo zokushintshisana ngolwazi oluyisisekelo - i-imeyili, izinkundla kanye nezingosi zokuxoxa. Iwebhu isiphenduke into entsha ngokuphelele. Izinsuku zokuqala zewebhu, lapho yayihlanganisa amakhasi ahlukile, enziwe ngezandla, ayifani nalokhu eyikho namuhla. Kodwa-ke, ukweqa kusuka kusixhumanisi kuya kusixhumanisi sekuvele kube nokukhangayo okuxakile, futhi kwanikeza amabhizinisi ithuba lokuhlinzeka ngokukhangisa okushibhile kakhulu nokusekelwa kwamakhasimende. Abekho abaklami be-inthanethi abahlelelwe iwebhu. Kwakuyisithelo sobuhlakani buka-Tim Berners-Lee, unjiniyela waseBrithani e-European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), owayisungula ngo-1990 ngenhloso yokusabalalisa ulwazi kalula phakathi kwabacwaningi baselabhorethri. Kodwa-ke, yayihlala kalula ku-TCP/IP futhi yasebenzisa isistimu yegama lesizinda esenzelwe ezinye izinjongo zama-URL atholakala yonke indawo. Noma ubani onokufinyelela i-inthanethi angenza iwebhusayithi, futhi maphakathi nawo-90s, kwabonakala sengathi wonke umuntu uyakwenza—amahholo amadolobha, amaphephandaba endawo, amabhizinisi amancane, kanye nabazilibazisa bayo yonke imigqa.
Ukwenziwa kwangasese
Ngishiye ngaphandle izehlakalo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile kule ndaba mayelana nokukhula kwe-inthanethi, futhi ungase usele nemibuzo embalwa. Isibonelo, amabhizinisi kanye nabathengi bathola kanjani ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, ekuqaleni ebigxile ku-NSFNET, inethiwekhi exhaswe nguhulumeni wase-US ngokusobala okuhloswe ngayo ukusiza umphakathi wocwaningo? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, esihlokweni esilandelayo sizobuyela ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile engingakaze ngizisho okwamanje; izehlakalo ezashintsha kancane kancane kodwa ngokungagwemeki i-inthanethi yesayensi yezwe yaba eyimfihlo neyokuhweba.
Yini enye ongayifunda
- UJanet Abatte, Ukusungula i-Intanethi (1999)
- U-Karen D. Fraser "NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Umbiko Wokugcina" (1996)
- UJohn S. Quarterman, The Matrix (1990)
- Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
Source: www.habr.com