Ubuchwepheshe be-vintage buneminyaka engamashumi eminyaka busebenza ezakhiweni zesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba eNew Yorkβfuthi ngezinye izikhathi buvela ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. I-athikili yabalandeli be-OS/2
Umuntu waseNew Yorker kanye nesivakashi bangena esiteshini esingaphansi kwe-42nd Street, esaziwa nangokuthi i-Times Square. Kuzwakala njengesiqalo sehlaya. Empeleni cha: omunye wabo uyajabula ukuthi wafika lapho; Kwabanye, lesi simo siyacasula kakhulu. Umuntu uyazi ukuthi angaphuma kanjani lapho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Lona omunye akasikhulumi - akasikhulumi isiNgisi. Umuntu waseNew York kanye nesivakashi bangabantu abahlukene, kodwa okwamanje bamunye. Zombili zibhekene nezimo ze-Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) kanye nokuthembeka okungakaze kuzwakale kwesistimu yokusebenza eyimpumelelo emaphakathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.
Ngesilinganiso sosuku lokusebenza ngo-2016, umzila ongaphansi komhlaba waseNew York wathwala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-5,7 [uma kuqhathaniswa: umasipala waseMoscow unezigidi ezingu-6,7/cishe. transl.]. Lesi kwakuyisilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-1948. Uma ubuza i-New Yorker evamile, cishe bazothi, "Yilokho-ke?" Ukungakholwa kuyaqondakala, njengoba idolobha linezakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela eziyizigidi ezingu-8, futhi ngezikhathi zamaholide noma ngamaholidi inani labantu ngezinye izikhathi liyanda lifinyelele ezigidini ezingu-20. Ngokusobala, abantu abaningi bayathanda ukugibela itekisi.
Isitimela esingaphansi komhlaba saseNew York
Kunzima ukubheja ngekusasa, kodwa yilokho obekwenziwa yi-MTA
NgoMashi ku-Tedium mayelana nokubheja okukhulu kwe-IBM kuma-microkernel wezinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa okuhlukile kwesistimu yabo yokusebenza ye-OS/2 eyaziwa kakhulu. Ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi inkampani yalahlekelwa ini ngenxa yalokhu kubheja. Nokho, ukuzethemba kwe-IBM empumelelweni yohlelo lwayo lokusebenza kuphoqe ezinye izinkampani ukuba zenze imibono efanayo.
Kodwa ukubheja okukhulu kunakho konke kwenziwa yi-MTA, i-Metropolitan Transit Authority, eyayidinga ukuthola indlela yokukhipha amathokheni futhi ingene enkathini lapho yonke into kufanele ibe yidijithali. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ikhadi lehlelo . Ucezu oluncane lwepulasitiki oluphuzi olunomugqa omnyama ogqamile lube yisisekelo sezikhwama ze-New Yorkers kusukela sakhululwa ngo-1993.
Umlando wendlela yamanje yokufinyelela kumzila ongaphansi komhlaba waseNew York uyathakazelisa emininingwaneni yengqalasizinda yomphakathi kanye nendlela ewusiza ngayo umphakathi. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, kuyoba usizo ukuqonda ukuthi uhlelo lwamanje lwaba khona kanjani. Ngoba uma wakha into ebaluleke njengomzila ongaphansi komhlaba waseNew York, ekugcineni kufanele isebenze njengoba kuhlosiwe.
Une-try eyodwa kuphela - futhi noma yimaphi amaphutha azoholela ezigidini zezigidi zezindleko zokulungisa kanye nokucasula kwezigidi zabantu. Phakathi kokukhetha okuningi, okunye okuthembeke kakhulu kwaphenduka elinye lamaphutha amakhulu e-IBM.
Ama-MetroCards amahlanu akhethekile anikezelwe kuDavid Bowie futhi akhokhwa yi-Spotify. Emasontweni ambalwa ekwindla ka-2018, inkampani yaguqula isiteshi se-Broadway-Lafayette Street/Bleecker Street eWest Village saba yisikhumbuzo sobuciko be-pop ukuhlonipha umdwebi owayehlala eduze. Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa ingemuva le-MetroCards ukukhangisa (nokuthi kungani kungenjalo), i-MTA ivame ukunikeza amakhadi ohlelo olukhethekile axhaswe amabhrendi amakhulu. Izinketho zekhadi Eliphakeme zibiza amanani ahlanya emali, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi i-MTA yeqa amabhrendi futhi yenze okuthile okupholile.
Indlela isistimu yokusebenza ye-IBM, eyakha i-hype enkulu kodwa engakaze ibe into ekhethekile, ithole ikhaya futhi yanikeza izigidi
Π kukhulunywe ngemininingwane eminingi ethokozisayo mayelana ne-OS/2 mayelana nama-microkernel nezinye izinto, kodwa kulesi sihloko iqiniso lokuthi le OS isenabasekeli bayo libaluleke kakhulu esihlokweni. Besiyoba kuphi ngaphandle kwalokhu?
Isizathu sokuthi i-MTA igcine inqume ukusebenzisa i-OS/2, ifaka amadijithi ezinye izici zesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba, sibonisa i-hype eyayizungeze ukwethulwa kwe-OS ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Nokho, izingxoxo nokuthuthukiswa kwaqala eminyakeni eminingana ngaphambili. Ngaphandle kokuyikhangisa ngokukhethekile, iMicrosoft ne-IBM bebesebenza esizukulwaneni esilandelayo sezinhlelo zokusebenza. Nakuba ukulandisa kwesimanje ukuthi i-Gates ne-Microsoft benza i-IBM nge-MS-DOS, i-IBM yayicabanga ngendlela ehlukile ngaleso sikhathi.
Esikhundleni sokukhala ngenzuzo elahlekile, i-IBM ibonakala ibona ukuntula kwayo ulwazi futhi yaqala ukuthuthukisa i-OS yesizukulwane esilandelayo kusukela phansi, okokuqala nge-Microsoft. Lesi senzo, njengoba umuntu ebengase aqagele, saphela ku-IBM ngendlela efanayo nendaba nge-MS-DOS. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, abaqondisi be-MTA babephakathi kokuthola izindlela zokuqeda amathokheni omgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba futhi bafake amakhadi akhokhelwa kuqala esikhundleni sawo. Izinzuzo zazisobala - kwenze kwaba lula ukukhuphula imali yokugibela kanye nokwethula ukukhokha okusekelwe endaweni. Abagibeli babe nethuba lokukhetha phakathi kohambo olulodwa noma ukuya nokubuya, futhi inketho engenamkhawulo yavela isikhathi esithile.
Ukwethula lesi sibuyekezo soguquko, i-MTA yaphendukela enkampanini eyaziwayo, i-IBM. Kwakunengqondo ngaleso sikhathi.
OS/2 inguqulo 2.1
Umeluleki we-OS/2 kanye ne-MTA u-Neal Waldhauer uthe ku-imeyili: "Kube neminyaka embalwa lapho ubungakwazi ukubheja khona nge-OS/2."
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani, udinga ukusiqonda leso sikhathi. U-Waldhauer uyaqhubeka: βLokhu kwaba intuthuko kusukela esikhathini esingaphambi kweLinux neWindows. I-OS/2 ibonakale njengokubheja okuphephile kwekusasa."
Intula izinketho, i-MTA yakhetha engcono kakhulu. Futhi yasebenza amashumi ambalwa eminyaka njengenye yezingxenye zesofthiwe ezibalulekile ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Ingase isinde, njengoba u-Waldhauer esho: "Mangisho ukuthi inqobo nje uma i-MetroCard isekelwa uhlelo, i-OS/2 izoqhubeka nokusebenza."
Iphuzu elithakazelisa kakhulu, njengoba i-MTA isemkhankasweni wokuqeda i-MetroCard ukuze ivune izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhokha ngaphandle kokuthinta. Ushintsho kufanele luthuthukise ukusebenza kahle futhi lusize i-MTA iqoqe imali eyengeziwe.
Kuzwakala kuthakazelisa, kodwa kulula ukubona izinkinga uma uhlola isici esingajwayelekile sohlelo lwamanje lwe-MetroCard.
I-MetroCard yami, inguqulo kaJuni yeNyanga Yokuziqhenya Kwezitabane. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izosebenza izinyanga ezine ubude kune-MetroCard evamile, engasetshenziswa kuphela unyaka.
Umucu kazibuthe ongaqondakali nokuthi uzithinta kanjani izimpilo zabantu
Ngamafuphi, ukuguquka kusuka kumathokheni kuya ku-MetroCard kuthathe iminyaka futhi bekungelula neze. Amathokheni ayeka ukusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2003. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-MetroCards ayesemukelwa kuzo zonke iziteshi zedolobhaβkodwa akekho owawathanda.
Ukungena esitimeleni ngokuvamile kulula, kodwa izikhalazo mayelana nokuswayipha ikhadi zikhona yonke indawo. Futhi eziningi zezinkinga zazibonakala zihlobene nokuwohloka kokuxhumana okuwubuwula phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zesistimu. Nakuba i-OS/2 isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zesistimu yesitimela esingaphansi kozimele omkhulu, izindinganiso zezingxenye ezifakiwe bezingewona aphezulu. Ama-turnstile kunoma yisiphi isiteshi se-NYC adume kabi ngokungabi nangqondo - kodwa akwazile ukusebenza ngohlelo lwe-IBM.
Ama-ATM nawo ayesetshenziselwa ukuthembela ku-OS/2
Naphezu kokwehluleka kwe-OS/2 emakethe yabathengi, ithembeke ngendlela emangalisayo, ikunikeza impilo ende ezinhlelweni zezimboni nezimboni - futhi isibonelo esisodwa sokusebenzisa ama-ATM. U-Waldhauer uthe, "Uma sibheka zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa ku-MTA, i-OS/2 cishe ingxenye ethembeke kakhulu yesistimu, ngaphandle kwe-mainframe." Isasetshenziswa kumzila ongaphansi komhlaba we-NYC ngo-2019. I-IBM yayilahla kudala, yaze yavumela enye inkampani ukuthi iyigcinele isoftware ngo-2001. (Namuhla le nkampani ibizwa ngokuthi. ithengisa inguqulo esekelwe ngokusemthethweni ye-OS/2, , nakuba iningi labasebenzisi bayo basesimweni esifana ne-MTA).
I-OS/2 idlala indima yokuba umqhubi wesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba sase-NYC. Kuyasiza ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukene abantu abazisebenzisayo nezingasetshenziswa abantu. U-Waldhauer uyaphawula, βAzikho izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-OS/2 abasebenzisi abangasebenza nazo. I-OS/2 isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kolwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi lozimele oyinhloko kanye namakhompyutha alula asetshenziswa nsuku zonke emigwaqweni engaphansi nasemabhasini. Kodwa ngokuvamile, amakhompyutha e-OS/2 asatshalaliswa ohlelweni lonke.β
Sikhuluma ngesistimu yokusebenza eklanywe ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s, ekhishwe ekuqaleni kwawo-90, njengengxenye yobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-tech giants amabili. I-MTA kwadingeka iyizibe ingxenye enkulu yalolu daba ngoba yayisivele isisithathile isinqumo futhi ukushintsha indlela kuzobiza imali eshisiwe.
Ukuxhumana kwe-backend kanye nalawo madivayisi abantu baseNew York nabavakashi abahlangabezana nawo kungase kungaxhunyaniswa ngendlela ehlekisayo. Uma ufuna ukubeka lokhu ngombono ofanele, ake sibuyele ku-Waldhauer: "Ngithola umuzwa wokuthi abathuthukisi babehlose ukuthi i-MetroCard isebenze nesizindalwazi se-mainframe, futhi ezinye izinto zikagesi ezingahleliwe zizoyihlanganisa yonke into ndawonye."
Amathokheni we-Subway City yaseNew York, ngosuku lokusetshenziswa, ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla: 1953β1970; 1970β1980; 1979β1980; 1980β1986; 1986β1995; 1995-2003.
Manje ake sikhulume ngomugqa kazibuthe. Umugqa omnyama ongezansi kwanoma iyiphi i-MetroCard, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uluphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo, kufanele usebenze nje. Ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngempela, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, iyimfihlo.
"Abantu bebegebenga iMetroCard," kusho uWaldhauer. Uma ungabheka umbhalo wamagnetic, izingcezu zinkulu kangangokuthi ungazibona ngengilazi yokukhulisa. Ukubhalwa ngekhodi komugqa kazibuthe kuyimfihlo kangangokuthi angikaze ngikubone. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abantu bazokwenzenjani ukuze bagibele mahhala."
Ingabe lokhu kunendaba namuhla? Yebo, empeleni, akunjalo. I-MTA ikubeke kwacaca ukuthi ihlose ukudlulela ezinkokhelweni ngaphandle kokuthinta, njengoba benzile ngekhadi le-Oyster eLondon. Nokho, le nqubo nayo inezinkinga zayo. Baze baqasha inhloko yangaphambili yohlelo lwaseLondon, futhi babeka umgomo omkhulu wokuqeda ngokuphelele iMetroCard.
Sisanda kwethula uhlelo lwe-OMNY, oluzokwethulwa eminyakeni embalwa ezayo
Ngokuzayo, abantu bazokwazi ukungena esitimeleni esingaphansi kwe-New York City ngendlela efanayo nabafaka ngayo umugqa wama-roller coaster e-Disneyland namuhla. Le nqubo izodinga ukuthi umuntu aphathe idivayisi exhunywe ku-inthanethi ezokuqondisa phakathi kwama-turnstiles, kungaba ifoni noma i-smartwatch. Noma iyiphi inhlanhla, sizoba nesistimu entsha nge-MetroCard. Kodwa azikho iziqinisekiso zalokhu.
Izidingo ezingokoqobo nezobuchwepheshe ezidale indlela ehamba ngaphansi yaseNew York zithinta cishe wonke umuntu edolobheni. Abantu baseNew York bashintshela ezindleleni zokukhokha ezintsha, futhi labo abangazikhokhela bazokwenza kanjalo. Futhi abanye bayosala ekhaya.
Source: www.habr.com