I-Linux kernel ihlanganisa iminyaka engama-27 kulo nyaka. OS esekelwe kuyo izinkampani eziningi, uhulumeni, izikhungo zocwaningo kanye emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhathi esingaphezu kwekota yekhulu, kushicilelwe izindatshana eziningi (kuhlanganise ne-Habré) ezikhuluma ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zomlando weLinux. Kulolu chungechunge lwezinto zokwakha, sinqume ukugqamisa amaqiniso abaluleke kakhulu futhi athakazelisayo ahlobene nalolu hlelo lokusebenza.
Ake siqale ngentuthuko eyandulela i-Linux kanye nomlando wenguqulo yokuqala ye-kernel.
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Isikhathi "semakethe yamahhala"
Ukufika kweLinux esinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile. Ukuzalwa kwalolu hlelo lokusebenza ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemibono namathuluzi akhiwe futhi "avuthiwe" amashumi eminyaka endaweni yokuthuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, ake sibheke imvelaphi "yokunyakaza komthombo ovulekile".
Ekuqaleni kwawo-50, iningi le-software e-United States ladalwa ngabasebenzi bamanyuvesi kanye nezindawo zokucwaninga. ngaphandle kwemikhawulo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kube lula ukushintshana kolwazi emphakathini wesayensi. Isixazululo sokuqala somthombo ovulekile wangaleso sikhathi Uhlelo lwe-A-2 olubhalelwe ikhompyutha ye-UNIVAC Remington Rand ngo-1953.
Eminyakeni efanayo, iqembu lokuqala labathuthukisi besoftware yamahhala, SHARE, lasungulwa. Basebenza kumodeli". Umphumela womsebenzi waleli qembu ngasekupheleni kwawo-50s I-OS yegama elifanayo.
Lolu hlelo (kanye neminye imikhiqizo YABELANA) abakhiqizi bemishini yekhompyutha. Ngenxa yenqubomgomo yokuvuleka, bakwazi ukunikeza amakhasimende hhayi i-hardware kuphela, kodwa futhi nesofthiwe ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe.
Ukufika kwezohwebo kanye nokuzalwa kwe-Unix
Ngo-1959, i-Applied Data Research (ADR) yathola umyalelo ovela enhlanganweni ye-RCA - uhlelo lokuqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-flowchart. Abathuthukisi benze umsebenzi, kodwa abavumelananga ne-RCA ngentengo. Ukuze "ungalahli" umkhiqizo oqediwe, i-ADR yakha kabusha isisombululo se-IBM 1401 yesikhulumi futhi yaqala ukuyisebenzisa ngokuzimela. Nokho, ukuthengisa akuzange kuhambe kahle, njengoba abasebenzisi abaningi bebelindele enye indlela yamahhala yesixazululo se-ADR i-IBM eyayisihlela.
I-ADR ayikwazanga ukuvumela ukukhishwa komkhiqizo wamahhala onokusebenza okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, umthuthukisi uMartin Goetz (uMartin Goetz) wakwa-ADR wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi lohlelo futhi ngo-1968 owokuqala emlandweni we-United States. yakhe. Kusuka manje inkathi yokuhweba embonini yezokuthuthukiswa - kusukela "kubhonasi" kuya ku-hardware, isofthiwe isiphenduke umkhiqizo ozimele.
Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, ithimba elincane labahleli bezinhlelo abavela eBell Labs phezu kwesistimu yokusebenza ye-mini-computer PDP-7 - Unix. I-Unix yadalwa njengenye indlela yolunye uhlelo lokusebenza - Multics.
Lesi sakamuva sasiyinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile futhi sisebenza kuphela kumapulatifomu e-GE-600 kanye ne-Honeywell 6000. I-Unix, ebhalwe kabusha ngo-C, yayihloselwe ukuphatheka futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesistimu yefayela le-hierarchical enohlu lwezimpande olulodwa).
Ngama-50s, i-AT&T ibamba, ngaleso sikhathi eyayihlanganisa iBell Labs, isivumelwano nohulumeni wase-US esivimbela izinkampani ekuthengiseni isofthiwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abasebenzisi bokuqala be-Unix - izinhlangano zesayensi - Ikhodi yomthombo we-OS mahhala.
I-AT&T yasuka kumqondo wesofthiwe yamahhala ekuqaleni kwawo-80s. Ngenxa yalokho ukuhlukaniswa kwenkampani ibe yizinkampani eziningana, ukuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa kwesofthiwe kuyeka ukusebenza, futhi ukubanjwa kwamisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamahhala kwe-Unix. Onjiniyela basatshiswa ngokubekwa amacala okwabelana okungagunyaziwe kwekhodi yomthombo. Lezi zinsongo zazingenasisekelo - kusukela ngo-1980, izinhlelo zekhompiyutha seziyisihloko samalungelo okushicilela e-United States.
Akubona bonke abathuthukisi abanelisekile ngezimo ezishiwo yi-AT&T. Iqembu labashisekayo abavela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley baqala ukufuna esinye isixazululo. Ngama-70s, isikole sathola ilayisense kwa-AT&T, futhi abathandanayo baqala ukudala ukusatshalaliswa okusha okusekelwe kukho, okwathi kamuva kwaba yi-Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, noma i-BSD.
Isistimu evulekile efana ne-Unix ibe yimpumelelo, futhi i-AT&T yaqaphela ngokushesha. Inkampani enkantolo, futhi ababhali be-BSD kwadingeka basuse futhi bashintshe yonke ikhodi yomthombo ye-Unix ehilelekile. Lokhu kwehlise kancane ukusabalala kwe-Berkeley Software Distribution phakathi naleyo minyaka. Inguqulo yokugcina yesistimu yakhululwa ngo-1994, kodwa lona kanye iqiniso lokuvela kwe-OS yamahhala nevulekile kwakuyingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wamaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile.
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Emuva kumvelaphi yesofthiwe yamahhala
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, abasebenzi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology umshayeli wephrinta efakwe kwelinye lamakilasi. Lapho iphepha liminyene futhi kudaleka ulayini wemisebenzi yokuphrinta, abasebenzisi baziswa ukuze balungise inkinga. Kamuva, kwavela iphrinta entsha emnyangweni, lapho abasebenzi bafuna ukwengeza umsebenzi onjalo. Kodwa lokhu kwakudinga ikhodi yomthombo yomshayeli wokuqala. Umhleli wezinhlelo zabasebenzi uRichard Matthew Stallman (Richard M. Stallman) uyicelile kozakwabo, kodwa yenqatshwa - kwavela ukuthi lolu ulwazi oluyimfihlo.
Lesi siqephu esincane kungenzeka ukuthi besingesinye esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesoftware yamahhala. UStallman usicabile isimo esasikhona. Akazange ajabule ngemikhawulo ebekwe ekwabelaneni ngekhodi yomthombo endaweni ye-IT. Ngakho-ke uStallman wanquma ukudala uhlelo lokusebenza oluvulekile futhi avumele abathanda ukuliguqula ngokukhululekile.
Ngo-September 1983, wamemezela ukwakhiwa kwephrojekthi GNU - Hhayi UNIX GNU ("GNU akuyona Unix"). Isekelwe ku-manifesto, ephinde yasebenza njengesisekelo selayisensi yesofthiwe yamahhala - i-GNU General Public License (GPL). Lesi sinyathelo besiyisiqalo somnyakazo osebenzayo wesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uprofesa wase-Free University of Amsterdam u-Andrew S. Tanenbaum wakha uhlelo lwe-Unix olufana ne-Minix njengethuluzi lokufundisa. Wayefuna ukulenza lifinyeleleke ngangokunokwenzeka kubafundi. Umshicileli wencwadi yakhe, eza ne-OS, okungenani ngemali encane yokusebenza nohlelo. U-Andrew kanye nomshicileli bafinyelele ekuvumelaneni ngentengo yelayisense engu-$69. Ekuqaleni kwawo-90s Minix ukuduma phakathi konjiniyela. Futhi wayedalelwe isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-Linux.
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Ukuzalwa kwe-Linux nokusatshalaliswa kokuqala
Ngo-1991, umhleli osemusha wase-University of Helsinki, uLinus Torvalds, wayeyingcweti kaMinix. Ukuhlola kwakhe nge-OS ukusebenza ku-kernel entsha ngokuphelele. Ngo-Agasti 25, uLinus ubambe inhlolovo evulekile yeqembu labasebenzisi be-Minix mayelana nokuthi yini abangayithandi ngale OS, futhi wamemezela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusha lokusebenza. Incwadi ka-Agasti iqukethe imibono eminingana ebalulekile mayelana ne-OS yesikhathi esizayo:
- uhlelo luyoba mahhala;
- uhlelo luzofana ne-Minix, kodwa ikhodi yomthombo izohluka ngokuphelele;
- uhlelo ngeke lube "lukhulu futhi lusebenze njenge-GNU".
U-Agasti 25 uthathwa njengosuku lokuzalwa lwe-Linux. ULinus ngokwakhe kusukela ngolunye usuku - 17 September. Kwakungalolu suku lapho alayisha khona ukukhishwa kokuqala kwe-Linux (0.01) kuseva ye-FTP futhi wathumela i-imeyili kubantu ababonise isithakazelo esimemezelweni sayo nokuvota. Ekhodini yomthombo yokukhululwa kokuqala, igama elithi "Freaks" lagcinwa. Ngakho uTorvalds wahlela ukuqamba i-kernel yakhe (inhlanganisela yamagama athi "mahhala", "i-freak" ne-Unix). Umlawuli weseva ye-FTP akalithandanga igama futhi uqambe kabusha iphrojekthi yaba i-Linux.
Kulandele uchungechunge lwezibuyekezo. Ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ofanayo, inguqulo ye-kernel 0.02 yakhululwa, futhi ngoDisemba, 0.11. Ekuqaleni, i-Linux yayisatshalaliswa ngaphandle kwelayisensi ye-GPL. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abathuthukisi bangasebenzisa i-kernel, bayilungise, kodwa babengenalo ilungelo lokuthengisa kabusha imiphumela yemisebenzi yabo. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1992, yonke imikhawulo yezohwebo yasuswa - ngokukhishwa kwenguqulo 0.12, i-Torvalds yashintsha ilayisense yaba yi-GNU GPL v2. Lesi sinyathelo kamuva sacashunwa nguLinus njengesinye sezici ezichazayo ngemuva kwempumelelo yeLinux.
Ukuthandwa kweLinux phakathi kwabathuthukisi beMinix kwakhula. Kube nengxoxo ethile kokuphakelayo kwe-comp.os.minix Usenet isikhathi eside. Ekuqaleni kuka-92, umdali we-Minix u-Andrew Tanenbaum wethula emphakathini mayelana nokwakhiwa kwama-kernels, esho ukuthi "i-Linux ayisebenzi". Isizathu, ngokombono wakhe, kwakuyi-monolithic OS kernel, engaphansi kwe-Minix microkernel ngenani lemingcele. Esinye isimangalo sikaTanenbaum sasiwukuthi i-Linux izoboshelwa kulayini we-x86 wamaphrosesa, lokho, ngokwezibikezelo zikaprofesa, owawuzonyamalala esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. U-Linus ngokwakhe kanye nabasebenzisi bazo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza bangene engxabanweni. Ngenxa yengxabano, umphakathi wahlukaniswa waba amakamu amabili, futhi abalandeli be-Linux bathola okwabo okuphakelayo - comp.os.linux.
Umphakathi wawubambe iqhaza ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwenguqulo eyisisekelo - abashayeli bokuqala kanye nesistimu yefayela yathuthukiswa. Izinguqulo zakuqala ze-Linux kuma-floppy disks amabili futhi ahlanganisa i-kernel boot disk kanye ne-root disk efake isistimu yefayela kanye nezinhlelo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ezivela ku-toolkit ye-GNU.
Kancane kancane, umphakathi waqala ukuthuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala okusekelwe ku-Linux. Izinguqulo eziningi zakuqala zidalwe abathanda, hhayi izinkampani.
Ukusabalalisa kokuqala, i-MCC Interim Linux, kwakusekelwe enguqulweni engu-0.12 ngoFebhuwari 1992. Umbhali wayo ungumhleli weComputer Center yaseNyuvesi yaseManchester - ukuthuthukiswa "njengokuhlola" ukubhekana nokushiyeka okuthile kunqubo yokufaka i-kernel nokwengeza izici eziningana.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, inani lokusatshalaliswa kwangokwezifiso lenyuke kakhulu. Eziningi zazo zahlala amaphrojekthi endawo, "»akukho ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu, isibonelo, iSoftlanding Linux System (SLS). Kodwa-ke, kube khona nokusatshalaliswa okungakwazanga nje ukuthola indawo emakethe, kodwa futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwamaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile. Ngo-1993, kwakhululwa ukusabalalisa okubili, i-Slackware ne-Debian, eyethula izinguquko ezinkulu embonini yesofthiwe yamahhala.
Debian U-Ian Murdock ngokwesekwa yi-Stallman's Free Software Foundation. Wakhulelwa njengomunye "onomusa" we-SLS. I-Debian igcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku futhi injalo ukuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ku-Linux. Ngokwesisekelo salo, futhi, inani lezinye izinto ezisatshalaliswa ezibalulekile zomlando we-kernel zadalwa - isibonelo, Ubuntu.
Ngokuqondene ne-Slackware, lena enye iphrojekthi esekelwe ku-Linux yasekuqaleni nephumelelayo. Inguqulo yayo yokuqala yakhululwa ngo-1993. Ngu , eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-Slackware yabala cishe u-80% wokufakwa kwe-Linux. Futhi emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ukusatshalaliswa idumile phakathi konjiniyela.
Ngo-1992, i-SUSE yasungulwa eJalimane (isifinyezo seSoftware- und System-Entwicklung - ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware nezinhlelo). Ungowokuqala Imikhiqizo esekwe ku-Linux yamakhasimende ebhizinisi. Ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala i-SUSE eqale ukusebenza nakho kwakuyi-Slackware, eyaguqulelwa kubasebenzisi abakhuluma isiJalimane.
Kusuka kulo mzuzu lapho kuqala inkathi yokuhweba emlandweni weLinux, esizokhuluma ngayo esihlokweni esilandelayo.
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Source: www.habr.com