Siyaqhubeka nokukhumbula umlando wokuthuthukiswa komunye wemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wemithombo evulekile. Esihlokweni sokugcina thina mayelana nentuthuko eyandulela ukufika kwe-Linux, futhi watshela indaba yokuzalwa kwenguqulo yokuqala ye-kernel. Lesi sikhathi sizogxila esikhathini sokuthengisa sale OS evulekile, eyaqala ngawo-90s.
/flickr/ / / Isithombe sishintshiwe
Ukuzalwa kwemikhiqizo yokuhweba
Okokugcina sazinza ku-SUSE, okwakungowokuqala ukuthengisa i-OS esekwe ku-Linux ngo-1992. Iqale ukukhulula imikhiqizo yamakhasimende ebhizinisi ngokususelwa ekusatshalalisweni okudumile kwe-Slackware. Ngakho-ke, inkampani ibonise ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komthombo ovulekile kungenziwa hhayi nje ngokuzijabulisa, kodwa futhi nenzuzo.
Omunye wabokuqala owalandela lo mkhuba kwakungusomabhizinisi u-Bob Young (Bob Young) kanye nonjiniyela uMarc Ewing (Marc Ewing) wase-United States. Ngo-1993 uBob inkampani ebizwa nge-ACC Corporation futhi yaqala ukuthengisa imikhiqizo ngokusekelwe kwisofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile. Ngokuqondene noMark, ekuqaleni kwawo-90s wayesanda kusebenza ekusabalaliseni okusha kweLinux. U-Ewing wetha iphrojekthi ye-Red Hat Linux ngesigqoko esibomvu ayesigqoke ngesikhathi esebenza endaweni yekhompyutha yaseCarnegie Mellon University. I-Beta yokusabalalisa ihlobo 1994 ngokusekelwe ku-Linux kernel 1.1.18.
Ukukhishwa okulandelayo kwe-Red Hat Linux ngo-Okthoba futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi - i-Halloween. Ihluke ku-beta yokuqala lapho kukhona imibhalo kanye nekhono lokukhetha phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ze-kernel - 1.0.9 kanye ne-1.1.54. Ngemva kwalokho, izibuyekezo zazikhishwa cishe njalo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Umphakathi othuthukayo usabele kahle kulolu hlelo lokuvuselela futhi ngokuzithandela wabamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwalo.
Yiqiniso, ukuthandwa kwesistimu akuzange kudlule uBob Young, owaphuthuma ukwengeza umkhiqizo kukhathalogi yakhe. Amadiski e-floppy namadiski aqukethe izinguqulo zakuqala ze-Red Hat Linux athengiswa njengamakhekhe ashisayo. Ngemva kwempumelelo enjalo, usomabhizinisi wanquma ukwazi uMark mathupha.
Umhlangano phakathi kuka-Young no-Ewing ubangele ukuvela kwe-Red Hat ngo-1995. U-Bob waqanjwa ngokuthi yi-CEO yayo. Iminyaka yokuqala yokuba khona kwenkampani yayinzima. Ukuze agcine ibhizinisi liqhubeka, uBob kwadingeka izimali ezivela kumakhadi esikweletu. Ngesinye isikhathi, isikweletu esiphelele safinyelela ku-$ 50. Kodwa-ke, ukukhululwa kokuqala okugcwele kwe-Red Hat Linux ku-kernel ye-1.2.8 kwalungisa isimo. Inzuzo yayinkulu, okwavumela uBob ukuba akhokhele amabhange.
Ngendlela, kungaleso sikhathi lapho umhlaba wabona khona owaziwayo , ophethe isikhwama ngesinye isandla, aphinde abambe isigqoko sakhe esibomvu ngesinye.
Ngo-1998, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Red Hat kwase kukhiqiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 zamaRandi ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, leso sibalo saphindeka kabili futhi inkampani IPO ku izigidigidi zamarandi.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwengxenye yebhizinisi
Maphakathi nawo-90s, lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Red Hat Linux niche yayo emakethe, inkampani ithembele ekuthuthukisweni kwenkonzo. Onjiniyela inguqulo yezohwebo ye-OS ehlanganisa imibhalo, amathuluzi engeziwe, nenqubo yokufaka eyenziwe lula. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ngo-1997, inkampani labo. ukwesekwa kwamakhasimende.
Ngo-1998, kanye ne-Red Hat, ukuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yebhizinisi ye-Linux kwase vele I-Oracle, i-Informix, i-Netscape ne-Core. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-IBM yathatha isinyathelo sayo sokuqala sokuthola izixazululo zomthombo ovulekile - inkampani I-WebSphere isekelwe kuseva yewebhu ye-Apache yomthombo ovulekile.
UGlyn Moody, umbhali wezincwadi zeLinux kanye noLinus Torvalds, ukuthi kungalesi sikhathi lapho i-IBM yaqala khona indlela, eminyakeni engu-20 kamuva, eyaholela ekuthengeni i-Red Hat ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-34. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-IBM iye yasondela kakhulu ku-ecosystem ye-Linux kanye ne-Red Hat ikakhulukazi. Ngo-1999, inkampani imizamo yokusebenza ezinhlelweni zebhizinisi ze-IBM ezisuselwe kuRed Hat Linux.
Ngemva konyaka, i-Red Hat ne-IBM bafika esivumelwaneni esisha - bona ukukhuthaza nokusebenzisa izixazululo ze-Linux zazo zombili izinkampani emabhizinisini emhlabeni jikelele. Isivumelwano sihlanganisa imikhiqizo ye-IBM efana ne-DB2, WebSphere Application Server, Lotus Domino, kanye ne-IBM Small Business Pack. Ngo-2000 IBM zonke izinkundla zabo zeseva ngaphansi kweLinux. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaphrojekthi amaningi wenkampani asebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ayevele esebenza ngesisekelo salolu hlelo lokusebenza. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona, isibonelo, i-supercomputer eNyuvesi yaseNew Mexico.
Ngaphezu kwe-IBM, uDell waqala ukubambisana neRed Hat ngaleyo minyaka. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-1999 inkampani iseva yokuqala ene-Linux OS efakwe ngaphambili. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, iRed Hat yenza izivumelwano nezinye izinkampani - ne-HP, SAP, Compaq. Konke lokhu kusize iRed Hat ukuthi ithole indawo esigabeni sebhizinisi.
Ushintsho emlandweni we-Red Hat Linux kwakungu-2002-2003, lapho inkampani iqamba kabusha umkhiqizo wayo oyinhloko iRed Hat Enterprise Linux futhi yakushiya ngokuphelele ukusatshalaliswa kwamahhala kokusatshalaliswa kwayo. Kusukela lapho, ekugcineni iphinde yagxila engxenyeni yezinkampani futhi, ngomqondo othile, isiphenduke umholi wayo - manje izinkampani. cishe ingxenye yesithathu yayo yonke imakethe yeseva.
Kodwa ngakho konke lokhu, i-Red Hat ayizange ifulathele isofthiwe yamahhala. Umlandeli wenkampani kule ndawo kwaba ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Fedora, inguqulo yokuqala yayo (ekhishwe ngo-2003) ngokusekelwe ku-2.4.22 Red Hat Linux kernel. Namuhla, i-Red Hat isekela ngokuqinile ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Fedora futhi isebenzisa umsebenzi weqembu emikhiqizweni yabo.
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Ukuqala komncintiswano
Ingxenye yokuqala yalesi sihloko cishe imayelana ne-Red Hat. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ecosystem ye-Linux akuzange kuvele eshumini leminyaka lokuqala le-OS. I-Red Hat inqume kakhulu i-vector yokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokusebenza kanye nokusabalalisa okuningi, kodwa ngisho nasengxenyeni yezinkampani, inkampani kwakungeyena kuphela umdlali.
Ngaphezu kwakhe, u-SUSE, i-TurboLinux, i-Caldera nabanye basebenza lapha, ababedumile futhi "bakhule" nomphakathi othembekile. Futhi imisebenzi enjalo ayizange ibonakale ngabancintisana nabo, ikakhulukazi, iMicrosoft.
Ngo-1998, uBill Gates wenza izitatimende ezama ukubukela phansi iLinux. Ngokwesibonelo, yena ukuthi "wayengakaze ezwe kumakhasimende mayelana nesistimu yokusebenza enjalo."
Kodwa-ke, ngawo lowo nyaka, embikweni wonyaka we-US Securities and Exchange Commission, iMicrosoft I-Linux ingenye yezimbangi zayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavuza lokho okuthiwa - Amanothi avela kusisebenzi se-Microsoft ahlaziya ubungozi bokuncintisana obubangelwa i-Linux kanye nesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile.
Ukuqinisekisa konke ukwesaba kweMicrosoft ngo-1999, amakhulu abasebenzisi be-Linux abavela emhlabeni wonke ngosuku olulodwa. emahhovisi ezinkampani. Babehlose ukubuyisela imali yesistimu ye-Windows efakwe ngaphambili kumakhompyutha abo njengengxenye yomkhankaso wamazwe ngamazwe - Usuku Lokubuyisela I-Windows. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi bazwakalise ukungeneliseki kwabo ngokuzimela kwe-OS evela ku-Microsoft emakethe ye-PC.
Ukungqubuzana okungakhulunywanga ngakho phakathi komdondoshiya we-IT kanye nomphakathi we-Linux kwaqhubeka nokudlondlobala ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ngaleso sikhathi Linux ngaphezu kwekota yemakethe yeseva futhi ikhulise isabelo sayo ngokungaguquki. Ngokumelene nesizinda sale mibiko, isikhulu esiphezulu seMicrosoft uSteve Ballmer waphoqeleka ukuthi abone ngokusobala iLinux njengombangi oyinhloko emakethe yeseva. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo yena vula i-OS "umdlavuza" wempahla yengqondo futhi empeleni yaphikisana nanoma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa ngelayisensi ye-GPL.
Singaphakathi iqoqe izibalo ze-OS zamaseva asebenzayo amaklayenti ethu.
Uma sikhuluma ngokusatshalaliswa ngakunye, Ubuntu buhlala budume kakhulu phakathi kwamakhasimende e-1cloud ku-45%, kulandelwa i-CentOS (28%) futhi eduze ne-Debian (26%).
Okunye okuphambili komzabalazo weMicrosoft nomphakathi wonjiniyela kwaba ukukhululwa kweLindows OS esekwe ku-Linux kernel, igama layo elikopishelwe iWindows. Ngo-2001 Microsoft I-USA ngokumelene nenkampani ye-OS, ifuna ukushintshwa kwegama. Ephendula, uzame ukwenza ilungelo le-Microsoft kwelinye lamagama esiNgisi kanye nokuphuma kulo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, le mpikiswano yanqotshwa yinhlangano - igama elithi LindowsOS ku-Linspire. Nokho, abathuthukisi be-OS evulekile benze lesi sinqumo ngokuzithandela ukuze bagweme izimangalo ezivela ku-Microsoft kwamanye amazwe lapho isistimu yabo yokusebenza isatshalaliswa khona.
Kuthiwani nge-Linux kernel?
Naphezu kwakho konke ukungqubuzana kwezinkampani kanye nezitatimende ezinokhahlo mayelana nesofthiwe yamahhala evela kubaphathi abaholayo bezinkampani ezinkulu, umphakathi we-Linux waqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Onjiniyela bebesebenza ekusabalaliseni okusha komthombo ovulekile futhi babuyekeza i-kernel. Ngenxa yokusabalala kwe-inthanethi, sekulula ukwenza lokhu. Ngo-1994, kwakhululwa inguqulo 1.0.0 ye-Linux kernel, eyalandelwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva inguqulo 2.0. Ngokukhishwa ngakunye, i-OS isekela inani elikhulayo lamaphrosesa nama- mainframes.
Maphakathi nawo-90s, i-Linux, eyayivele idumile phakathi kwabathuthukisi, ayizange ithuthukiswe nje njengomkhiqizo wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi njengomkhiqizo. Ngo-1995 i-Linux Expo yokuqala nengqungquthela yokufaka izikhulumi ezaziwayo emphakathini, okuhlanganisa no-Mark Ewing. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, i-Expo isibe ngomunye wemicimbi emikhulu emhlabeni weLinux.
Ngo-1996, umhlaba waqala ukubona uphawu ngepenguin edumile , esahambisana nemikhiqizo ye-Linux kuze kube namuhla. Okwakhe umhleli kanye nomklami u-Larry Ewing (Larry Ewing) okusekelwe izindaba mayelana "nepenguin enolaka" eyake yahlasela uLinus Torvalds futhi yamthelela ngesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-penguinitis.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, ngokulandelana, imikhiqizo emibili ebalulekile emlandweni we-Linux yakhululwa - i-GNOME ne-KDE. Ngenxa yalawa mathuluzi, amasistimu e-Unix, okuhlanganisa ne-Linux, athole ama-interfaces atholakala kalula e-cross-platform graphical. Ukukhishwa kwalawa mathuluzi kungabizwa ngesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ezibheke emakethe enkulu. Sizokhuluma kabanzi ngalesi sigaba somlando we-Linux engxenyeni elandelayo.
Kubhulogi yebhizinisi le-1cloud:
Source: www.habr.com