Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi ziyini izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, ukuthi ziyini, sizojwayelana namapulatifomu enkontileka ahlakaniphile ahlukene, izici zawo, futhi sixoxe ngokuthi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezingaletha. Le nto izoba usizo kakhulu kubafundi abangajwayelene kahle nesihloko sezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, kodwa abafuna ukusondela ekuyiqondeni.
Inkontileka evamile vs. inkontileka ehlakaniphile
Ngaphambi kokuthi sihlole imininingwane, ake sithathe isibonelo somehluko phakathi kwenkontileka evamile, eshiwo ephepheni, kanye nenkontileka ehlakaniphile, emelelwa ngokwedijithali.
Lokhu kwasebenza kanjani ngaphambi kokufika kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile? Cabanga ngeqembu labantu abafuna ukusungula imithetho nemibandela ethile yokusabalalisa amanani, kanye nendlela ethile yokuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa ngokwemithetho nemibandela enikeziwe. Bese behlangana, benze iphepha ababebhala kulo imininingwane yabo yokuhlonza, imigomo, amanani ahilelekile, babhale usuku bese besayina. Le nkontileka iphinde yaqinisekiswa yiqembu elithembekile, njenge-notary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu bahamba ngezindlela ezihlukene nekhophi yabo yephepha lenkontileka enjalo futhi baqala ukwenza izenzo ezingase zingahambisani nenkontileka ngokwayo, okungukuthi, benza into eyodwa, kodwa ephepheni kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kufanele benze okuthile. ehluke ngokuphelele. Futhi kanjani ukuphuma kulesi simo? Eqinisweni, omunye wamalungu eqembu udinga ukuthatha leli phepha, athathe ubufakazi, abuyise enkantolo futhi afeze ukuhambisana phakathi kwenkontileka nezenzo zangempela. Imvamisa, kuba nzima ukufeza ukusebenza kahle kwale nkontileka, okuholela emiphumeleni engemnandi.
Yini engashiwo ngezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile? Bahlanganisa kokubili ithuba lokubhala imigomo yenkontileka kanye nendlela yokuqaliswa kwayo okuqinile. Uma izimo zisethiwe futhi umsebenzi ohambisanayo noma isicelo sesisayiniwe, lapho-ke leso sicelo noma umsebenzi sesamukelwe, ngeke kusenzeka ukuguqula izimo noma kube nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwazo.
Kukhona isiqinisekisi esisodwa noma inethiwekhi yonke, kanye nesizindalwazi esigcina zonke izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezalethwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokulandelana okuqinile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi le database kufanele iqukathe yonke imibandela yokuqalisa ukusebenzisa inkontileka ehlakaniphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele icabangele lona kanye inani okuchazwa kwalo ukusatshalaliswa kwenkontileka. Uma lokhu kusebenza emalini ethile yedijithali, khona-ke le database kufanele icabangele.
Ngamanye amazwi, iziqinisekisi zenkontileka ehlakaniphile kufanele zibe nokufinyelela kuyo yonke idatha inkontileka ehlakaniphile esebenza kuyo. Isibonelo, isizindalwazi esisodwa kufanele sisetshenziselwe ukulandisa ngesikhathi esisodwa izimali zedijithali, amabhalansi omsebenzisi, okwenziwayo komsebenzisi, nezitembu zesikhathi. Khona-ke, kunkontileka ehlakaniphile, isimo singase sibe ibhalansi yomsebenzisi emalini ethile, ukufika kwesikhathi esithile, noma iqiniso lokuthi ukuthengiselana okuthile kuye kwenziwa, kodwa akukho okunye.
Incazelo yenkontileka ehlakaniphile
Ngokuvamile, igama ngokwalo laqanjwa umcwaningi u-Nick Szabo futhi laqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1994, futhi labhalwa ngo-1997 esihlokweni esichaza wona kanye umqondo wezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zisikisela ukuthi okunye ukuzenzekelayo kokusabalalisa inani kuyenziwa, okungancika kuphela kulezo zimo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili. Ngendlela yayo elula, ibukeka njengenkontileka enemigomo echazwe ngokuqinile, esayinwa amaqembu athile.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukwethenjwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle. Kwesinye isikhathi isikhungo sokuthatha izinqumo lapho konke kuncike kuso asifakwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano ezinjalo kulula ukuzihlola. Lokhu kuwumphumela wezinye izici zokuklama zesistimu enjalo, kodwa ezikhathini eziningi siqonda ngenkontileka ehlakaniphile indawo ehlukanisiwe kanye nokuba khona kwemisebenzi evumela noma ubani ukuthi ahlaziye imininingwane egciniwe futhi enze ukuhlola okuphelele kokwenziwa kwezinkontileka. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka ezinguqukweni zedatha ezibuyisela emuva ezingase zihlanganise izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwenkontileka ngokwayo. Ukufakwa kwedijithali kwezinqubo eziningi lapho kwakhiwa futhi kwethulwa inkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokuvamile kwenza ubuchwepheshe nezindleko zokuqaliswa kwazo kube lula.
Isibonelo esilula - Isevisi ye-Escrow
Ake sibheke isibonelo esilula kakhulu. Kuzokusiza usondele ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, kanye nokuqonda kangcono ukuthi yiziphi izimo okufanele zisetshenziswe.
Ingase futhi isetshenziswe kusetshenziswa i-Bitcoin, nakuba okwamanje i-Bitcoin isengabizwa neze ngokuthi inkundla egcwele yezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Ngakho-ke, sinomthengi othile futhi sinesitolo se-inthanethi. Ikhasimende lifuna ukuthenga imonitha kulesi sitolo. Esimweni esilula, umthengi uqedela futhi athumele inkokhelo, futhi isitolo se-inthanethi siyakwamukela, siyakuqinisekisa, bese sithumela izimpahla. Kodwa-ke, kulesi simo kunesidingo sokuthembela okukhulu - umthengi kufanele athembe isitolo se-intanethi kuzo zonke izindleko zokuqapha. Njengoba isitolo se-intanethi singase sibe nedumela eliphansi emehlweni omthengi, kunengozi yokuthi ngesizathu esithile, ngemva kokwamukela inkokhelo, isitolo sizokwenqaba isevisi futhi ngeke sithumele izimpahla kumthengi. Ngakho-ke, umthengi ubuza umbuzo (futhi, ngokufanele, isitolo se-intanethi sibuza lo mbuzo) yini engasetshenziswa kuleli cala ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezinjalo futhi wenze ukuthengiselana okunjalo kuthembeke kakhudlwana.
Endabeni ye-Bitcoin, kungenzeka ukuvumela umthengi nomthengisi ukuthi akhethe ngokuzimela umlamuleli. Baningi abantu ababambe iqhaza ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Futhi ababambiqhaza bethu bangakhetha ohlwini olujwayelekile lwabalamuli lowo abazomethemba. Ndawonye bakha ikheli lama-multisignature angu-2 kwangu-3 lapho kukhona okhiye abathathu futhi amasiginesha amabili ananoma yibaphi okhiye ababili okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlamvu zemali kulelo kheli. Ukhiye owodwa uzoba ngowomthengi, owesibili ube ngesitolo se-inthanethi, kanti owesithathu ungowomxhumanisi. Futhi ekhelini elinjalo le-multisignature umthengi uzothumela inani elidingekayo ukuze akhokhele umqapha. Manje, lapho umthengisi ebona ukuthi imali ivinjiwe isikhathi esithile ekhelini le-multisignature elincike kuye, angathumela ngokuphepha umqapha ngeposi.
Okulandelayo, umthengi uthola iphasela, ahlole izimpahla futhi enze isinqumo ngokuthenga kokugcina. Angase avumelane ngokuphelele nesevisi enikeziwe futhi asayine ukuthengiselana ngokhiye wakhe, lapho edlulisela khona izinhlamvu zemali kusuka ekhelini le-multisignature ukuya kumdayisi, noma angase anganeliseki ngokuthile. Esimweni sesibili, uthintana nomlamuleli ukuze ahlanganise okunye ukuthengiselana okuzosabalalisa lezo zinhlamvu zemali ngokuhlukile.
Ake sithi i-monitor ifike iklwebhe kancane futhi ikhithi ayizange ifake intambo yokuxhuma kukhompuyutha, nakuba iwebhusayithi yesitolo se-inthanethi yathi ikhebula kufanele lifakwe kukhithi. Khona-ke umthengi uqoqa ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze afakazele kumlamuleli ukuthi ukhohlisiwe kulesi simo: uthatha izithombe-skrini zesayithi, uthatha isithombe serisidi yeposi, uthatha isithombe semihuzuko ku-monitor futhi ubonisa ukuthi uphawu iphukile futhi intambo yakhishwa. Isitolo esiku-inthanethi, siqoqa ubufakazi baso bese sibudlulisela kumlamuli.
Umlamuli unentshisekelo yokwanelisa ngasikhathi sinye intukuthelo yomthengi kanye nezintshisakalo zesitolo se-inthanethi (kuzocaca ukuthi kungani kamuva). Kwakha umsebenzi lapho izinhlamvu zemali ezivela ekhelini lezisignesha eziningi zizosetshenziswa ngokwesilinganiso esithile phakathi komthengi, isitolo se-inthanethi kanye nomlamuli, njengoba ezithathela ingxenye yakhe njengomvuzo ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ake sithi u-90% wesamba semali uya kumthengisi, u-5% uya kumxazululi bese u-5% unxephezela umthengi. Umlamuli usayina lokhu kuthenga ngokhiye wakhe, kodwa awukwazi ukusetshenziswa okwamanje, ngoba kudinga amasignesha amabili, kodwa eyodwa kuphela efanelekile. Ithumela umsebenzi onjalo kubo bobabili umthengi kanye nomthengisi. Uma okungenani oyedwa wabo enelisekile ngale nketho yokusabalalisa kabusha izinhlamvu zemali, khona-ke ukuthengiselana kuzosayinwa ngaphambilini futhi kusatshalaliswe kunethiwekhi. Ukuyiqinisekisa, kwanele ukuthi omunye wezinhlangothi ekwenziweni uvumelana nenketho yomlamuli.
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqale ukhethe umlamuleli ukuze bobabili abahlanganyeli bamethembe. Kulokhu, uzokwenza ngokuzimela izithakazelo zomunye noma omunye futhi ahlole isimo ngombono. Uma umlamuli enganikeli inketho yokusabalalisa izinhlamvu zemali ezizokwanelisa okungenani umhlanganyeli oyedwa, khona-ke, sebevumelene ndawonye, ββbobabili umthengi kanye nesitolo se-inthanethi bangathumela izinhlamvu zemali ekhelini elisha le-multisignature ngokubeka amasignesha abo amabili. Ikheli elisha lamasignesha amaningi lizohlanganiswa nomlamuli ohlukile, ongase abe nekhono kakhulu endabeni futhi anikeze inketho engcono.
Isibonelo ngendlu yokulala nesiqandisi
Ake sibheke isibonelo esiyinkimbinkimbi esibonisa amakhono enkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokucace kakhudlwana.
Ake sithi kukhona abafana abathathu abasanda kungena egumbini elilodwa lokulala. Bobathathu banentshisekelo yokuthenga isiqandisi segumbi labo abangasisebenzisa ndawonye. Omunye wabo wavolontiya ukuqoqa inani elidingekayo ukuze athenge isiqandisi futhi axoxisane nomdayisi. Kodwa-ke, basanda kuhlangana futhi akukho ukwethembana okwanele phakathi kwabo. Ngokusobala, ababili babo bazifaka engozini ngokunikeza owesithathu imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badinga ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni ekukhetheni umdayisi.
Bangasebenzisa isevisi ye-escrow, okungukuthi, bakhethe umlamuli ozoqapha ukwenziwa komsebenzi futhi axazulule izinkinga eziyimpikiswano uma zikhona. Khona-ke, sebevumelene, benza inkontileka ehlakaniphile futhi banikeze izimo ezithile kuyo.
Umbandela wokuqala ukuthi ngaphambi kwesikhathi esithile, ake sithi lingakapheli isonto elilodwa, i-akhawunti yenkontileka ehlakaniphile ehambisanayo kufanele ithole izinkokhelo ezintathu kumakheli athile ngenani elithile. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, inkontileka ehlakaniphile iyayeka ukusebenza futhi ibuyisela izinhlamvu zemali kubo bonke ababambiqhaza. Uma isimo sifinyelelwa, khona-ke amanani omdayisi nomlamuli ayasethwa, futhi umbandela uyahlolwa ukuthi bonke abahlanganyeli bavumelana nokukhetha komdayisi nomlamuleli. Lapho zonke izimo zifinyelelwa, khona-ke izimali zizodluliselwa kumakheli ashiwo. Le ndlela ingavikela abahlanganyeli ekukhwabaniseni kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi futhi ngokuvamile iqeda isidingo sokuthembana.
Kulesi sibonelo sibona isimiso sokuthi leli khono lokusetha imingcele yesinyathelo nesinyathelo ukuze kufezeke umbandela ngamunye likuvumela ukuthi udale amasistimu anoma iyiphi inkimbinkimbi nokujula kwamaleveli afakwe esidlekeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi kuqala ukuchaza isimo sokuqala kunkontileka ehlakaniphile, futhi ngemva kokugcwaliseka kwayo ungakwazi ukusetha imingcele yesimo esilandelayo. Ngamanye amazwi, isimo sibhalwe ngokusemthethweni, futhi imingcele yaso ingasethwa kakade phakathi nokusebenza kwayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile
Ukuze uhlukanise, ungasetha amaqembu ahlukene wemibandela. Nokho, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ezine zazo zibalulekile.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingahlukaniswa ngendawo yazo yokusebenza, engaba phakathi nendawo noma ihlukaniselwe. Endabeni yokwahlukaniswa kwezindawo, sinokuzimela okukhulu kakhulu nokubekezelela amaphutha lapho senza izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile.
Futhi zingahlukaniswa ngenqubo yokusetha nokugcwalisa izimo: zingahleleka ngokukhululekile, zibe nomkhawulo noma zichazwe ngaphambili, okungukuthi zithayiphe ngokuqinile. Uma kunezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezi-4 kuphela kuplathifomu yenkontileka ehlakaniphile, imingcele yazo ingasethwa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngakho-ke, ukuwabeka kulula kakhulu: sikhetha inkontileka ohlwini futhi sidlulise imingcele.
Ngokwendlela yokuqalisa, kunezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezizenzakalelayo, okungukuthi, lapho izimo ezithile zenzeka, ziyazenzela, futhi kunezinkontileka lapho izimo zishiwo khona, kodwa inkundla ayihloli ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugcwaliseka kwazo; ngoba zidinga ukuqaliswa ngokwehlukana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ziyahlukahluka ezingeni lazo lobumfihlo. Zingavuleka ngokuphelele, ngokwengxenye noma zibe yimfihlo ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwakamuva kusho ukuthi izingqapheli zezinkampani zangaphandle aziyiboni imigomo yezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Nokho, isihloko sobumfihlo sibanzi kakhulu futhi kungcono ukusicabangela ngokwehlukana nesihloko samanje.
Ngezansi sizobhekisisa izindlela ezintathu zokuqala zokuletha ukucaca okwengeziwe ekuqondweni kwesihloko samanje.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngesikhathi sokusebenza
Ngokusekelwe esimweni sokwenza, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwenkundla yenkontileka ehlakaniphile ebekwe endaweni eyodwa kanye nehlukaniselwe indawo. Endabeni yezinkontileka zedijithali ezimaphakathi, kusetshenziswa isevisi eyodwa, lapho kunesiqinisekisi esisodwa kuphela futhi kungase kube nensizakalo yokusekelayo nokuthola, nayo ephethwe endaweni eyodwa. Kukhona i-database eyodwa egcina yonke imininingwane edingekayo ukuze usethe imigomo yenkontileka ehlakaniphile futhi isabalalise inani elicatshangelwe kule datha yesevisi. Isevisi enjalo emaphakathi inekhasimende elibeka izimo ngezicelo ezithile futhi lisebenzise lezi zinkontileka. Ngenxa yemvelo emaphakathi yeplathifomu, izindlela zokuqinisekisa zingavikeleka kancane kunakuma-cryptocurrencies.
Njengesibonelo, singathatha abahlinzeki bezokuxhumana beselula (opharetha beselula abahlukene). Ake sithi u-opharetha othile ugcina irekhodi eliphakathi nendawo lethrafikhi kumaseva akhe, elingasakazwa ngamafomethi ahlukene, isibonelo: ngendlela yezingcingo zezwi, ukudluliswa kwe-SMS, ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi yeselula, futhi ngokwamazinga ahlukene, futhi igcina namarekhodi. yezimali ezisele ezilinganisweni zabasebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, umhlinzeki wezokuxhumana weselula angakwazi ukwenza izinkontileka zokubala ngezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe kanye nokukhokha kwazo ngezimo ezahlukahlukene. Kulokhu, kulula ukusetha izimo ezifana nokuthi βthumela i-SMS enekhodi ethi naleyo enombolweni ethize futhi uzothola izimo ezinjalo zokusatshalaliswa kwethrafikhi.β
Esinye isibonelo singanikezwa: amabhange endabuko anomsebenzi owandisiwe wokubhanga ku-inthanethi nezinkontileka ezilula kakhulu njengezinkokhelo ezivamile, ukuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinkokhelo ezingenayo, ukudonswa kwenzalo ngokuzenzekelayo ku-akhawunti ethile, njll.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezinendawo yokukhishwa ehlukaniselwe izwe, khona-ke sineqembu labaqinisekisi. Ngokufanelekile, noma ubani angaba isiqinisekisi. Ngenxa yephrothokholi yokuvumelanisa yesizindalwazi nokufinyelela ukuvumelana, sinesizindalwazi esivamile manje esizogcina zonke izinkontileka ezinezinkontileka ezichazwe ngokuqinile, hhayi imibuzo enemibandela, amafomethi azo avame ukushintsha, futhi akukho ukucaciswa okuvuliwe. Lapha, ukuthengiselana kuzoqukatha imiyalelo yokwenza inkontileka ngokuya ngemibandela eqinile. Lokhu kucaciswa kuvuliwe, ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi benkundla ngokwabo bangacwaninga futhi baqinisekise izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Lapha sibona ukuthi amapulatifomu amisiwe aphakeme kunalawo aphakathi nendawo ngokuya ngokuzimela nokubekezelela amaphutha, kodwa ukwakheka nokugcinwa kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngendlela yokubeka nokugcwalisa izimo
Manje ake sihlolisise ukuthi izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingahluka kanjani endleleni ezibeka ngayo nezifeza ngayo izimo. Lapha sigxilisa ukunaka kwethu kuzinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezingahleleka ngokungahleliwe kanye ne-Turing ephelele. Inkontileka ehlakaniphile ye-Turing-complete ikuvumela ukuthi usethe cishe noma yimaphi ama-algorithms njengezimo zokwenziwa kwenkontileka: imijikelezo yokubhala, eminye imisebenzi yokubala okungenzeka, nokunye okunjalo - kuze kufike kuma-algorithms akho esiginesha kagesi. Kulesi simo, sisho ukubhala okunengqondo ngempela.
Kukhona nezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezingafanele, kodwa hhayi eziphelele ze-Turing. Lokhu kufaka i-Bitcoin ne-Litecoin ngeskripthi sabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungasebenzisa kuphela imisebenzi ethile kunoma iyiphi i-oda, kodwa awusakwazi ukubhala izihibe kanye nama-algorithms akho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkundla zenkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezisebenzisa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezichazwe ngaphambilini. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Bitshares ne-Steemit. I-Bitshares inohlu lwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zokuhweba, ukuphathwa kwe-akhawunti, ukuphathwa kwenkundla ngokwayo kanye nemingcele yayo. I-Steemit iyinkundla efanayo, kodwa ayisagxilile ekukhipheni amathokheni nasekuhwebeni, njenge-Bitshares, kodwa ekubhulogini, okungukuthi igcina futhi icubungule okuqukethwe ngendlela ehlukanisiwe.
Izinkontileka eziphelele ze-Turing-Complete zihlanganisa isiteji se-Ethereum kanye ne-RootStock, esathuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, ngezansi sizohlala emininingwaneni encane ku-platform yenkontileka ye-Ethereum smart.
Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngendlela yokuqalisa
Ngokusekelwe endleleni yokuqalisa, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zingahlukaniswa okungenani zibe amaqembu amabili: ezizenzakalelayo kanye nezandla (hhayi ezizenzakalelayo). Okuzenzakalelayo kubonakala yiqiniso lokuthi, uma kunikezwe yonke imingcele nemibandela eyaziwayo, inkontileka ehlakaniphile yenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, ayidingi ukuthumela noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana okwengeziwe nokuchitha ikhomishini eyengeziwe ekubulaweni ngakunye okulandelayo. Inkundla ngokwayo inayo yonke idatha yokubala ukuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile izoqeda kanjani. I-logic yakhona ayiyona into engaqondakali, kodwa inqunywe kusengaphambili futhi konke lokhu kuyabikezelwa. Okusho ukuthi, ungakwazi ukulinganisa kusenesikhathi ubunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzisa inkontileka ehlakaniphile, usebenzise uhlobo oluthile lwekhomishini eqhubekayo kuyo, futhi zonke izinqubo zokuqaliswa kwayo zisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezihlelwe ngokukhululekile, ukwenza akuzenzeki. Ukuqala inkontileka ehlakaniphile enjalo, cishe kuzo zonke izinyathelo udinga ukudala ukuthengiselana okusha, okuzobiza isigaba sokwenza esilandelayo noma indlela yenkontileka ehlakaniphile elandelayo, ukhokhe ikhomishini efanele bese ulinda ukuqinisekiswa kokwenziwe. Ukwenza kungase kuqedwe ngempumelelo noma cha, ngenxa yokuthi ikhodi yenkontileka ehlakaniphile ayinangqondo futhi ezinye izikhathi ezingalindelekile zingase zivele, njenge-loop yaphakade, ukuntuleka kwamanye amapharamitha nama-agumenti, okuhlukile okungasingathwa, njll.
Ama-Akhawunti we-Ethereum
Izinhlobo ze-akhawunti ye-Ethereum
Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zama-akhawunti ezingaba khona endaweni yesikhulumi se-Ethereum. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zama-akhawunti lapha futhi azikho ezinye izinketho. Uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa nge-akhawunti yomsebenzisi, okwesibili i-akhawunti yenkontileka. Ake sibone ukuthi zihluke kanjani.
I-akhawunti yomsebenzisi ilawulwa kuphela ukhiye womuntu wesiginesha ye-elekthronikhi. Umnikazi we-akhawunti uzenzela owakhe ukhiye wokusayina nge-elekthronikhi esebenzisa i-algorithm ye-ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm). Yimisebenzi esayindwe ngalo khiye kuphela engashintsha isimo sale akhawunti.
I-logic ehlukile inikezwa i-akhawunti yenkontileka ehlakaniphile. Ingalawulwa kuphela ikhodi yesofthiwe echazwe ngaphambilini enquma ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile: ukuthi izophatha kanjani izinhlamvu zemali zayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ngokusuka kwamuphi umsebenzisi futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo ezengeziwe lezi zinhlamvu zemali zizosatshalaliswa. Uma amanye amaphuzu enganikezwa abathuthukisi kukhodi yohlelo, kungase kuphakame izinkinga. Isibonelo, inkontileka ehlakaniphile ingase ithole isimo esithile lapho ingakwamukeli ukuqaliswa kokunye ukuqaliswa kusuka kunoma yimuphi wabasebenzisi. Kulokhu, izinhlamvu zemali zizoba yiqhwa, ngoba inkontileka ehlakaniphile ayihlinzeki ngokuphuma kulesi simo.
Ama-akhawunti adalwa kanjani ku-Ethereum
Esimeni se-akhawunti yomsebenzisi, umnikazi ngokuzimela ukhiqiza ipheya eyinhloko esebenzisa i-ECDSA. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Ethereum isebenzisa ncamashi i-algorithm efanayo kanye ncamashΓ nejika eliyi-elliptic elifana ncamashi lamasignesha e-electronic njenge-Bitcoin, kodwa ikheli libalwa ngendlela ehluke kancane. Lapha, umphumela we-hashing ephindwe kabili awusasetshenziswa, njengaku-Bitcoin, kodwa i-hashing eyodwa inikezwa umsebenzi we-Keccak ubude obungama-bits angu-256. Amabhithi abalulekile amancane anqanyuliwe kunani eliwumphumela, okungukuthi amabhithi abalulekile angu-160 yenani le-hashi lokukhiphayo. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola ikheli ku-Ethereum. Eqinisweni, kuthatha amabhayithi angu-20.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi isihlonzi se-akhawunti ku-Ethereum sibhalwe ngekhodi nge-hex ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isheke, ngokungafani ne-Bitcoin nezinye izinhlelo eziningi, lapho ikheli lifakwe ikhodi kusistimu yezinombolo ezingu-58 ngokungezwa kwesheke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuqaphela lapho usebenza nezihlonzi ze-akhawunti e-Ethereum: ngisho nephutha elilodwa kusihlonzi liqinisekisiwe ukuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlamvu zemali.
Kunesici esibalulekile futhi esiwukuthi i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi ezingeni elivamile lesizindalwazi iyakhiwa ngesikhathi lapho amukela inkokhelo yokuqala engenayo.
Ukudala i-akhawunti yenkontileka ehlakaniphile kuthatha indlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Ekuqaleni, omunye wabasebenzisi ubhala ikhodi yomthombo wenkontileka ehlakaniphile, ngemva kwalokho ikhodi idluliswa nge-compiler ekhethekile yesikhulumi se-Ethereum, ithola i-bytecode yomshini wayo we-virtual we-Ethereum. I-bytecode ewumphumela ibekwe endaweni ekhethekile yokuthengiselana. Iqinisekiswa egameni le-akhawunti yomqalisi. Okulandelayo, lokhu okwenziwayo kusatshalaliswa kuyo yonke inethiwekhi futhi kubeka ikhodi yenkontileka ehlakaniphile. Ikhomishini yokuthengiselana futhi, ngokufanele, yokwenziwa kwenkontileka ihoxiswa ebhalansi ye-akhawunti yomqalisi.
Inkontileka ngayinye ehlakaniphile iqukethe umakhi wayo (walesi nkontileka). Ingase ingabi nalutho noma inokuqukethwe. Ngemuva kokuthi umakhi ebulewe, kwakhiwa isihlonzi se-akhawunti yenkontileka ehlakaniphile, ongakwazi ukuthumela ngayo izinhlamvu zemali, ukushayela izindlela ezithile zenkontileka ehlakaniphile, njll.
Isakhiwo se-Ethereum Transaction
Ukuze sikwenze kucace, sizoqala ukubheka isakhiwo sokuthengiselana kwe-Ethereum kanye nesibonelo sekhodi yenkontileka ehlakaniphile.
Umsebenzi we-Ethereum uqukethe izinkambu ezimbalwa. Eyokuqala yalezi, nonce, inombolo ethile ye-serial ye-transaction ehlobene ne-akhawunti ngokwayo eyisabalalisa futhi engumbhali wayo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukuthengiselana okuphindwe kabili, okungukuthi, ukukhipha icala lapho ukuthengiselana okufanayo kwamukelwa kabili. Ngokusebenzisa isihlonzi, okwenziwayo ngakunye kunevelu ye-hashi ehlukile.
Okulandelayo kuza inkambu efana intengo yegesi. Lokhu kubonisa inani lapho imali yesisekelo se-Ethereum iguqulwa ibe yigesi, esetshenziselwa ukukhokhela ukukhishwa kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile nokwabiwa komthombo womshini obonakalayo. Kusho ukuthini?
E-Bitcoin, izimali zikhokhwa ngokuqondile ngemali eyisisekelo-i-Bitcoin ngokwayo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yendlela elula yokubala: sikhokha ngokuqinile inani ledatha equkethwe kuthengiselwano. Ku-Ethereum isimo sinzima kakhulu, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuthembela kumthamo wedatha yokuthengiselana. Lapha, ukuthengiselana kungase futhi kuqukathe ikhodi yohlelo ezokwenziwa emshinini obonakalayo, futhi ukusebenza ngakunye komshini we-virtual kungase kube yinkimbinkimbi ehlukile. Kukhona futhi imisebenzi enikeza inkumbulo yeziguquguqukayo. Bayoba yinkimbinkimbi yabo, lapho ukukhokhelwa komsebenzi ngamunye kuzoncika.
Izindleko zokusebenza ngakunye ngokulingana kwegesi zizoba njalo. Yethulwa ngokuqondile ukuze kunqunywe izindleko eziqhubekayo zomsebenzi ngamunye. Kuye ngomthwalo kunethiwekhi, intengo yegesi izoshintsha, okungukuthi, i-coefficient ngokusho ukuthi imali eyisisekelo izoguqulwa ibe yiyunithi eyisizayo ukuze ikhokhele ikhomishini.
Kukhona esinye isici sokuthengiselana ku-Ethereum: i-bytecode equkethwe ukuze kwenziwe emshinini we-virtual izokwenziwa ize iqede ngomphumela othile (impumelelo noma ukwehluleka) noma kuze kube yilapho inani elithile lezinhlamvu zemali ezinikeziwe liphuma ukukhokha ikhomishini. . Ukuze kugwenywe isimo lapho, uma kwenzeka iphutha elithile, zonke izinhlamvu zemali ezivela ku-akhawunti yomthumeli zisetshenziswe kukhomishini (isibonelo, uhlobo oluthile lomjikelezo waphakade oqalwe emshinini we-virtual), le nkambu elandelayo ikhona - qala igesi (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wegesi) - inquma inani eliphezulu lezinhlamvu zemali umthumeli azimisele ukulisebenzisa ukuze aqedele umsebenzi othile.
Inkambu elandelayo ibizwa ikheli lendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Lokhu kubandakanya ikheli lomamukeli wezinhlamvu zemali noma ikheli lenkontileka ethile ehlakaniphile ezobizwa izindlela zayo. Emva kwalokho kuza insimu Inani, lapho inani lezinhlamvu zemali ezithunyelwa ekhelini lendawo lifakwa khona.
Okulandelayo yinkambu ethokozisayo ebizwa ngokuthi idatha, lapho sonke isakhiwo sifanelana khona. Lena akuyona inkambu ehlukile, kodwa isakhiwo sonke lapho ikhodi yomshini we-virtual ichazwa khona. Ungabeka idatha engafanele lapha - kunemithetho ehlukene yalokhu.
Futhi insimu yokugcina ibizwa isiginesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iqukethe kokubili isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi yombhali walokhu kuthenga kanye nokhiye osesidlangalaleni lapho lesi siginesha izoqinisekiswa ngawo. Kukhiye osesidlangalaleni ungathola isihlonzi se-akhawunti yomthumeli walo msebenzi, okungukuthi, khomba ngokuhlukile i-akhawunti yomthumeli ohlelweni ngokwalo. Sithole into esemqoka mayelana nesakhiwo sokuthengiselana.
Isibonelo sekhodi yenkontileka ehlakaniphile ye-Solidity
Manje ake sibhekisise inkontileka ehlakaniphile elula sisebenzisa isibonelo.
contract Bank {
address owner;
mapping(address => uint) balances;
function Bank() {
owner = msg.sender;
}
function deposit() public payable {
balances[msg.sender] += msg.value;
}
function withdraw(uint amount) public {
if (balances[msg.sender] >= amount) {
balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
msg.sender.transfer(amount);
}
}
function getMyBalance() public view returns(uint) {
return balances[msg.sender];
}
function kill() public {
if (msg.sender == owner)
selfdestruct(owner);
}
}Ngenhla kunekhodi yomthombo eyenziwe lula engabamba izinhlamvu zemali zabasebenzisi futhi izibuyisele lapho zidingeka khona.
Ngakho-ke, kunenkontileka yeBhange ehlakaniphile eyenza le misebenzi elandelayo: iqongelela izinhlamvu zemali kubhalansi yayo, okungukuthi, lapho ukuthengiselana kuqinisekiswa futhi inkontileka enjalo ehlakaniphile ifakwa, kwakhiwa i-akhawunti entsha engaqukatha izinhlamvu zemali kubhalansi yayo; ikhumbula abasebenzisi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlamvu zemali phakathi kwabo; inezindlela eziningana zokuphatha ibhalansi, okungukuthi, kungenzeka ukuthi ugcwalise, uhoxise futhi uhlole ibhalansi yomsebenzisi.
Ake sidlule kulayini ngamunye wekhodi yomthombo. Le nkontileka inezinkambu ezihlala njalo. Omunye wabo, onekheli lohlobo, ubizwa ngokuthi umnikazi. Lapha inkontileka ikhumbula ikheli lomsebenzisi odale le nkontileka ehlakaniphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesakhiwo esiguqukayo esigcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakheli omsebenzisi namabhalansi.
Lokhu kulandelwa indlela yasebhange - inegama elifanayo nelenkontileka. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, lo umakhi wayo. Lapha okuguquguqukayo komnikazi unikezwa ikheli lomuntu obeke le nkontileka ehlakaniphile kunethiwekhi. Yilokhu kuphela okwenzekayo kulo makhi. Okusho ukuthi, i-msg kuleli cala iyiyo kanye idatha edluliselwe emshinini we-virtual kanye nomsebenzi oqukethe yonke ikhodi yale nkontileka. Ngokufanelekile, i-msg.sender ingumbhali walo msebenzi ongusokhaya wale khodi. Uzoba umnikazi wenkontileka ehlakaniphile.
Indlela yediphozithi ikuvumela ukuthi udlulisele inombolo ethile yezinhlamvu zemali ku-akhawunti yenkontileka ngokuthengiselana. Kulokhu, inkontileka ehlakaniphile, ethola lezi zinhlamvu zemali, izishiya ekhasini layo lebhalansi, kodwa irekhoda esakhiweni sebhalansi ukuthi ubani ngempela owayengumthumeli walezi zinhlamvu zemali ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi ezikabani.
Indlela elandelayo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhoxisa futhi ithatha ipharamitha eyodwa - inani lezinhlamvu zemali umuntu afuna ukuzikhipha kuleli bhange. Lokhu kuhlola ukuthi ingabe zikhona yini izinhlamvu zemali ezanele kubhalansi yomsebenzisi oshayela le ndlela ukuzithumela. Uma kukhona okwanele kubo, khona-ke inkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokwayo ibuyisela leyo nombolo yezinhlamvu zemali kumuntu ofonayo.
Okulandelayo kuza indlela yokuhlola ibhalansi yamanje yomsebenzisi. Noma ubani oshayela le ndlela uzosetshenziselwa ukubuyisa le bhalansi kunkontileka ehlakaniphile. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi isilungisi sale ndlela siwukubuka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indlela ngokwayo ayishintshi okuguquguqukayo kwesigaba sayo nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi empeleni iyindlela yokufunda kuphela. Akukho ukuthenga okuhlukile okwenziwayo ukuze kushayelwe le ndlela, akukho mali ekhokhwayo, futhi zonke izibalo zenziwa endaweni, ngemva kwalokho umsebenzisi athole umphumela.
Indlela yokubulala iyadingeka ukuze kucekelwe phansi isimo senkontileka ehlakaniphile. Futhi lapha kukhona isheke elengeziwe ukuthi lowo oshaye ucingo wale ndlela ungumnikazi wale nkontileka. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke inkontileka iyazilimaza, futhi umsebenzi wokubhubhisa uthatha ipharamitha eyodwa - isihlonzi se-akhawunti lapho inkontileka izothumela khona zonke izinhlamvu zemali ezisele kubhalansi yayo. Kulokhu, izinhlamvu zemali ezisele zizoya ngokuzenzakalelayo ekhelini lomnikazi wenkontileka.
I-node ephelele kunethiwekhi ye-Ethereum isebenza kanjani?
Ake sibheke ngohlelo ukuthi izivumelwano ezinjalo ezihlakaniphile zenziwa kanjani ku-platform ye-Ethereum nokuthi i-node yenethiwekhi egcwele isebenza kanjani.
I-node egcwele kunethiwekhi ye-Ethereum kufanele ibe namamojula okungenani amane.
Eyokuqala, ngokuqondene nanoma iyiphi iphrothokholi ehlukanisiwe, imojula yenethiwekhi ye-P2P - imojula yokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi nokusebenza namanye ama-node, lapho kushintshaniswa khona amabhulokhi, ukuthengiselana, nolwazi olumayelana namanye ama-node. Lokhu yingxenye yendabuko yawo wonke ama-cryptocurrencies ahlukaniswe.
Okulandelayo, sinemojula yokugcina idatha ye-blockchain, ukucubungula, ukukhetha igatsha elibalulekile, amabhulokhi wokuhlanganisa, amabhulokhi asusa ukuxhumanisa, ukuqinisekisa lawa mabhulokhi, njll.
I-module yesithathu ibizwa ngokuthi i-EVM (umshini we-Ethereum virtual) - lo mshini obonakalayo othola i-bytecode kusuka ku-Ethereum. Le mojula ithatha isimo samanje se-akhawunti ethile futhi yenza izinguquko esimweni sayo ngokusekelwe kukhodi etholiwe. Inguqulo yomshini obonakalayo endaweni ngayinye yenethiwekhi kufanele ifane. Izibalo ezenzeka ku-node ngayinye ye-Ethereum zifana ncamashi, kodwa zenzeka ngendlela engavumelaniyo: othile uhlola futhi wamukele lokhu kuthengiselana ngaphambili, okungukuthi, ukhiphe yonke ikhodi equkethwe kuyo, futhi othile kamuva. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukuthengiselana kudaliwe, kusatshalaliswa kunethiwekhi, ama-node ayakwamukela, futhi ngesikhathi sokuqinisekisa, ngendlela efanayo ne-Bitcoin Script eyenziwa ngayo ku-Bitcoin, i-bytecode yomshini we-virtual isetshenziswa lapha.
Okwenziwayo kuthathwa njengokuqinisekisiwe uma ngabe yonke ikhodi equkethwe kuyo yenziwe, isimo esisha se-akhawunti ethile senziwe futhi salondolozwa kuze kube yilapho kucaca ukuthi lo msebenzi usetshenzisiwe noma cha. Uma ukuthengiselana kusetshenziswe, khona-ke lesi simo asibhekwa njengendawo eqediwe kuphela, kodwa futhi samanje. Kukhona isizindalwazi esigcina isimo se-akhawunti ngayinye inodi yenethiwekhi ngayinye. Ngenxa yokuthi zonke izibalo zenzeka ngendlela efanayo futhi isimo se-blockchain siyafana, i-database equkethe izifunda zawo wonke ama-akhawunti nayo izofana ne-node ngayinye.
Izinganekwane kanye nemikhawulo yezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile
Ngokuqondene nemikhawulo ekhona yamapulatifomu enkontileka ahlakaniphile afana ne-Ethereum, okulandelayo kungashiwo:
- ukwenziwa kwekhodi;
- nikeza inkumbulo;
- idatha ye-blockchain;
- thumela izinkokhelo;
- dala inkontileka entsha;
- shayela ezinye izinkontileka.
Ake sibheke imikhawulo ebekwe emshinini obonakalayo, futhi, ngokufanele, sisuse ezinye izinganekwane mayelana nezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Emshinini we-virtual, ongeke ube ku-Ethereum kuphela, kodwa futhi kumapulatifomu afanayo, ungenza imisebenzi enengqondo ngempela, okungukuthi, ukubhala ikhodi futhi izokwenziwa lapho, ungakwazi ukwengeza inkumbulo. Kodwa-ke, imali ikhokhwa ngokwehlukana komsebenzi ngamunye kanye neyunithi ngayinye eyengeziwe yememori eyabiwe.
Okulandelayo, umshini we-virtual ungafunda idatha evela kusizindalwazi se-blockchain ukuze usebenzise le datha njengesiqalisi sokwenza inkontileka eyodwa noma enye ingqondo ehlakaniphile yenkontileka. Umshini obonakalayo ungakha futhi uthumele ukuthengiselana, ungakha izinkontileka ezintsha futhi ushayele izindlela zezinye izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile esezivele zishicilelwe kunethiwekhi: ezikhona, ezitholakalayo, njll.
Inganekwane evamile ukuthi izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile ze-Ethereum zingasebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kunoma iyiphi insiza ye-Inthanethi ngokwemibandela yazo. Iqiniso liwukuthi umshini we-virtual awukwazi ukuthumela isicelo senethiwekhi kwenye insiza yolwazi yangaphandle kwi-Intanethi, okungukuthi, akunakwenzeka ukubhala inkontileka ehlakaniphile ezosabalalisa inani phakathi kwabasebenzisi ngokuya ngokuthi, ukusho, ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani ngaphandle, noma ngubani owine ubuqhawe obuthile, noma ngokusekelwe kulokho okunye okwenzeka emhlabeni wangaphandle, ngoba ulwazi mayelana nalezi zigameko alukho nje kusizindalwazi senkundla ngokwayo. Okusho ukuthi, akukho lutho ku-blockchain ngalokhu. Uma ingaveli lapho, khona-ke umshini obonakalayo awukwazi ukusebenzisa le datha njengezibangeli.
Ukungalungi kwe-Ethereum
Ake sibale eziyinhloko. Ububi bokuqala ukuthi kukhona ubunzima bokuklama, ukuthuthukisa nokuhlola izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile e-Ethereum (u-Ethereum usebenzisa ulimi lweSolidity ukuze abhale izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile). Ngempela, umkhuba ubonisa ukuthi amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu awo wonke amaphutha ayingxenye yomuntu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile ze-Ethereum ezinobunzima obuphakathi noma obuphakeme. Uma ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile ezilula amathuba ephutha mancane, khona-ke ezinkontilekeni ezihlakaniphile eziyinkimbinkimbi kunamaphutha avame ukuholela ekwebiweni kwezimali, ukubanda kwazo, ukucekelwa phansi kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngendlela engalindelekile, njll. Iningi lamacala anjalo asevele akhona. eyaziwayo.
Ububi besibili ukuthi umshini obonakalayo ngokwawo awuphelele, ngoba nawo ubhalwe ngabantu. Ingakwazi ukwenza imiyalo engafanele, futhi lapho kulele ukuba sengozini: inombolo yemiyalo ingalungiselelwa ngendlela ethile ezoholela emiphumeleni ebingalindelekile kusengaphambili. Lena indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa sekuvele kunezifundo eziningana ezibonisa ukuthi lezi zingozi zikhona enguqulweni yamanje yenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum futhi zingaholela ekuhlulekeni kwezinkontileka eziningi ezihlakaniphile.
Obunye ubunzima obukhulu, bungabhekwa njengobubi. Kulele eqinisweni lokuthi ungakwazi ukufinyelela esiphethweni ngokungokoqobo noma ngobuchwepheshe ukuthi uma uhlanganisa i-bytecode yenkontileka ezokwenziwa emshinini we-virtual, unganquma ukuhleleka okuthile kokusebenza. Uma kwenziwa ndawonye, ββle misebenzi izolayisha kakhulu umshini we-virtual futhi iwubambezele ngokungahambisani nenkokhiso ekhokhelwe ngokwenza le misebenzi.
Esikhathini esidlule, bekuvele kunenkathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Ethereum, lapho abafana abaningi abaqonda ngokuningiliziwe ukusebenza komshini obonakalayo bathola ubuthakathaka obunjalo. Eqinisweni, ukuthengiselana kukhokhe imali encane kakhulu, kodwa kwanciphisa yonke inethiwekhi. Lezi zinkinga zinzima kakhulu ukuxazulula, ngoba kuyadingeka, okokuqala, ukunquma, okwesibili, ukulungisa intengo yokwenza le misebenzi futhi, okwesithathu, ukwenza imfoloko eqinile, okusho ukuvuselela wonke ama-node enethiwekhi kunguqulo entsha. yesofthiwe, bese kwenziwa kusebenze kanyekanye lezi zinguquko.
Ngokuqondene ne-Ethereum, ucwaningo oluningi luye lwenziwa, kuningi okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo okuye kwatholakala: kokubili okuhle nokubi, kodwa noma kunjalo kusekhona ubunzima nobuthakathaka okusafanele kubhekwane nabo ngandlela-thile.
Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yesihloko ye-athikili isiqediwe, ake siqhubekele emibuzweni ephakama kaningi.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
β Uma bonke abathintekayo kwinkontileka ehlakaniphile ekhona befuna ukushintsha imigomo, bangakhansela le nkontileka ehlakaniphile besebenzisa i-multisig, bese benza inkontileka entsha ehlakaniphile enemigomo ebuyekeziwe yokusebenza kwayo?
Impendulo lapha izoba kabili. Kungani? Ngoba ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkontileka ehlakaniphile ichazwa kanye futhi ayisasho noma yiziphi izinguquko, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingaba nengqondo ebhalwe ngaphambilini ehlinzeka ngoshintsho oluphelele noma oluyingxenye lwemibandela ethile. Okusho ukuthi, uma ufuna ukushintsha okuthile kunkontileka yakho ehlakaniphile, kufanele unikeze imibandela ongabuyekeza ngayo le mibandela. Ngokufanelekile, ngale ndlela yobuhlakani kuphela lapho ukuvuselelwa kwenkontileka kungahlelwa. Kodwa lapha, futhi, ungangena enkingeni: yenza iphutha futhi uthole ubungozi obuhambisanayo. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezinjalo zidinga ukuningiliziwe futhi ziklanywe ngokucophelela futhi zihlolwe.
- Kuthiwani uma umlamuli engena esivumelwaneni nomunye wababambe iqhaza: i-escrow noma inkontileka ehlakaniphile? Ingabe umlamuli uyadingeka kunkontileka ehlakaniphile?
Umlamuli akadingeki kunkontileka ehlakaniphile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ayikho. Uma, endabeni ye-escrow, umlamuli engena ogoqweni nomunye wamaqembu, khona-ke yebo, lolu hlelo lulahlekelwa kakhulu lonke inani lalo. Ngakho-ke, abalamuli bakhethwa ngendlela yokuthi bathenjwa yibo bonke abathintekayo kulolu hlelo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokufanelekile, ngeke udlulisele izinhlamvu zemali ekhelini lesiginesha esiningi elinomlamuli ongamethembi.
- Kungenzeka yini ngokuthengiselana okukodwa kwe-Ethereum ukudlulisa amathokheni amaningi ahlukene kusuka ekhelini lakho kuya kumakheli ahlukene okuhlosiwe, isibonelo, amakheli okushintshanisa lapho lawa mathokheni athengiswa khona?
Lona umbuzo omuhle futhi uphathelene nemodeli yokuthengiselana ye-Ethereum nokuthi ihluke kanjani kumodeli ye-Bitcoin. Futhi umehluko mkhulu. Uma kumodeli yokuthengiselana ye-Ethereum umane udlulise izinhlamvu zemali, khona-ke zidluliselwa kuphela kusuka kwelinye ikheli kuya kwelinye, alukho ushintsho, inani elithile kuphela olicacisile. Ngamanye amazwi, lena akuyona imodeli yemiphumela engasetshenzisiwe (UTXO), kodwa imodeli yama-akhawunti namabhalansi ahambisanayo. Ngokweqile kungenzeka ukuthumela amathokheni amaningana ahlukene kuthengiselwano olulodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa uma ubhala inkontileka ehlakaniphile enobuqili, kodwa kusazodingeka wenze ukuthengiselana okuningi, udale inkontileka, bese udlulisela amathokheni nezinhlamvu zemali kuyo, bese ubiza indlela efanele. . Lokhu kudinga umzamo nesikhathi, ngakho-ke ekusebenzeni akusebenzi kanjalo futhi zonke izinkokhelo ku-Ethereum zenziwa ngokuthengiselana okuhlukile.
- Enye yezinganekwane mayelana nesiteji se-Ethereum ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuchaza izimo ezizoxhomeka kudatha yomthombo wangaphandle we-Inthanethi, ngakho-ke yini okufanele uyenze?
Isixazululo siwukuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile ngokwayo inganikeza i-oracle eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-oracles ethembekile, eqoqa idatha mayelana nesimo sezinto zangaphandle futhi idlulisele ezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile. Inkontileka ngokwayo ibheka idatha eyithole emaqenjini athembekile njengeqiniso. Ukuze uthole ukwethembeka okukhulu, vele ukhethe iqembu elikhulu lama-oracle futhi unciphise ubungozi bokuhlangana kwabo. Inkontileka ngokwayo ingase inganaki idatha evela kuma-oracle aphikisana neningi.
Enye yezinkulumo zezifundo eziku-inthanethi kuBlockchain inikezwe lesi sihloko - β".
Source: www.habr.com