Ukufunda umlando wamadiski kuyisiqalo sohambo lokuqonda imigomo yokusebenza kwamadrayivu e-solid-state. Ingxenye yokuqala yochungechunge lwethu lwezihloko, "Isingeniso kuma-SSD," izothatha umlando futhi ikuvumele ukuthi uqonde ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kwe-SSD nesimbangi sayo esiseduze, i-HDD.
Naphezu kobuningi bemishini ehlukahlukene yokugcina ulwazi, ukuthandwa kwama-HDD nama-SSD esikhathini sethu akunakuphikwa. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokushayela usobala kumuntu ovamile: I-SSD ibiza kakhulu futhi iyashesha, kuyilapho i-HDD ishibhile futhi ivulekile.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile iyunithi yokulinganisa umthamo wokugcina: ngokomlando, iziqalo zedesimali ezifana nekhilo ne-mega ziqondwa kumongo wobuchwepheshe bolwazi njengamandla eshumi namashumi amabili kokubili. Ukuze kuqedwe ukudideka, kwethulwa iziqalo ezinambili okuthi kibi-, mebi- nezinye. Umehluko phakathi kwalawa mabhokisi asethelwe phezulu ubonakala njengoba ivolumu ikhula: lapho uthenga idiski engu-240 gigabyte, ungagcina ulwazi lwe-223.5 gigabytes kuyo.
Gxila emlandweni
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hard drive yokuqala kwaqala ngo-1952 yi-IBM. NgoSeptemba 14, 1956, umphumela wokugcina wentuthuko wamenyezelwa - i-IBM 350 Model 1. Idrayivu iqukethe ama-mebibytes angu-3.75 wedatha enobukhulu obungenasizotha kakhulu: amasentimitha angu-172 ubude, amasentimitha angu-152 ubude namasentimitha angu-74 ububanzi. Ngaphakathi kwakunamadiski amancane angu-50 ahlanganiswe ngensimbi ehlanzekile enobubanzi obungu-610 mm (amayintshi angu-24). Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokucinga idatha kudiski sithathe ~600 ms.
Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, i-IBM yathuthukisa kancane kancane ubuchwepheshe. Yasungulwa ngo-1961 enamandla angu-18.75 megabytes anamakhanda afundwayo oqwembeni ngalunye. IN kwavela ama-cartridges ediski akhiphekayo, futhi kusukela ngo-1970, ku-IBM 3330 kwaqalwa ukutholwa kwephutha kanye nohlelo lokulungisa. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu wavela eyaziwa ngokuthi "Winchester".
I-Winchester (kusukela kusibhamu se-English Winchester) - igama elijwayelekile lezibhamu nezibhamu ezakhiwe yiWinchester Repeating Arms Company e-USA engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Lezi kwakungezinye zezibhamu zokuqala eziphindaphindayo ezaduma kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi. Bakweleta igama labo kumsunguli wenkampani, u-Oliver Fisher Winchester.
I-IBM 3340 yayinama-spindle amabili angama-30 MiB lilinye, yingakho Onjiniyela babiza le disc "30-30". Igama lalikhumbuza isibhamu seWinchester Model 1894 esifakwe ku-.30-30 Winchester, ehola u-Kenneth Haughton, owahola ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IBM 3340, ukuthi "Uma kuyi-30-30, kufanele kube iWinchester." a 30 -30, khona-ke kufanele kube iWinchester."). Kusukela lapho, akuzona izibhamu kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-hard drive abizwa ngokuthi "ama-hard drive."
Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, i-IBM 3350 "Madrid" ikhishwe ngamapuleti angu-14-intshi kanye nesikhathi sokufinyelela esingu-25 ms.
Idrayivu yokuqala ye-SSD yadalwa yi-Dataram ngo-1976. Idrayivu ye-Dataram BulkCore yayihlanganisa i-chassis enezinti ze-RAM eziyisishiyagalombili ezinomthamo ongu-256 KiB ngayinye. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hard drive yokuqala, i-BulkCore yayincane: ubude obungu-50,8 cm, ububanzi obuyi-48,26 cm no-40 cm ukuphakama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi sokufinyelela idatha kule modeli sasingu-750 ns kuphela, okuyizikhathi ezingu-30000 ngokushesha kune-HDD drive yesimanje kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-1978, iShugart Technology yasungulwa, okwathi ngemva konyaka yashintsha igama layo laba yi-Seagate Technology ukugwema izingxabano nabakwaShugart Associates. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili yomsebenzi, i-Seagate yakhipha i-ST-506 - i-hard drive yokuqala yamakhompyutha womuntu siqu ku-5.25-inch form factor futhi enamandla angu-5 MiB.
Ngaphezu kokuvela kweShugart Technology, i-1978 yakhunjulwa ngokukhululwa kwe-Enterprise SSD yokuqala ku-StorageTek. I-StorageTek STC 4305 ibambe i-45 MiB yedatha. Le SSD yathuthukiswa esikhundleni se-IBM 2305, yayinobukhulu obufanayo futhi ibiza u-$400 ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ngo-1982, i-SSD yangena emakethe yekhompyutha yomuntu siqu. Inkampani ye-Axlon ithuthukisa i-SSD disk kuma-RAM chips ebizwa ngokuthi i-RAMDISK 320 ngokukhethekile i-Apple II. Njengoba idrayivu yadalwa ngesisekelo sememori eguquguqukayo, ibhethri lanikezwa kukhithi ukuze kugcinwe ukuphepha kolwazi. Umthamo webhethri wawanele amahora angu-3 wokusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo uma kwenzeka ukuphelelwa amandla.
Ngemva konyaka, u-Rodime uzokhipha i-hard drive yokuqala ye-RO352 10 MiB ku-3.5-inch form factor evamile kubasebenzisi banamuhla. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lena idrayivu yokuqala yezohwebo kule fomu, uRodime akenzanga lutho olusha.
Umkhiqizo wokuqala kulesi sici sefomu uthathwa njenge-floppy drive eyethulwe yi-Tandon ne-Shugart Associates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Seagate kanye ne-MiniScribe bavumile ukwamukela izinga lembonini elingu-3.5-intshi, beshiya u-Rodime ngemuva, obhekane nesiphetho "se-patent troll" kanye nokuphuma ngokuphelele embonini yokukhiqiza idrayivu.
Ngo-1980, unjiniyela we-Toshiba, uSolwazi Fujio Masuoka, wabhalisa ilungelo lobunikazi lohlobo olusha lwememori olubizwa ngokuthi NOR Flash memory. Ukuthuthukiswa kuthathe iminyaka emi-4.
NOR inkumbulo iyi-matrix yakudala ye-2D yamakhondatha, lapho kufakwa khona iseli eyodwa empambanweni yemigqa namakholomu (kufana nenkumbulo kumakhora kazibuthe).
Ngo-1984, uProfessor Masuoka wakhuluma ngokusungulwa kwakhe eMhlanganweni Wonjiniyela Wamazwe Ngamazwe Onjiniyela, lapho i-Intel yasheshe yabona isithembiso sale ntuthuko. U-Toshiba, lapho uProfessor uMasuoka asebenza khona, akazange acabangele inkumbulo ye-Flash njengento ekhethekile, ngakho-ke wahambisana nesicelo sika-Intel sokwenza ama-prototypes ambalwa okutadisha.
Intshisekelo ye-Intel ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Fujio yashukumisela u-Toshiba ukuba abele onjiniyela abahlanu ukuze asize uprofesa axazulule inkinga yokuthengisa izinto ezisunguliwe. I-Intel yona, yaphonsa abasebenzi abangamakhulu amathathu ekwakheni inguqulo yayo ye-Flash memory.
Ngenkathi i-Intel no-Toshiba bethuthukisa intuthuko emkhakheni we-Flash storage, izenzakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile zenzeka ngo-1986. Okokuqala, i-SCSI, isethi yezimiso zokuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompiyutha namadivaysi e-peripheral, iye yamiswa ngokusemthethweni. Okwesibili, isixhumi esibonakalayo se-AT Attachment (ATA), esaziwa ngaphansi kwegama lomkhiqizo i-Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), sathuthukiswa, ngenxa yokuthi isilawuli sedrayivu sahanjiswa ngaphakathi kwedrayivu.
Iminyaka emithathu, uFujio Mausoka wasebenza ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bememori ye-Flash futhi ngo-1987 wathuthukisa inkumbulo ye-NAND.
Inkumbulo ye-NAND iyinkumbulo efanayo ye-NOR, ehlelwe yaba amalungu afanayo anezinhlangothi ezintathu. Umehluko omkhulu wawuwukuthi i-algorithm yokufinyelela iseli ngayinye yaba yinkimbinkimbi, indawo yeseli yaba yincane, futhi umthamo ophelele wanda kakhulu.
Ngemva konyaka, i-Intel yathuthukisa inkumbulo yayo ye-NOR Flash, futhi i-Digipro yenza idrayivu kuyo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Flashdisk. Inguqulo yokuqala ye-Flashdisk ekucushweni kwayo okuphezulu iqukethe i-16 MiB yedatha futhi ibiza ngaphansi kuka-$500.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s nasekuqaleni kwawo-90s, abakhiqizi be-hard drive baqhudelana ukwenza amadrayivu abe mancane. Ngo-1989, i-PrairieTek yakhipha idrayivu ye-PrairieTek 220 20 MiB ngendlela engu-2.5-intshi. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-Integral Peripherals idala i-Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" disc enevolumu efanayo, kodwa kakade 1.8 amayintshi. Ngemva konyaka, u-Hewlett-Packard wehlisa usayizi wediski waba amayintshi angu-1.3.
I-Seagate yahlala ithembekile ekushayeleni ku-3.5-inch form factor futhi ithembele ekwandiseni isivinini sokuzungeza, yakhipha imodeli yayo edumile ye-Barracuda ngo-1992, i-hard drive yokuqala enejubane lokuphotha elingu-7200 rpm. Kodwa i-Seagate yayingeke igcine lapho. Ngo-1996, amadrayivu asuka kulayini we-Seagate Cheetah afinyelela isivinini sokuzungeza esingu-10000 rpm, kwathi eminyakeni emine kamuva ukuguqulwa kwe-X15 kwakhuphuka kwafinyelela ku-15000 rpm.
Ngo-2000, i-interface ye-ATA yaziwa ngokuthi i-PATA. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuvela kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-Serial ATA (SATA) esinezintambo eziningi ezihlangene, ukusekelwa kokushintshashintsha okushisayo kanye nesivinini sokudlulisa idatha. I-Seagate yahola lapha futhi, ikhulula i-hard drive yokuqala enokuxhumana okunjalo ngo-2002.
Imemori ye-flash ekuqaleni yayibiza kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza, kodwa izindleko zehla kakhulu ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. I-Transcend isebenzise leli thuba, ikhipha amadrayivu e-SSD anamandla asukela ku-2003 kuya ku-16 MiB ngo-512. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, i-Samsung ne-SanDisk bajoyina ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-IBM yathengisa ukuhlukaniswa kwayo kwediski ku-Hitachi.
Ama-Solid State Drives ayedlondlobala futhi kwakunenkinga esobala: isixhumi esibonakalayo se-SATA sasihamba kancane kunama-SSD ngokwawo. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, i-NVM Express Workgroup yaqala ukwenza i-NVMe - imininingwane yokufinyelela kuma-SSD ngokuqondile phezu kwebhasi le-PCIe, yeqa "umlamuli" osesimweni sesilawuli se-SATA. Lokhu kuzovumela ukufinyelela kwedatha ngesivinini sebhasi le-PCIe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, inguqulo yokuqala yokucaciswa isilungile, futhi ngemva konyaka kwavela idrayivu yokuqala ye-NVMe.
Umehluko phakathi kwama-SSD esimanje nama-HDD
Ezingeni elingokomzimba, umehluko phakathi kwe-SSD ne-HDD ubonakala kalula: i-SSD ayinazo izakhi zemishini, futhi ulwazi lugcinwa kumaseli enkumbulo. Ukungabikho kwezinto ezihambayo kuholela ekufinyeleleni ngokushesha kudatha kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yenkumbulo, nokho, kunomkhawulo enanini lemijikelezo yokubhala kabusha. Ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lemijikelezo yokubhala kabusha yeseli ngalinye lememori, kunesidingo sendlela yokulinganisa - ukulinganisa ukuguga kweseli ngokudlulisa idatha phakathi kwamaseli. Lo msebenzi wenziwa isilawuli sediski.
Ukuze senze ukulinganisa, isilawuli se-SSD sidinga ukwazi ukuthi imaphi amaseli ahlalayo nokuthi yimaphi amahhala. Isilawuli siyakwazi ukulandelela ukurekhodwa kwedatha kuseli ngokwayo, okungenakushiwo mayelana nokususwa. Njengoba wazi, amasistimu wokusebenza (OS) awasuli idatha kudiski lapho umsebenzisi esusa ifayela, kodwa maka izindawo zememori ezihambisanayo njengezikhululekile. Lesi sixazululo siqeda isidingo sokulinda ukusebenza kwediski lapho usebenzisa i-HDD, kodwa asifaneleki ngokuphelele ukusebenzisa i-SSD. Isilawuli sedrayivu ye-SSD sisebenza ngamabhayithi, hhayi amasistimu wamafayela, ngakho-ke sidinga umlayezo ohlukile lapho ifayela lisuswa.
Wavela kanje umyalo we-TRIM (English - trim), lapho i-OS yazisa isilawuli sediski se-SSD ukuthi sikhulule indawo ethile yememori. Umyalo we-TRIM usula unaphakade idatha kudiski. Akuwona wonke amasistimu okusebenza akwaziyo ukuthumela lo myalo kumadrayivu e-solid-state, futhi izilawuli ze-RAID zehadiwe kumodi yohlelo lwediski azilokothi zithumele i-TRIM kumadiski.
Kuzoqhubeka ...
Ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo sizokhuluma ngezinto zefomu, izixhumanisi zokuxhuma kanye nenhlangano yangaphakathi yamadrayivu e-solid-state.
Elabhorethri yethu Ungakwazi ukuhlola ngokuzimela amadrayivu esimanje e-HDD ne-SSD futhi uzenzele ezakho iziphetho.
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Ucabanga ukuthi i-SSD izokwazi ukukhipha i-HDD?
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71.2%Yebo, ama-SSD ayikusasa396
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7.5%Cha, inkathi ye-magneto-optical HDD42 ingaphambili
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21.2%Inguqulo ye-hybrid HDD + SSD118 izowina
Bangu-556 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-72 bayenqaba.
Source: www.habr.com