Lolu chungechunge lwezihloko lunikelwe ocwaningweni lomsebenzi wokwakha edolobheni elikhulu laseSilicon Valley - eSan Francisco. I-San Francisco "iMoscow" yezobuchwepheshe yomhlaba wethu, isebenzisa isibonelo sayo (ngosizo lwedatha evulekile) ukubuka ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezokwakha emadolobheni amakhulu nasezinhloko-dolobha.
Ukwakhiwa kwamagrafu nokubala kwenziwa ngo (ku-platform ye-Kaggle.com).
Idatha yezimvume zokwakha ezingaphezu kwesigidi (amarekhodi kumadathasethi amabili) evela eMnyangweni Wokwakha waseSan Francisco - ivumela hlaziya hhayi kuphela umsebenzi wokwakha edolobheni, kodwa futhi ucabangele ngokujulile izitayela zakamuva kanye nomlando wentuthuko yemboni yezokwakha kule minyaka engu-40 edlule, phakathi kuka-1980 no-2019.
Vula idatha yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola izici ezibalulekile ezibe nomthelela futhi ezizoba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezokwakha edolobheni, ukuwahlukanisa kube "okungaphandle" (ukuchuma kwezomnotho kanye nezinkinga) kanye "nangaphakathi" (ithonya lamaholide kanye nemijikelezo yesizini yonyaka).
Okuqukethwe
Vula idatha nokubuyekezwa kwamapharamitha ayisisekelo.
Lokhu akukona ukuhunyushwa kwesihloko. Ngibhala ku-LinkedIn futhi ukuze ngingadali ihluzo ngezilimi ezimbalwa, zonke ihluzo zingesiNgisi.
Xhuma engxenyeni yesibili:
Idatha Yemvume Yokwakha Yedolobha LaseSan Francisco - Kusuka Kuphothali Yedatha Evuliwe - . Ingosi inamasethi edatha ambalwa esihlokweni sokwakha. Amasethi edatha anjalo amabili agcina futhi abuyekeze idatha yezimvume ezikhishelwe ukwakhiwa noma ukulungiswa kwezinto edolobheni:
- (Amarekhodi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-850)
- (Amarekhodi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-280, idatha iyalandwa futhi ibuyekezwa masonto onke)
Lawa madathasethi aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nezimvume zokwakha ezikhishiwe, ezinezici ezihlukahlukene zento okukhishelwe yona imvume. Isamba senani lokufakiwe (izimvume) ezitholiwe esikhathini sika-1980-2019 - izimvume eziyi-1.
Amapharamitha ayinhloko asuka kule dathasethi asetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya:
- vumela_idethi_yokudala - usuku lokwakhiwa kwesicelo (eqinisweni, usuku lapho umsebenzi wokwakha uqala)
- incazelo - incazelo yesicelo (amagama angukhiye amabili noma amathathu achaza iphrojekthi yokwakha (umsebenzi) okwadalelwa yona imvume)
- izindleko_ezilinganiselwe - izindleko ezilinganiselwe (ezilinganiselwe) zomsebenzi wokwakha
- indleko_ebuyekeziwe - izindleko ezibuyekeziwe (izindleko zomsebenzi ngemuva kokubuyekezwa, ukwenyuka noma ukuncipha kwevolumu yokuqala yesicelo)
- ukusetshenziswa_okukhona - uhlobo lwezindlu (indlu eyodwa, enemindeni emibili, amafulethi, amahhovisi, ukukhiqiza, njll.)
- zipcode, indawo — ikhodi yeposi kanye nezixhumanisi zezinto
Umsebenzi wonyaka wokwakha e-San Francisco
Igrafu engezansi ikhombisa amapharamitha izindleko_ezilinganiselwe и indleko_ebuyekeziwe kwethulwa njengokwabiwa kwesamba sezindleko zomsebenzi ngenyanga.
data_cost_m = data_cost.groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='M')).sum()Ukuze kuncishiswe “abangaphandle,” idatha yanyanga zonke iqoqwa ngonyaka. Igrafu yenani lemali etshaliwe ngonyaka ithole ifomu elinengqondo nelihlaziyekayo.
data_cost_y = data_cost.groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='Y')).sum()
Ngokusekelwe ekuhambeni konyaka kwesamba sezindleko (zonke izimvume zonyaka) ezikhungweni zedolobha izici zomnotho ezibe nomthelela kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2019 zibonakala ngokucacile ngenombolo nezindleko zamaphrojekthi wokwakha, noma ngenye indlela ekutshalweni kwezimali e-San Francisco real estate.
Inombolo yezimvume zokwakha (inani lemisebenzi yokwakha noma inombolo yokutshalwa kwezimali) kule minyaka engu-40 edlule ihlobene eduze nomsebenzi wezomnotho e-Silicon Valley.
Inani eliphakeme lokuqala lomsebenzi wokwakha lalihlotshaniswa ne-hype ye-electronics maphakathi nawo-80s esigodini. Ukuwohloka komnotho wama-elekthronikhi kanye namabhange okwalandela ngo-1985 kwathumela imakethe yezindawo ezithengiswayo yesifunda ekwehleni lapho ingazange ilulame khona cishe iminyaka eyishumi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, izikhathi ezimbili ezengeziwe (ngo-1993-2000 kanye no-2009-2016) ngaphambi kokuwa kwebhamuza le-Dotcom kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe eminyakeni yamuva. Imboni yezokwakha yaseSan Francisco iye yabhekana nokukhula kwe-parabolic ngamaphesenti ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa..
Ngokususa iziqongo ezimaphakathi nemisele nokushiya amanani amancane naphezulu omjikelezo ngamunye wezomnotho, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwezimakethe kuhlasele kanjani imboni eminyakeni engama-40 edlule.
Ukwenyuka okukhulu kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezokwakha kwenzeka ngesikhathi se-dot-com boom, lapho phakathi kuka-1993 no-2001 amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 atshalwa ekuvuseleleni nasekwakhiweni, noma cishe u-$1 bhiliyoni ngonyaka. Uma sibala ngamamitha-skwele (izindleko ze-1 m² ngo-1995 zingu-$3000), lokhu cishe ku-350 m000 ngonyaka iminyaka eyi-2, kusukela ngo-10.
Ukukhula kwesamba semali etshaliwe ngonyaka ngalesi sikhathi sifinyelele ku-1215%.
Izinkampani ezaziqasha izinto zokwakha phakathi nalesi sikhathi zazifana nezinkampani ezazithengisa amafosholo ngesikhathi sokugitsheliswa kwegolide (endaweni efanayo maphakathi nekhulu le-19). Esikhundleni samafosholo kuphela, ngawo-2000 kwakukhona kakade ama-cranes namaphampu kakhonkolo ezinkampani zokwakha ezisanda kwakhiwa ezazifuna ukwenza imali ekuthuthukisweni kokwakhiwa.
Ngemuva kwezinkinga eziningi imboni yezokwakha eye yabhekana nazo eminyakeni edlule, eminyakeni emibili ezayo yangemva kwenhlekelele, ukutshalwa kwezimali (inani lezicelo zezimvume) zokwakha yehle okungenani ngo-50% isikhathi ngasinye.
Izinkinga ezinkulu embonini yezokwakha yaseSan Francisco zenzeka ngeminyaka yama-90s. Lapho, nge-periodicity yeminyaka emi-5, imboni yawa (-85% esikhathini sika-1983-1986), yaphinde yavuka (+895% esikhathini sika-1988-1992), ehlala ngokwemibandela yonyaka ngo-1981, 1986, 1988. , 1993 - ezingeni elifanayo.
Ngemuva kuka-1993, konke ukwehla okwalandela embonini yezokwakha akubanga ngaphezu kwama-50%. Kodwa ezinkingeni zezomnotho ezisondelayo (ngenxa ye-COVID-19) kungadala inkinga erekhodiwe embonini yezokwakha esikhathini sika-2017-2021, ukwehla kwawo kakade esikhathini sika-2017-2019 kufinyelela inani elingaphezu kwama-60%.
Ukukhula kwabantu baseSan Francisco Dynamics esikhathini sika-1980-1993 futhi ibonise cishe ukukhula okunamandla. Amandla ezomnotho namandla amasha e-Silicon Valley ayeyisisekelo esiqinile lapho i-hyperbole ye-New Economy, i-American Renaissance, kanye ne-dot-coms yakhelwe phezu kwayo. Kwakuyisizinda somnotho omusha. Kodwa ngokungafani nokukhuphuka kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezindawo ezithengiswayo, ngemuva kwenani eliphakeme le-dot-com, inani labantu lakhuphuka.
Ngaphambi kokuphakama kwe-dot-com ngo-2001, ukukhula kwabantu ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1950 kuye kwaba cishe i-1% ngonyaka. Khona-ke, ngemva kokuwa kwebhamuza, ukuthutheleka kwabantu abasha kwehla futhi kusukela ngo-2001 kube ngamaphesenti angu-0.2 kuphela ngonyaka.
Ngo-2019 (okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1950), ukuguquguquka kokukhula kwabonisa ukuphuma kwesibalo sabantu (-0.21% noma abantu abangu-7000) besuka edolobheni laseSan Francisco.
Okulindelekile kanye neqiniso lapho ulungiselela izilinganiso zezindleko
Kumadathasethi asetshenzisiwe, idatha yezindleko zemvume yephrojekthi yokwakha ihlukaniswe:
- izindleko ezilinganisiwe zangempela (izindleko_ezilinganiselwe)
- izindleko zomsebenzi ngemuva kokuhlaziywa (indleko_ebuyekeziwe)
Ngezikhathi ze-boom, inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlaziya ukukhulisa izindleko zokuqala, lapho umtshali-zimali (ikhasimende lokwakha) ebonisa isifiso sokudla ngemva kokuqala kokwakhiwa.
Ngesikhathi senhlekelele, bazama ukungeqi izindleko ezilinganiselwe, futhi izilinganiso zokuqala azikho izinguquko (ngaphandle kokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-1989).
Ngokwegrafu eyakhelwe phezu komehluko phakathi kwezindleko ezibuyekeziwe nezilinganiselwe (izindleko ezibuyekeziwe - isilinganiso_sezindleko), kungaqashelwa ukuthi:
Inani lokunyuka kwezindleko lapho kubuyekezwa umthamo womsebenzi wokwakha ngokuqondile kuncike emijikelezweni yokukhula komnotho
data_spread = data_cost.assign(spread = (data_cost.revised_cost-data_cost.estimated_cost))
Ngezikhathi zokukhula ngokushesha komnotho, amakhasimende omsebenzi (abatshalizimali) asebenzisa izimali zawo ngokuphana, andisa izicelo zawo ngemva kokuqala komsebenzi.
Ikhasimende (umtshali-zimali), lizizwa lizethemba ngokwezimali, licela usonkontileka wokwakha noma umdwebi wamapulani ukuthi andise imvume yokwakha esivele isikhishiwe. Lokhu kungase kube isinqumo sokwandisa ubude bokuqala bechibi noma ukwandisa indawo yendlu (ngemuva kokuqala komsebenzi kanye nokukhishwa kwemvume yokwakha).
Esiqongweni senkathi ye-dot-com, izindleko “ezingeziwe” ezinjalo zafinyelela “engeziwe” ku-1 billion ngonyaka.
Uma ubheka leli thebula selivele lishintshile ngamaphesenti, khona-ke ukwanda okuphezulu kwesilinganiso (100% noma izikhathi ezi-2 kunezindleko ezilinganisiwe zangempela) kwenzeka ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngo-1989 eduze nedolobha. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, imisebenzi yokwakha eyaqala ngo-1988 yayidinga isikhathi nemali eyengeziwe ukuze iqalise, ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1989.
Ngokuphambene, ukubuyekezwa kokwehla kwezindleko ezilinganisiwe (okwenzeka kanye kuphela phakathi nenkathi esukela ku-1980 kuya ku-2019) eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi amanye amaphrojekthi aqalwa ngo-1986-1987 amiswa noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kulawa maphrojekthi kwanqanyulwa. phansi. Kuhlelo ngokwesilinganiso kuphrojekthi ngayinye eyaqalwa ngo-1987 - ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ezilinganiselwe kwaba -20% wohlelo lokuqala..
data_spred_percent = data_cost_y.assign(spred = ((data_cost_y.revised_cost-data_cost_y.estimated_cost)/data_cost_y.estimated_cost*100))
Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokuqala ezilinganisiwe ezingaphezu kuka-40% ezibonisiwe noma okungenzeka kube umphumela wokusondela kwebhamuza kwezezimali kanye kamuva nemakethe yokwakha.
Siyini isizathu sokuncipha kokusabalala (umehluko) phakathi kwezindleko ezilinganiselwe nezibuyekeziwe ngemva kuka-2007?
Mhlawumbe abatshalizimali baqala ukubheka ngokucophelela izinombolo (isilinganiso semali phakathi neminyaka engu-20 senyuka sisuka ku-$ 100 eyizinkulungwane kuya ku-$ 2 million) noma mhlawumbe umnyango wezokwakha, ukuvimbela nokuvimbela ama-bubbles asafufusa emakethe yezindlu, wethula imithetho emisha nemingcele yokunciphisa ukukhohlisa okungenzeka. kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona phakathi neminyaka yezinhlekelele.
Umsebenzi wokwakha kuye ngesizini yonyaka
Ngokuqoqa idatha ngamaviki ekhalenda onyaka (amaviki angu-54), ungakwazi ukubona umsebenzi wokwakha edolobheni lase-San Francisco kuye ngesizini kanye nesikhathi sonyaka.
NgoKhisimusi, zonke izinhlangano zokwakha zizama ukuthola izimvume zamaphrojekthi amasha "amakhulu" ngesikhathi. (ngasikhathi sinye! inombolo! yezimvume kulezi zinyanga ezifanayo isezingeni elifanayo unyaka wonke). Abatshalizimali, abahlela ukuthola impahla yabo phakathi nonyaka ozayo, bangena ezinkontileka ezinyangeni zasebusika, bebala izaphulelo ezinkulu (njengoba izinkontileka zasehlobo, ikakhulukazi, ziphela ekupheleni konyaka futhi izinkampani zokwakha zinesithakazelo. ekutholeni izicelo ezintsha).
Ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, amanani amakhulu kakhulu ezicelo athunyelwa (ukukhula kusuka ku-avareji ye-1-1,5 billion ngenyanga kuya ku-5 billion ngoDisemba kuphela). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani eliphelele lezicelo ngenyanga lihlala lisezingeni elifanayo (bheka isigaba esingezansi: izibalo zenani eliphelele lezicelo ngenyanga nosuku)
Ngemuva kwamaholide asebusika, imboni yezokwakha ihlela futhi isebenzise ama-oda "kaKhisimusi" (cishe akukho ukwanda kwenani lezimvume) ukuze kukhululwe izinsiza maphakathi nonyaka (ngaphambi kweholidi loSuku Lokuzimela) ngaphambi kosuku olusha. igagasi lezinkontileka zasehlobo liqala ngokushesha ngemva kwamaholide kaJuni.
data_month_year = data_month_year.assign(week_year = data_month_year.permit_creation_date.dt.week)
data_month_year = data_month_year.groupby(['week_year'])['estimated_cost'].sum()
Iphesenti elifanayo ledatha (umugqa wewolintshi) liphinde libonise ukuthi imboni isebenza “ngokushelelayo” unyaka wonke, kodwa ngaphambi nangemva kwamaholide, umsebenzi wezimvume ukhuphuka ube ngu-150% phakathi nesonto lama-20-24 (ngaphambi koSuku Lokuzimela), futhi iyancipha ngokushesha ngemva kweholide kuze kufike ku--70%.
Ngaphambi kwe-Halloween noKhisimusi, umsebenzi embonini yezokwakha yase-San Francisco ukhuphuka ngo-43% phakathi neviki 44-150 (kusuka phansi kuye phezulu) bese wehla ube uziro ngesikhathi samaholide.
Ngakho-ke, imboni isemjikelezweni wezinyanga eziyisithupha, ohlukaniswa ngamaholide "Usuku Lokuzimela lwase-US" (isonto lama-20) kanye "noKhisimusi" (isonto lama-52).
Utshalomali oluphelele lwezindlu ezithengiswayo eSan Francisco
Ngokusekelwe kudatha yezimvume zokwakha edolobheni:
Isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi wokwakha eSan Francisco kusuka ngo-1980 kuya ku-2019 singama- $ 91,5 billion.
sf_worth = data_location_lang_long.cost.sum()
Isamba senani lemakethe lazo zonke izindlu ezithengiswayo e-San Francisco ezihlolwe izintela zezakhiwo (okuyivelu ehloliwe yazo zonke izindlu ezithengiswayo kanye nayo yonke indawo yomuntu siqu i-San Francisco) .
Yiziphi izindawo zaseSan Francisco ezitshale imali kuzo kule minyaka engama-40 edlule?
Ngokusebenzisa umtapo wezincwadi we-Folium, ake sibone ukuthi le mali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-91,5 itshalwe kuphi ngokwesifunda. Ukwenza lokhu, uma sihlanganisa idatha ngekhodi ye-zip, sizomela amanani avelayo sisebenzisa imibuthano (umsebenzi we-Circle ovela kulabhulali ye-Folium).
import folium
from folium import Circle
from folium import Marker
from folium.features import DivIcon
# map folium display
lat = data_location_lang_long.lat.mean()
long = data_location_lang_long.long.mean()
map1 = folium.Map(location = [lat, long], zoom_start = 12)
for i in range(0,len(data_location_lang_long)):
Circle(
location = [data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['lat'], data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['long']],
radius= [data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['cost']/20000000],
fill = True, fill_color='#cc0000',color='#cc0000').add_to(map1)
Marker(
[data_location_mean.iloc[i]['lat'], data_location_mean.iloc[i]['long']],
icon=DivIcon(
icon_size=(6000,3336),
icon_anchor=(0,0),
html='<div style="font-size: 14pt; text-shadow: 0 0 10px #fff, 0 0 10px #fff;; color: #000";"">%s</div>'
%("$ "+ str((data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['cost']/1000000000).round()) + ' mlrd.'))).add_to(map1)
map1
Kuyacaca ezifundeni ukuthi Iningi lophayi ngokunengqondo liye eDownTown. Ngemva kokwenza kube lula ukuqoqwa kwazo zonke izinto ngebanga ukuya enkabeni yedolobha kanye nesikhathi esisithathayo ukufika enkabeni yedolobha (Yebo, izindlu ezibizayo nazo zakhiwa ogwini), zonke izimvume zahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ama-4: 'Downtown' , '<0.5H Downtown', '< 1H Downtown', 'Ngaphandle kwe-SF'.
from geopy.distance import vincenty
def distance_calc (row):
start = (row['lat'], row['long'])
stop = (37.7945742, -122.3999445)
return vincenty(start, stop).meters/1000
df_pr['distance'] = df_pr.apply (lambda row: distance_calc (row),axis=1)
def downtown_proximity(dist):
'''
< 2 -> Near Downtown, >= 2, <4 -> <0.5H Downtown
>= 4, <6 -> <1H Downtown, >= 8 -> Outside SF
'''
if dist < 2:
return 'Downtown'
elif dist < 4:
return '<0.5H Downtown'
elif dist < 6:
return '<1H Downtown'
elif dist >= 6:
return 'Outside SF'
df_pr['downtown_proximity'] = df_pr.distance.apply(downtown_proximity)Ezigidigidini ezingama-91,5 ezitshalwe edolobheni, cishe izigidigidi ezingama-70 (75% yazo zonke izimali ezitshaliwe) ezitshalwe ekulungiseni nasekwakheni zisenkabeni yedolobha. (indawo eluhlaza) kanye nendawo yedolobha engaphakathi kwendawo eyi-2 km. kusukela phakathi nendawo (indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
Isilinganiso sezindleko ezilinganiselwe zesicelo sokwakha ngokwesifunda sedolobha
Yonke idatha, njengesamba senani lokutshalwa kwezimali, iqoqwe ngekhodi ye-zip. Kulesi simo kuphela ngesilinganiso (.mean()) sezindleko ezilinganiselwe zohlelo lokusebenza ngekhodi ye-zip.
data_location_mean = data_location.groupby(['zipcode'])['lat','long','estimated_cost'].mean()
Ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zedolobha (ngaphezu kwe-2 km ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha) - isilinganiso esilinganisiwe sezindleko zesicelo sokwakha singamaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50.
Isilinganiso sezindleko ezilinganisiwe endaweni emaphakathi nedolobha cishe siphakeme ngokuphindwe kathathu ($ 150 ayizinkulungwane ukuze $400 ayizinkulungwane) kuka kwezinye izindawo ($ 30-50 ayizinkulungwane).
Ngaphezu kwezindleko zomhlaba, izici ezintathu zinquma inani lezindleko zokwakhiwa kwendlu: abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezindleko zikahulumeni. Lezi zingxenye ezintathu ziphakeme eCalifornia kunakulo lonke izwe. Amakhodi wokwakha ase-California athathwa njengamanye abanzi futhi aqinile ezweni (ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba nemithethonqubo yezemvelo), ngokuvamile edinga izinto ezibiza kakhulu kanye nomsebenzi.
Isibonelo, uhulumeni udinga ukuthi abakhi basebenzise izinto zokwakha zekhwalithi ephezulu (amafasitela, ama-insulation, amasistimu wokushisisa kanye nokupholisa) ukuze bathole amazinga aphezulu okusebenza kwamandla kagesi.
Kusukela kwizibalo ezijwayelekile zezindleko ezimaphakathi zesicelo semvume, izindawo ezimbili zigqamayo:
- I-Treasure Island - isiqhingi sokwenziwa eSan Francisco Bay. Isilinganiso sezindleko zemvume yokwakha ziyizigidi eziyisi-6,5 zamaRandi.
- IMission Bay — (inani labantu abangu-2926) Isilinganiso sezindleko zemvume yokwakha siyizigidi ezingu-1,5 zamaRandi.
Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu okumaphakathi kulezi zindawo ezimbili kuhlobene ngenani elincane lezicelo zalezi zindawo zokuposa (145 kanye ne-3064 ngokulandelana, ukwakhiwa esiqhingini kulinganiselwe), kuyilapho amanye amakhodi eposi - XNUMXkanye nesikhathi sika-1980-2019 sathola izicelo ezicishe zibe yi-1300 ngonyaka (inani eliphelele ngokwesilinganiso sezicelo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 -50 zaso sonke isikhathi).
Ngokwepharamitha "yenombolo yezicelo", ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwenani lezicelo ngekhodi yeposi kulo lonke idolobha kuyabonakala.
Izibalo zenani eliphelele lezicelo ngenyanga nosuku
Izibalo zizonke zenani eliphelele lezicelo ngenyanga nangosuku lweviki phakathi kuka-1980 no-2019 zibonisa ukuthi Izinyanga ezithule kakhulu zomnyango wokwakha intwasahlobo nezinyanga zasebusika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lokutshalwa kwezimali elishiwo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza liyahluka kakhulu futhi liyahluka inyanga nenyanga ngezinye izikhathi. (bheka ngaphezu kwalokho “Umsebenzi wokwakha kuye ngesizini”). Ezinsukwini zesonto, ngoMsombuluko umthwalo womnyango ungaphansi ngo-20% kunezinye izinsuku zesonto.
months = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May','June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December' ]
data_month_count = data_month.groupby(['permit_creation_date']).count().reindex(months)
Nakuba uJuni noJulayi kuyafana ngokwenani lezicelo, ngokwesamba sezindleko ezilinganisiwe umehluko ufinyelela ku-100% (amabhiliyoni angu-4,3 ngoMeyi nangoJulayi kanye namabhiliyoni angu-8,2 ngoJuni).
data_month_sum = data_month.groupby(['permit_creation_date']).sum().reindex(months)
Ikusasa lemboni yezokwakha yaseSan Francisco, ukubikezela umsebenzi ngamaphethini.
Ekugcineni, ake siqhathanise ishadi lomsebenzi wokwakha e-San Francisco neshadi lentengo le-Bitcoin (2015-2018) kanye neshadi lentengo yegolide (1940 - 1980).
iphethini (kusukela kuphethini yesiNgisi - imodeli, isampula) - ekuhlaziyweni kobuchwepheshe izinhlanganisela eziphindayo ezizinzile zenani, ivolumu noma idatha yenkomba ibizwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwephethini kusekelwe kweyodwa ye-axiom yokuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe: "umlando uyaziphinda" - kukholakala ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuphindaphindiwe kwedatha kuholela kumphumela ofanayo.
Iphethini eyinhloko engabonakala eshadini lomsebenzi wonyaka ithi Lena iphethini yokuhlehla yethrendi "Yekhanda Namahlombe". Iqanjwe kanjalo ngoba ishadi libukeka njengekhanda lomuntu (isiqongo) namahlombe ezinhlangothini (iziqongo ezincane). Lapho intengo inqamula umugqa oxhuma ama-troughs, iphethini ibhekwa njengephelele futhi ukunyakaza kungenzeka kube phansi.
Ukunyakaza komsebenzi embonini yezokwakha yaseSan Francisco cishe kuhambisane ngokuphelele nokukhuphuka kwentengo yegolide ne-bitcoin. Ukusebenza komlando kwalawa mashadi amathathu entengo kanye nomsebenzi kubonisa ukufana okuphawulekayo.
Ukuze ukwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwemakethe yokwakha esikhathini esizayo, kuyadingeka ukubala i-coefficient yokuxhumanisa ngayinye yalezi zindlela ezimbili.
Iziguquguquko ezimbili ezingahleliwe zibizwa ngokuthi zihlobene uma umzuzu wazo wokuhlanganisa (noma i-coefficient yokuhlanganisa) uhlukile kunoziro; futhi abizwa ngamanani angaxhumene uma isikhathi sawo sokuxhumanisa singuziro.
Uma inani eliwumphumela lisondele ku-0 kunoku-1, akukho phuzu ekukhulumeni ngephethini ecacile. Lena inkinga yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi, engase ithathwe amaqabane amadala angaba nentshisekelo kulesi sihloko.
Uma! okungahambisani nesayensi! bheka isihloko sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemboni yezokwakha eSan Francisco: uma iphethini iqhubeka nokuhambisana nentengo yeBitcoin, khona-ke ngokwalolu khetho olungenathemba - ukuphuma enkingeni embonini yezokwakha eSan Francisco ngeke kube lula esikhathini esingemva kwenhlekelele.
Ngenketho "enethemba elikhulu". ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhula okuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindayo embonini yezokwakha kungenzeka uma umsebenzi lapha ulandela isimo "sentengo yegolide". Kulokhu, eminyakeni engu-20-30 (mhlawumbe ku-10), umkhakha wokwakha uzobhekana nokwanda okusha kokuqashwa nokuthuthukiswa.
Ngizobheka ngokucophelela imikhakha ngayinye yokwakha (ukulungiswa kophahla, amakhishi, ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi, izindlu zangasese, uma uneziphakamiso ezimbonini noma enye idatha - sicela ubhale kumazwana) futhi uqhathanise ukwehla kwamandla emali ezinhlobonhlobo zomsebenzi ngamunye. amanani angashintshi emali mboleko yezindlu kanye nenzuzo yamabhondi kahulumeni wase-US (Izilinganiso Zezindlu Ezigxilile & I-US Treasury Yield).
Xhuma engxenyeni yesibili:
Isixhumanisi se-Jupyter Notebook:
Sicela, kulabo abasebenzisa i-Kaggle, banikeze i-Notebook inhlanganisela (Ngiyabonga!).
(Amazwana nezincazelo zekhodi zizongezwa kamuva ku-Notebook)
Xhumanisa nenguqulo yesiNgisi:
Uma uthanda okuqukethwe kwami, ngicela ucabange ukungithengela ikhofi.
ngiyabonga ngokusekela kwakho!
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Liyini ikusasa lemboni yezokwakha yaseSan Francisco?
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66,7%Umkhakha wokwakha kungenzeka ukuthi ulandele indlela ye-Bitcoin2
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0,0%Umkhakha wezokwakha ungase ulandele indlela yezintengo zegolide0
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0,0%Umkhakha ulindele i-hype eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo
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33,3%Ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha akuhambisani namaphethini1
Bangu-3 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-6 bagobile.
Source: www.habr.com