Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ufunde okulotshiwe kombiko wokuqala ka-2020 kaGeorgy Rylov "WAL-G: amathuba amasha nokwanda komphakathi"
Abanakekeli bemithombo evulekile babhekana nezinselele eziningi njengoba bekhula. Ungabhala kanjani izici ezidingekayo, ulungise izinkinga eziningi futhi ukwazi ukubuka izicelo zokudonsa ezengeziwe? Ngisebenzisa i-WAL-G (ithuluzi lokusekelayo le-PostgreSQL) njengesibonelo, ngizokutshela ukuthi sizixazulule kanjani lezi zinkinga ngokwethula isifundo sokuthuthukiswa komthombo ovulekile enyuvesi, lokho esikuzuzile nokuthi sizothuthela kuphi ngokulandelayo.
Sanibonani futhi nonke! Ngingunjiniyela we-Yandex waseYekaterinburg. Futhi namuhla ngizokhuluma nge-WAL-G.
Isihloko sombiko asizange sisho ukuthi kwakungokuthile mayelana nama-backups. Ingabe ukhona owaziyo ukuthi iyini i-WAL-G? Noma wonke umuntu uyazi? Phakamisa isandla sakho uma ungazi. Kuhle, ufike embikweni futhi awazi ukuthi umayelana nani.
Ake ngikutshele okuzokwenzeka namuhla. Kwenzeka lokhu nje ithimba lethu belilokhu lenza izipele isikhathi eside. Futhi lona omunye umbiko ochungechungeni lapho sikhuluma ngendlela esigcina ngayo idatha ngokuphephile, ngokuvikelekile, ngokufanelekile nangempumelelo.
Ochungechungeni oludlule bekunemibiko eminingi ka-Andrei Borodin noVladimir Leskov. Sasibaningi. Futhi kade sikhuluma nge-WAL-G iminyaka eminingi.
clck.ru/F8ioz -
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Lo mbiko uzohluka kancane kweminye ngoba ubumayelana nengxenye yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa lapha ngizokhuluma ngokuthi sihlangabezane kanjani nezinkinga ezihambisana nokukhula komphakathi. Nokuthi siqhamuke kanjani nombono omncane osisiza ukuthi sibhekane nalokhu.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-WAL-G yayiyiphrojekthi encane esayithola ku-Citus Data. Futhi sisanda kuyithatha. Futhi yathuthukiswa ngumuntu oyedwa.
Futhi ngu-WAL-G kuphela owayengenayo:
- Yenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kusukela kusifaniso.
- Bezingekho izipele ezikhuphukayo.
- Bezingekho izipele ze-WAL-Delta.
- Futhi kwakusekuningi okwakushoda.
Kule minyaka embalwa, i-WAL-G ikhule kakhulu.
Futhi ngo-2020, konke okungenhla sekuvele kuvele. Futhi kulokhu kwenezelwa lokho esinakho manje:
- Ngaphezu kwezinkanyezi ezingu-1 ku-GitHub.
- 150 izimfoloko.
- Cishe ama-PR avuliwe ayi-15.
- Futhi abaningi abengeziwe abanikela.
- Futhi vula nezindaba ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi siya khona ngokoqobo nsuku zonke futhi senze okuthile ngakho.
Futhi sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi le phrojekthi idinga ukunakwa kwethu okwengeziwe, ngisho nalapho thina ngokwethu singadingi ukwenza noma yini yensizakalo yethu Yedatha Ephethwe ku-Yandex.
Futhi endaweni ethile ekwindla ka-2018, kwafika umbono ezingqondweni zethu. Ngokuvamile ithimba linezindlela ezimbalwa zokuthuthukisa izici ezithile noma ukulungisa iziphazamisi uma ungenazo izandla ezanele. Isibonelo, ungaqasha omunye unjiniyela futhi umkhokhele imali. Noma ungathatha i-intern isikhashana futhi umkhokhele iholo. Kodwa kuseneqembu elikhulu labantu, abanye babo asebekwazi ngempela ukubhala ikhodi. Awuhlali wazi ukuthi ikhodi iyini ikhwalithi.
Sicabange ngakho sanquma ukuzama ukuheha abafundi. Kodwa abafundi ngeke bahlanganyele kukho konke kanye nathi. Bazokwenza ingxenye ethile yomsebenzi kuphela. Futhi, ngokwesibonelo, bazobhala izivivinyo, balungise iziphazamisi, basebenzise izici ezingathinti ukusebenza okuyinhloko. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukudala izipele nokubuyisela izipele. Uma senza iphutha ekudaleni ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, sizolahlekelwa idatha. Futhi akekho ofuna lokhu, kunjalo. Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuthi yonke into ivikeleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, vele, asifuni ukuvumela ikhodi esiyethemba ibe ngaphansi kweyethu. Okusho ukuthi, noma iyiphi ikhodi engabalulekile yilokho esingathanda ukuyithola kubasebenzi bethu abengeziwe.
I-PR yomfundi yamukelwa ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo?
- Kudingeka ukuthi bafake amakhodi abo ngezivivinyo. Konke kufanele kwenzeke ku-CI.
- Futhi siphinde sidlule kuzibuyekezo ezi-2. Eyodwa ka-Andrey Borodin kanye neyami.
- Futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola ukuthi lokhu ngeke kwephule lutho enkonzweni yethu, ngilayisha ngokuhlukana umhlangano ngalokhu kuzibophezela. Futhi sihlola ukuhlolwa kokuphela ukuthi akukho okuhlulekayo.
Isifundo esikhethekile kumthombo ovulekile
Okuncane mayelana nokuthi kungani lokhu kudingekile nokuthi kungani lokhu, kubonakala kimi, kuwumbono omuhle.
Kithina, inzuzo isobala:
- Sithola izandla ezengeziwe.
- Futhi sifuna amakhandidethi eqembu phakathi kwabafundi abahlakaniphile ababhala amakhodi ahlakaniphile.
Iyini inzuzo yabafundi?
Angase angabonakali kangako, ngoba abafundi, okungenani, abayitholi imali yekhodi abayibhalayo, kodwa bathola amamaki kumarekhodi abo abafundi.
Ngababuza ngalokhu. Futhi ngamazwi abo:
- Umuzwa womnikeli kumthombo ovulekile.
- Thola umugqa ku-CV yakho.
- Zibonakalise futhi uphumelele inhlolokhono ku-Yandex.
- Yiba yilungu le-GSoC.
- +1 isifundo esikhethekile salabo abafuna ukubhala ikhodi.
Ngeke ngikhulume ngokuthi isifundo sakhiwe kanjani. Ngizosho nje ukuthi i-WAL-G kwakuyiphrojekthi eyinhloko. Siphinde safaka amaphrojekthi afana ne-Odyssey, i-PostgreSQL ne-ClickHouse kulesi sifundo.
Futhi abazange banikeze izinkinga kulesi sifundo kuphela, kodwa futhi banikeze amadiploma kanye nezifundo.
Kuthiwani ngenzuzo yabasebenzisi?
Manje ake sidlulele engxenyeni oyithandayo kakhulu. Kukusizani lokhu? Iphuzu ukuthi abafundi balungise izimbungulu eziningi. Futhi senze izici zesicelo osicele ukuthi sizenze.
Ake ngikutshele ngezinto obukade uzifuna futhi esezifezekile.
Usekelo lwezindawo zamathebula. Izikhala zamathebula ku-WAL-G bezilindelwe mhlawumbe kusukela kwakhululwa i-WAL-G, ngenxa yokuthi i-WAL-G ilandela elinye ithuluzi lokusekelayo i-WAL-E, lapho kusekelwe khona izipele zedathabheyisi ezinezikhala zetafula.
Ake ngikukhumbuze kafushane ukuthi iyini nokuthi kungani idingeka. Ngokuvamile, yonke idatha yakho ye-Postgres ithatha umkhombandlela owodwa ohlelweni lwefayela, olubizwa ngokuthi isisekelo. Futhi lo mkhombandlela usuvele uqukethe wonke amafayela neziqondiso ezingaphansi ezidingwa yi-Postgres.
Amathebula ama-directory aqukethe idatha ye-Postgres, kodwa awatholakali ngaphandle kohla lwemibhalo oluyisisekelo. Isilayidi sibonisa ukuthi ama-tablespaces atholakala ngaphandle kohla lwemibhalo oluyisisekelo.
Lokhu kubukeka kanjani ku-Postgres ngokwayo? Kukhona uhla lwemibhalo olungaphansi oluhlukile pg_tblspc kumkhombandlela wesisekelo. Futhi iqukethe ama-symlink ezinkhombandlela eziqukethe idatha ye-Postgres ngaphandle kwenkomba eyisisekelo.
Uma usebenzisa konke lokhu, khona-ke kuwe le miyalo ingase ibukeke kanje. Okusho ukuthi, udala itafula endaweni ethile yetafula eshiwo futhi ubone ukuthi ikuphi manje. Lena imigqa emibili yokugcina, imiyalo emibili yokugcina ebizwa. Futhi lapho kuyacaca ukuthi kukhona indlela. Kodwa empeleni, lena akuyona indlela yangempela. Lena indlela enesiqalo esuka kuhla lwemibhalo eyisisekelo iye endaweni yetafula. Futhi ukusuka lapho ifaniswa ne-symlink eholela kudatha yakho yangempela.
Asikusebenzisi konke lokhu eqenjini lethu, kodwa kusetshenziswe abanye abasebenzisi abaningi be-WAL-E abasibhalele ukuthi bafuna ukuthuthela ku-WAL-G, kodwa lokhu bekubavimba. Lokhu manje kusekelwa.
Esinye isici isifundo sethu esikhethekile esisilethele sona siwukubambisa. Abantu okungenzeka basebenze kakhulu nge-Oracle kunama-Postgres bayazi nge-catchup.
Kafushane ngokuthi kuyini. I-cluster topology enkonzweni yethu ingase ibukeke kanje. Sinenkosi. Kukhona isifaniso esisakaza ilogi yokubhala phambili ukusuka kuso. Futhi isifaniso sitshela inkosi ukuthi iyiphi i-LSN okwamanje. Futhi endaweni ethile ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ilogi ingagcinwa kungobo yomlando. Futhi ngaphezu kokufaka kungobo yomlando ilogi, izipele nazo zithunyelwa efwini. Futhi izipele ze-delta ziyathunyelwa.
Kungaba yini inkinga? Uma une-database enkulu ngokwanele, kungase kuvele ukuthi i-replica yakho iqala ukusala ngemuva kwenkosi. Futhi usalele emuva kakhulu kangangokuthi ngeke akwazi ukumfica. Ngokuvamile le nkinga idinga ukuxazululwa ngandlela thize.
Futhi indlela elula ukususa i-replica bese uyilayisha kabusha, ngoba ayisoze yabamba, futhi inkinga idinga ukubhekwana nayo. Kodwa lesi isikhathi eside impela, ngoba ukubuyisela yonke ikhophi egciniwe yedatha ye-TB eyi-10 yisikhathi eside kakhulu. Futhi sifuna ukwenza konke lokhu ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka uma izinkinga ezinjalo ziphakama. Futhi yilokho kanye i-catchup eyenzelwe.
I-Catchup ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izipele ze-delta, ezigcinwa efwini ngale ndlela. Uyasho ukuthi iyiphi i-LSN i-replica exegayo evuliwe njengamanje bese uyicacisa kumyalo wokubamba ukuze udale isipele se-delta phakathi kwaleyo LSN ne-LSN lapho iqoqo lakho likhona njengamanje. Futhi emva kwalokho ubuyisela lesi sipele kusifaniso ebesisalela ngemuva.
Ezinye izisekelo
Abafundi nabo basilethele izici eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengoba kwa-Yandex asipheki ama-Postgres kuphela, siphinde sibe ne-MySQL, i-MongoDB, i-Redis, i-ClickHouse, ngesinye isikhathi sasidinga ukuthi sikwazi ukwenza izipele ngokubuyisela emuva kwesikhathi se-MySQL, futhi ukuze kube nethuba lokulayisha. baye efwini.
Futhi besifuna ukukwenza ngendlela efanayo naleyo eyenziwa yi-WAL-G. Futhi sinqume ukuzama futhi sibone ukuthi konke kuzobukeka kanjani.
Futhi ekuqaleni, ngaphandle kokwabelana ngale logic nganoma iyiphi indlela, babhala ikhodi ngemfoloko. Babona ukuthi sinohlobo oluthile lwemodeli esebenzayo futhi iyakwazi ukundiza. Sabe sesicabanga ukuthi umphakathi wethu omkhulu ngama-postgresists, basebenzisa i-WAL-G. Ngakho-ke sidinga ukuhlukanisa lezi zingxenye ngandlela-thile. Okusho ukuthi, uma sihlela ikhodi ye-Postgres, asiphuli i-MySQL; uma sihlela i-MySQL, asiphuli i-Postgres.
Umbono wokuqala mayelana nendlela yokuhlukanisa lokhu kwakuwumbono wokusebenzisa indlela efanayo esetshenziswa izandiso ze-PostgreSQL. Futhi, empeleni, ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-MySQL bekufanele ufake uhlobo oluthile lomtapo wolwazi oguqukayo.
Kodwa lapha i-asymmetry yale ndlela ibonakala ngokushesha. Uma wenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-Postgres, ubeka isipele esivamile se-Postgres kuyo futhi konke kuhamba kahle. Futhi ku-MySQL kuvela ukuthi ufaka ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-Postgres futhi ufaka umtapo wezincwadi onamandla we-MySQL wayo. Kuzwakala kuxakile. Nathi sacabanga kanjalo futhi sanquma ukuthi lesi kwakungelona ikhambi esasilidinga.
Ukwakhiwa okuhlukahlukene kwe-Postgres, MySQL, MongoDB, Redis
Kodwa lokhu kwasivumela, kubonakala kithi, ukuba sifinyelele esinqumweni esifanele - ukwaba imihlangano ehlukene yezisekelo ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa i-logic eboshelwe kuzipele zolwazi oluhlukahlukene oluzofinyelela i-API evamile esetshenziswa yi-WAL-G.
Lena ingxenye esizibhalele yona - ngaphambi kokunikeza abafundi izinkinga. Okungukuthi, lena yiyo kanye ingxenye lapho bengenza khona okuthile okungalungile, ngakho sinqume ukuthi kungcono senze into efana nalena futhi konke kuzolunga.
Ngemuva kwalokho sikhiphe izinkinga. Zaqedwa ngokushesha. Abafundi bekumele basekele izisekelo ezintathu.
Lena i-MySQL, ebesilokhu siyisekela sisebenzisa i-WAL-G ngale ndlela isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Futhi manje i-MongoDB isondela ekukhiqizeni, lapho beyiqedela khona ngefayela. Eqinisweni, sabhala uhlaka lwakho konke lokhu. Khona-ke abafundi babhala izinto ezithile ezisebenzayo. Bese sibaletha esimweni esingasemukela ekukhiqizeni.
Lezi zinkinga azizange zibukeke sengathi abafundi kudingeka babhale amathuluzi okulondoloza aphelele kusizindalwazi ngasinye. Asizange sibe nenkinga enjalo. Inkinga yethu ibiwukuthi besifuna ukubuyiselwa emuva kwesikhathi futhi besifuna ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni efwini. Futhi bacele abafundi ukuthi babhale ikhodi ezoxazulula lokhu. Abafundi basebenzise amathuluzi ekhophi yasenqolobaneni asevele ekhona, okuthi ngandlela thize athathe izipele, bese enamathiselwe konke nge-WAL-G, okudlulisele konke emafini. Futhi bangezelele ukutholwa kwephuzu-ngesikhathi kulokhu.
Yini enye abeza nayo abafundi? Balethe ukwesekwa kokubethela kwe-Libsodium ku-WAL-G.
Futhi sinezinqubomgomo zokulondoloza ikhophi. Manje izipele zingamakwa njengezingunaphakade. Futhi ngandlela thize kulula kakhulu ukuthi isevisi yakho iguqule ngokuzenzakalelayo inqubo yokuwagcina.
Waba yini umphumela walokhu kuhlola?
Bangaphezu kuka-100 abantu abaqale babhalisela lesi sifundo. Ekuqaleni angizange ngithi inyuvesi eYekaterinburg - Ural Federal University. Samemezela konke lapho. Abantu abayi-100 ababhalisiwe. Eqinisweni, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abaqala ukwenza okuthile, cishe abantu abangama-30.
Bambalwa nakakhulu abantu abaphothule izifundo, ngoba kwakudingeka ukubhala izivivinyo zamakhodi asevele ekhona. Futhi futhi ulungise iphutha elithile noma wenze isici esithile. Futhi abanye abafundi basavala izifundo.
Njengamanje, phakathi nalesi sifundo, abafundi balungise cishe izindaba eziyi-14 futhi benza izici eziyi-10 ezinosayizi abahlukahlukene. Futhi, kubonakala kimi, lokhu kungukushintshwa okugcwele konjiniyela oyedwa noma ababili.
Phakathi kokunye, sakhipha amadiploma nomsebenzi wezifundo. Futhi abangu-12 bathola ama-diploma. Eziyisi-6 zazo sezivele zizivikele ku-β5β. Labo abasala babengakasitholi isivikelo, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi konke kuzolunga nakubo.
Izinhlelo zekusasa
Yiziphi izinhlelo esinazo ngekusasa?
Okungenani lezo zicelo zezici esesizizwile kubasebenzisi futhi esifuna ukuzenza. Lokhu:
- Ukwengamela ukulunga kokulandelelwa komugqa wesikhathi kungobo yomlando yokusekelayo yeqoqo le-HA. Ungakwenza lokhu nge-WAL-G. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi sizoba nabafundi abazolusukumela lolu daba.
- Sesivele sinomuntu onesibopho sokudlulisa izipele kanye ne-WAL phakathi kwamafu.
- Futhi sisanda kushicilela umbono wokuthi singasheshisa i-WAL-G ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngokukhipha izipele ezingeziwe ngaphandle kokubhala kabusha amakhasi nokuthuthukisa izingobo zomlando esizithumela lapho.
Ungabelana ngazo lapha
Wawungowanini lo mbiko? Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje, ngaphezu kwabantu abangu-4 abasekela le phrojekthi, sinezandla ezengeziwe, eziningi zazo. Ikakhulukazi uma ubabhalela ngomlayezo womuntu siqu. Futhi uma wenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yedatha yakho futhi ukwenze usebenzisa i-WAL-G noma ungathanda ukuthuthela ku-WAL-G, khona-ke singakwazi ukwamukela izifiso zakho kalula.
Lena ikhodi ye-QR nesixhumanisi. Ungadlula kuzo ubhale zonke izifiso zakho. Isibonelo, asilungisi isiphazamisi esithile. Noma ufuna isici esithile, kodwa ngesizathu esithile asikabi kunoma iyiphi ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, kuhlanganise neyethu. Qiniseka ukuthi ubhala ngalokhu.
Imibuzo yakho
Sawubona! Siyabonga ngombiko! Umbuzo mayelana ne-WAL-G, kodwa hhayi nge-Postgres. I-WAL-G isekela i-MySQL futhi ibiza isipele esengeziwe. Uma sithatha ukufakwa kwesimanje ku-CentOS futhi uma wenza yum ufake i-MySQL, i-MariDB izofakwa. Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yenguqulo engu-10.3 eyengeziwe ayisekelwe, isipele se-MariDB siyasekelwa. Wenza kanjani ngalokhu?
Okwamanje asikazami ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ye-MariDB. Sibe nezicelo zokusekelwa kwe-FoundationDB, kodwa ngokuvamile, uma kunesicelo esinjalo, khona-ke singathola abantu abazokwenza. Akukude noma kunzima njengoba ngicabanga.
Sawubona Siyabonga ngombiko! Umbuzo mayelana nezici ezintsha ezingaba khona. Ingabe usukulungele ukwenza i-WAL-G isebenze ngamakhasethi ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kumateyipu?
Ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kwisitoreji se-tape ngokusobala kusho?
Yebo.
Kukhona u-Andrei Borodin, ongaphendula lo mbuzo kangcono kunami.
(U-Andrey) Yebo, ngiyabonga ngombuzo! Sibe nesicelo sokudlulisa isipele ku-tape sisuka kusitoreji samafu. Futhi ngalokhu ukudluliswa phakathi kwamafu. Ngoba ukudluliswa kwamafu kuya kumafu kuyinguqulo evamile yokudlulisa itheyiphu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sinesakhiwo esinwebekayo ngokuya ngeSitoreji. Ngendlela, ama-Storoges amaningi abhalwa ngabafundi. Futhi uma ubhala Isitoreji se-tape, khona-ke sizosekelwa. Sesilungele ukucabangela izicelo zokudonsa. Lapho udinga ukubhala ifayela, ufunde ifayela. Uma wenza lezi zinto ku-Go, ngokuvamile ugcina unemigqa yekhodi engu-50. Bese kuthi itheyiphu izosekelwa ku-WAL-G.
Siyabonga ngombiko! Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ethokozisayo. Ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kuwucezu olubucayi lomsebenzi okufanele lwembozwe kahle ukuhlolwa. Lapho usebenzisa ukusebenza kolwazi olusha, ingabe abafundi bazibhala izivivinyo, noma izivivinyo uzibhalele wena bese unikeza abafundi ukuqaliswa kwazo?
Abafundi babuye babhala izivivinyo. Kodwa abafundi babhale okwengeziwe ngezici ezifana nedathabheyisi emisha. Babhala izivivinyo zokuhlanganisa. Futhi babhala izivivinyo zamayunithi. Uma ukuhlanganiswa kudlula, okungukuthi, okwamanje, lesi iskripthi osenza ngesandla noma une-cron osenzayo, isibonelo. Okusho ukuthi, umbhalo lapho ucace kakhulu.
Abafundi abanalo ulwazi oluningi. Ingabe ukubukeza kuthatha isikhathi esiningi?
Yebo, ukubuyekezwa kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Okusho ukuthi, imvamisa, lapho ama-committers amaningana eza ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi athi ngenze lokhu, ngenze lokho, khona-ke udinga ukucabanga futhi ubeke eceleni cishe ingxenye yosuku ukuthola ukuthi babhale ini lapho. Ngoba ikhodi kumele ifundwe ngokucophelela. Abazange babe nenhlolokhono. Asibazi kahle, ngakho kuthatha isikhathi esibalulekile.
Siyabonga ngombiko! Ngaphambilini, u-Andrey Borodin uthe i-archive_command ku-WAL-G kufanele ibizwe ngokuqondile. Kodwa esimweni sohlobo oluthile lwe-cartridge yeqoqo, sidinga i-logic eyengeziwe ukuze sinqume indawo okumele sithumele kuyo ama-shafts. Uyixazulula kanjani le nkinga ngokwakho?
Yini inkinga yakho lapha? Ake sithi unekhophi evumelanisiwe owenza ngayo ikhophi yasenqolobaneni? Noma yini?
(Andrey) Iqiniso liwukuthi ngempela i-WAL-G ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemibhalo yegobolondo. Uma kukhona okushodayo, ake sengeze ingqondo okufanele ibe ngaphakathi kwe-WAL-G. Ngokuqondene nokuthi ukugcinwa kwengobo yomlando kufanele kuvele kuphi, sikholelwa ukuthi ukugcinwa kungobo yomlando kufanele kusuke kumphathi wamanje kuqoqo. Ukugcina kungobo yomlando kusukela kusifaniso kuwumbono omubi. Kunezimo ezihlukahlukene ezingaba nezinkinga. Ikakhulukazi, izinkinga ngemigqa yesikhathi yokugcina kungobo yomlando nanoma yiluphi ulwazi olwengeziwe. Siyabonga ngombuzo!
(Incazelo: Silahle imibhalo yegobolondo )
Sawubona! Siyabonga ngombiko! Nginentshisekelo esicini sokubamba okhulume ngaso. Sasibhekene nesimo lapho umfaniso wawungemuva futhi ungakwazanga ukubamba. Futhi angitholanga incazelo yalesi sici kumadokhumenti e-WAL-G.
I-Catchup ivele ngokoqobo zingama-20 kuJanuwari 2020. Amadokhumenti angase adinge omunye umsebenzi owengeziwe. Sizibhala ngokwethu futhi asibhali kahle kakhulu. Futhi mhlawumbe kufanele siqale ukudinga abafundi ukuthi bayibhale.
Ingabe isivele ikhululiwe?
Isicelo sokudonsa sesivele sifile, okungukuthi ngisihlolile. Ngizame lokhu kuqoqo lokuhlola. Kuze kube manje asikabi naso isimo lapho singavivinya khona lokhu ngesibonelo sokulwa.
Silindele nini?
Angazi. Ima inyanga, sizohlola ukuthi siqinisekile.
Source: www.habr.com