Umbhalo ufingqa imibono evezwe ngumbhali embikweni “".
Ububi obukhulu nezinkinga zewebhu yesimanje:
- Ukugcwala okuyinhlekelele kwenethiwekhi ngokuqukethwe okuyimpinda, ngenxa yokungabikho kwendlela ethembekile yokusesha umthombo woqobo.
- Ukuhlakazeka nokungahlobani kokuqukethwe kusho ukuthi akwenzeki ukukhetha okuphelele ngesihloko futhi, nakakhulu, ngezinga lokuhlaziya.
- Ukuncika kohlobo lwesethulo sokuqukethwe kubashicileli (imvamisa ngokungahleliwe, baphishekela ezabo, ngokuvamile ezentengiso, izinjongo).
- Ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwemiphumela yosesho kanye ne-ontology (isakhiwo sezithakazelo) somsebenzisi.
- Ukutholakala okuphansi nokuhlukaniswa okungalungile kokuqukethwe kwenethiwekhi okufakwe kungobo yomlando (ikakhulukazi, amanethiwekhi omphakathi).
- Kukhona ukuhlanganyela okuncane kochwepheshe enhlanganweni (systematization) yokuqukethwe, nakuba kuyibo, ngokwemvelo yemisebenzi yabo, bahlanganyela ekuhleleni ulwazi nsuku zonke, kodwa umphumela womsebenzi wabo ubhalwa kuphela amakhompyutha wendawo.
Isizathu esiyinhloko se-clutter kanye nokungahambisani nenethiwekhi idivayisi yesayithi esiyizuze njengefa ku-Web 1.0, lapho umuntu oyinhloko kunethiwekhi engeyena umnikazi wolwazi, kodwa umnikazi wendawo lapho itholakala khona. Okungukuthi, imibono yabathwali bezinto ezibonakalayo idluliselwe kunethiwekhi, lapho into eyinhloko yayiyindawo (umtapo wezincwadi, i-kiosk, ucingo) kanye nento (incwadi, iphephandaba, ucezu lwephepha), bese kuphela okuqukethwe kwabo. Kodwa njengoba, ngokungafani nomhlaba wangempela, indawo emhlabeni obonakalayo ayinqunyelwe futhi ibiza amasenti, inani lezindawo ezinikeza ulwazi leqe inani lamayunithi wokuqukethwe ahlukile ngama-oda wobukhulu. I-Web 2.0 ilungise isimo ngokwengxenye: umsebenzisi ngamunye uthole indawo yakhe siqu - i-akhawunti kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu kanye nenkululeko yokuyihlela ngezinga elithile. Kodwa inkinga ngokuhluka kokuqukethwe iye yaba yimbi kakhulu: ubuchwepheshe bokukopisha-namathisela bukhuphule izinga lokuphindaphinda kolwazi ngama-oda wobukhulu.
Imizamo yokunqoba lezi zinkinga ze-inthanethi yesimanje igxile emizileni emibili, ehlobene ngandlela-thile.
- Ukwandisa ukunemba kokusesha ngokuqukethwe kokufometha okuncane okusatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amasayithi.
- Ukudalwa "kwamanqolobane" okuqukethwe okuthembekile.
Isiqondiso sokuqala, yiqiniso, sikuvumela ukuthi uthole usesho olufanele kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenketho yokucacisa amagama angukhiye, kodwa akuqedi inkinga yokuphindaphinda kokuqukethwe, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, akuqedi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhohlisa - ukuhleleka kolwazi. ngokuvamile kwenziwa umnikazi wayo, hhayi umbhali, futhi ngokuqinisekile akuyena umthengi onentshisekelo enkulu ekuhlobaneni kosesho.
Intuthuko ohlangothini lwesibili (Google, , njll.) yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ulwazi oluthembekile ngokungenakuphikiswa, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni lapho lokhu kungenzeka khona - inkinga yobuningi bolwazi ihlala ivulekile ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona amazinga afanayo kanye nengqondo efanayo yokuhlelwa kwedatha. Inkinga yokuthola, ukuhlela kanye nokufaka okuqukethwe okusha (okwamanje) ku-database kunzima ukuyixazulula, okuyinkinga enkulu kunethiwekhi yesimanje egxile kumphakathi.
Yiziphi izixazululo ezibekwa kumsebenzisi ogxile embikweni “»
- Ukwenqaba kwesakhiwo sesayithi - into eyinhloko yenethiwekhi kufanele ibe iyunithi yokuqukethwe, hhayi indawo yayo; i-node yenethiwekhi kufanele kube umsebenzisi, eneqoqo lamayunithi wokuqukethwe amisiwe ngokuhlobene naye, angabizwa ngokuthi i-ontology yomsebenzisi.
- I-Logical relativism (i-pluralism), okusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba khona kwe-logic eyodwa yokuhlela ulwazi, ebona isidingo senombolo engapheleli yamaqoqo e-ontological azimele, ngisho nangaphakathi kwesihloko esifanayo. Iqoqo ngalinye limele i-ontology yomsebenzisi othile (umuntu ngamunye noma ojwayelekile).
- Indlela esebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwe-ontology, okusho ukuthi i-ontology (isakhiwo seqoqo) yakhiwe futhi ibonakaliswe emisebenzini ye-generator yokuqukethwe. Le ndlela idinga ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinsizakalo zenethiwekhi kusukela ekukhiqizeni okuqukethwe kuye ekukhiqizeni i-ontology, okusho ngokuyisisekelo ukudalwa kwamathuluzi okusebenzisa noma yimuphi umsebenzi kunethiwekhi. Lesi sakamuva sizokuvumela ukuthi uhehe ochwepheshe abaningi kunethiwekhi abazoqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Iphuzu lokugcina lingachazwa ngokuningiliziwe:
- I-ontology yenziwa uchwepheshe ngesikhathi enza imisebenzi yakhe yobungcweti. Uhlelo luhlinzeka uchwepheshe ngawo wonke amathuluzi okufaka, ukuhlela nokucubungula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwedatha.
- I-Ontology ivezwa emisebenzini yochwepheshe. Lokhu manje sekwenzeke ngoba amaphesenti amakhulu okusebenza kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wenziwa noma urekhodwa kukhompuyutha. Uchwepheshe akufanele akhe ama-ontologies; kufanele enze endaweni yesofthiwe, ngesikhathi esifanayo eyithuluzi eliyinhloko lomsebenzi wakhe kanye nejeneretha ye-ontology.
- I-Ontology iba umphumela oyinhloko womsebenzi (kokubili ohlelweni kanye nochwepheshe) - umkhiqizo womsebenzi wobungcweti (umbhalo, isethulo, ithebula) kuyisizathu sokwakha i-ontology yalo msebenzi. Akuyona i-ontology eboshelwe emkhiqizweni (umbhalo), kodwa umbhalo oqondwa njengento ekhiqizwa ku-ontology ethile.
- I-Ontology kufanele iqondwe njenge-ontology yomsebenzi othile; Kunama-ontologies amaningi njengoba kunemisebenzi.
Ngakho-ke, isiphetho esiyinhloko: I-Web 3.0 iwushintsho olusuka kuwebhu olugxile kusizindalwazi ukuya kunethiwekhi egxile kumsebenzisi we-semantic - ukusuka kunethiwekhi yamakhasi ewebhu anokuqukethwe okulungiselelwe ngokungahleliwe kuya kunethiwekhi yezinto ezihlukile ezihlanganiswe zibe inombolo engapheli ye-ontologies yeqoqo. Kusukela ngasohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe, i-Web 3.0 iyisethi yamasevisi aku-inthanethi ahlinzeka ngohlu oluphelele lwamathuluzi okufaka, ukuhlela, ukusesha nokubonisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuqukethwe, okuhlinzeka kanyekanye nge-ontology yomsebenzi wabasebenzisi, futhi ngakho, ukufakwa kokuqukethwe.
Alexander Boldachev, 2012-2015
Source: www.habr.com