Okokuqala, umlando omncane.
I-Web 1.0 iyinethiwekhi yokufinyelela okuqukethwe okwathunyelwa kumasayithi ngabanikazi bawo. Amakhasi e-html aqinile, ukufinyelela kokufunda kuphela kolwazi, intokozo enkulu izixhumanisi eziholela emakhasini ale sayithi namanye. Ifomethi evamile yesayithi iyinsiza yolwazi. Inkathi yokudlulisa okuqukethwe okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kunethiwekhi: ukwenza izincwadi zibe yidijithali, ukuskena izithombe (amakhamera edijithali ayesangavamile).
I-Web 2.0 iyinethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu ehlanganisa abantu. Abasebenzisi, abacwile esikhaleni se-inthanethi, benza okuqukethwe ngqo emakhasini ewebhu. Amasayithi ashukumisayo asebenzisanayo, ukumaka okuqukethwe, ukuthengiswa kwewebhu, ubuchwepheshe be-mash-up, i-AJAX, izinsiza zewebhu. Izinsiza zolwazi zivulela amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ukusingathwa kwamabhulogi, namawiki. Isikhathi sokwenziwa kokuqukethwe ku-inthanethi.
Kuyacaca ukuthi igama elithi "iwebhu 1.0" lavela kuphela ngemva kokufika kwe "web 2.0" ukuze libhekisele ku-intanethi endala. Futhi cishe ngokushesha izingxoxo zaqala mayelana nenguqulo yesikhathi esizayo 3.0. Kube nezinketho eziningi zokubona leli kusasa, futhi zonke, vele, zazihlotshaniswa nokunqoba amaphutha kanye nemikhawulo yewebhu 2.0.
Umphathi we-Netscape.com u-Jason Calacanis wayekhathazeke ngokuyinhloko ngekhwalithi embi yokuqukethwe okukhiqizwa umsebenzisi futhi waphakamisa ukuthi ikusasa le-inthanethi lizoba "abantu abanesiphiwo" abazoqala "ukudala okuqukethwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu" (Web 3.0, "esemthethweni" ” incazelo, 2007). Umqondo unengqondo, kodwa akazange achaze ukuthi bazokwenza kanjani futhi kuphi, kuziphi izingosi. Hhayi kuFacebook.
Umbhali wegama elithi “web 2.0,” u-Tim O'Reilly, uphakamise ngokunengqondo ukuthi umxhumanisi ongathembekile njengomuntu akudingekile ukuze abeke ulwazi ku-inthanethi. Imishini yobuchwepheshe inganikezela ngedatha ku-inthanethi. Futhi amadivaysi obuchwepheshe afanayo angafunda idatha ngokuqondile kwisitoreji sewebhu. Eqinisweni, u-Tim O'Reilly wenze isiphakamiso sokuhlobanisa iwebhu 3.0 negama elithi “I-inthanethi Yezinto” esesivele silazi.
Omunye wabasunguli be-World Wide Web, u-Tim Berners-Lee, wabona enguqulweni yesikhathi esizayo ye-inthanethi ukufezeka kwephupho lakhe lesikhathi eside (1998) lewebhu ye-semantic. Futhi ukuhumusha kwakhe igama kwawina - iningi lalabo abathi "iwebhu 3.0" kuze kube muva nje besho iwebhu ye-semantic, okungukuthi, inethiwekhi lapho okuqukethwe kwamakhasi ewebhusayithi kungaba nenjongo kukhompyutha, efundeka ngomshini. Endaweni ethile cishe ngo-2010-2012 kwakunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana ne-ontology, amaphrojekthi we-semantic azalwa ngamaqoqo, kodwa umphumela waziwa yiwo wonke umuntu - sisasebenzisa inguqulo ye-Inthanethi 2.0. Eqinisweni, kuphela uhlelo lwe-semantic markup Schema.org kanye namagrafu olwazi ezilo ze-inthanethi i-Google, Microsoft, Facebook, kanye ne-LinkedIn asinde ngokugcwele.
Amagagasi amasha anamandla okuqanjwa kabusha kwedijithali asizile ukumboza ukwehluleka kwewebhu yeSemantic. Intshisekelo yabezindaba kanye nabantu abajwayelekile ishintshele kudatha enkulu, i-inthanethi yezinto, ukufunda okujulile, ama-drones, amaqiniso angama-augmented futhi, vele, i-blockchain. Uma abokuqala ohlwini ngokuvamile bengobuchwepheshe obungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, khona-ke i-blockchain iyiphrojekthi yenethiwekhi. Esiqongweni sokuthandwa kwayo ngo-2017-2018, kwaze kwasho ukuthi i-intanethi entsha (lo mbono waboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngomunye wabasunguli be-Ethereum, uJoseph Lubin).
Kodwa isikhathi sadlula, futhi igama elithi "blockchain" laqala ukuhlotshaniswa hhayi ngokuphumelela esikhathini esizayo, kodwa kunalokho ngamathemba angenasisekelo. Futhi umqondo wokuqamba kabusha wavela ngokwemvelo: masingakhulumi nge-blockchain njengephrojekthi ezonele, kodwa yifake enqwabeni yobuchwepheshe eyenza samuntu yonke into entsha nekhanyayo. Ngokushesha kwalokhu "okusha" kutholwe igama (nakuba lingelona elisha) "iwebhu 3.0". Futhi ukuze ngandlela-thile kuthethelelwe lokhu okungeyona into entsha yegama, kwakudingeka ukufaka inethiwekhi ye-semantic esitakini "sokukhanya".
Ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela manje akukona i-blockchain, kodwa ingqalasizinda yewebhu ye-intanethi ye-3.0, ehlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obumbalwa obuyinhloko: i-blockchain, ukufunda ngomshini, iwebhu ye-semantic kanye ne-inthanethi yezinto. Emibhalweni eminingi evele ngonyaka odlule enikezelwe ekuphindukuzalwa okusha kwewebhu 3.0, ungafunda ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nengxenye yayo ngayinye, kodwa ngeshwa, ayikho impendulo emibuzweni yemvelo: lobu buchwepheshe buhlangana kanjani into ethize. konke, kungani amanethiwekhi e-neural edinga i-inthanethi yezinto, kanye ne-semantic web blockchain? Amaqembu amaningi avele aqhubeke nokusebenza ku-blockchain (mhlawumbe ngethemba lokudala i-crypt engakwazi ukushaya ibhola le-cue, noma ivele isebenze ekutshalweni kwezimali), kodwa ngaphansi kwegama elisha elithi "iwebhu 3.0". Noma kunjalo, okungenani okuthile ngekusasa, hhayi ngamathemba angenasisekelo.
Kodwa akuyona yonke into edabukisayo. Manje ngizozama ukuphendula kafushane imibuzo ebuzwe ngenhla.
Kungani inethiwekhi ye-semantic idinga i-blockchain? Yiqiniso, lapha kudingeka sikhulume hhayi nge-blockchain njengalokhu (uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi axhunywe nge-crypto), kodwa mayelana nobuchwepheshe obuhlinzeka ngokuhlonza umsebenzisi, ukuqinisekiswa kokuvumelana nokuvikelwa kokuqukethwe okusekelwe ezindleleni ze-cryptographic kunethiwekhi yontanga kuya kontanga. . Ngakho-ke, igrafu ye-semantic njengenethiwekhi enjalo ithola isitoreji esithembekile esine-cryptographic identification yamarekhodi nabasebenzisi. Lokhu akuwona umaki we-semantic wamakhasi ekusingatheni mahhala.
Kungani i-blockchain enemibandela idinga i-semantics? I-Ontology ngokuvamile imayelana nokuhlukanisa okuqukethwe ngokwezihloko namazinga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iwebhu ye-semantic ephonswe phezu kwenethiwekhi yontanga-kuya-kontanga—noma, kalula nje, ukuhlelwa kwedatha yenethiwekhi ibe igrafu ye-semantic eyodwa—ihlinzeka ngokuhlanganisa okungokwemvelo kwenethiwekhi, okungukuthi, ukukala kwayo okuvundlile. Ukuhlelwa kwezinga legrafu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufanisa ukucutshungulwa kwedatha ezimele ngokwezibalo. Lokhu sekuvele kuwukwakhiwa kwedatha, futhi hhayi ukulahla yonke into ngokungakhethi kumabhulokhi futhi kugcinwe kuwo wonke ama-node.
Kungani i-Intanethi Yezinto idinga i-semantics kanye ne-blockchain? Yonke into ibonakala incane nge-blockchain - iyadingeka njengesitoreji esithembekile esinesistimu eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokuhlonza abalingisi (kuhlanganise nezinzwa ze-IoT) kusetshenziswa okhiye be-cryptographic. Futhi i-semantics, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise ukugeleza kwedatha kumaqoqo ezihloko, okungukuthi, inikeza ukuthululwa kwama-node, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikuvumela ukuthi wenze idatha ethunyelwe ngamadivayisi e-IoT ibe nenjongo, ngakho-ke izimele izicelo. Ungakhohlwa mayelana nokucela imibhalo yama-API ohlelo.
Futhi kusazobonakala ukuthi inzuzo ehlangene iyini ngokuwela umshini wokufunda kanye nenethiwekhi ye-semantic? Nokho, konke kulula kakhulu lapha. Kuphi, uma kungenjalo kugrafu ye-semantic, lapho umuntu angathola khona uxhaxha olukhulu kangaka lwedatha eqinisekisiwe, ehlelekile, echazwe ngokwesimo ngefomethi eyodwa, edingeka kakhulu ekuqeqesheni ama-neurons? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yini engcono kunenethiwekhi ye-neural ukuhlaziya igrafu ngokuba khona kokudidayo okuwusizo noma okulimazayo, ake sithi, ukuhlonza imiqondo emisha, amagama afanayo afanayo noma ogaxekile?
Futhi lolu uhlobo lwewebhu 3.0 esiludingayo. U-Jason Calacanis uzothi: Ngikutshelile ukuthi kuzoba yithuluzi lokudalwa kokuqukethwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu ngabantu abanesiphiwo. U-Tim Berners-Lee uzojabula: imithetho ye-semantics. Futhi u-Tim O'Reilly naye uzobe eqinisile: iwebhu 3.0 imayelana “nokusebenzelana kwe-inthanethi nomhlaba obonakalayo,” mayelana nokufiphalisa umugqa phakathi kwe-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, lapho sikhohlwa amagama athi “ngena ku-inthanethi.”
Indlela yami yangaphambilini esihlokweni
- (2012)
- (ividiyo, 2013)
- (2015)
- (2019)
Source: www.habr.com