Kwethu ichaze ukukhuphuka kokushintsha kocingo okuzenzakalelayo, obekulawulwa kusetshenziswa amasekhethi adluliswayo. Kulokhu sifuna ukukhuluma ngokuthi ososayensi nonjiniyela bathuthukise kanjani ama-relay circuits okokuqala - manje osekukhohliwe - ukukhiqizwa kwamakhompiyutha edijithali.
Dlulisela ekuphakameni kwayo
Uma ukhumbula, ukusebenza kwe-relay kusekelwe esimisweni esilula: i-electromagnets isebenza ngokushintsha kwensimbi. Umbono wokudluliswa kwedatha wahlongozwa ngokuzimela ngabaningi bezemvelo kanye nosomabhizinisi ebhizinisini le-telegraph kuma-1830s. Khona-ke, maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, abasunguli namakhenika bashintsha amanethiwekhi aba ingxenye ethembekile nebaluleke kakhulu yamanethiwekhi ocingo. Kwakukule ndawo lapho impilo ye-relay yafinyelela esiqongweni sayo: yenziwa i-miniaturized, futhi izizukulwane zonjiniyela zakha inqwaba yemiklamo ngenkathi ziqeqeshwa ngokusemthethweni kwizibalo ne-physics.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1870, hhayi kuphela izinhlelo zokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa futhi cishe yonke imishini yenethiwekhi yocingo yayiqukethe uhlobo oluthile lokudlulisa. Okunye okusetshenziswa kuqala kwezokuxhumana ngocingo kuhlehlela emuva kuma-XNUMXs, kumabhodi okushintsha ngesandla. Lapho obhalisile ephendulela isibambo socingo (isibambo se-magneto), isignali yathunyelwa ekushintsheni kocingo, ivula i-blender. Ingubo yokulala iyireyi ethi, uma icushiwe, ibangele ukuthi i-flap yensimbi iwe edeskini yokushintsha yomqhubi wocingo, okubonisa ucingo olungenayo. Khona-ke u-opharetha wesifazane osemusha wafaka ipulaki kusixhumi, i-relay yahlelwa kabusha, ngemva kwalokho kwakungenzeka ukuphakamisa i-flap futhi, eyayibanjwe kulesi sikhundla yi-electromagnet.
Ngo-1924, onjiniyela ababili beBell babhala, ukushintshaniswa kocingo okuvamile kwasebenzela ababhalisile abangaba ngu-10. Imishini yakhe yayiqukethe ama-relay ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40-65, amandla awo kazibuthe aphelele “ayenele ukuphakamisa amathani ayi-10.” Ekushintshaneni ngocingo okukhulu ngokushintsha kwemishini, lezi zici ziphindaphindwe kabili. Izigidi eziningi zokudluliselwa kwezingcingo zasetshenziswa kulo lonke uhlelo lwezingcingo lwase-US, futhi inani lalilokhu likhula njengoba ukushintshana kwezingcingo kwakuzenzakalela. Ukuxhunywa ngocingo okukodwa kwakungase kusetshenziswe ngokudlulisela izingcingo ezisukela kwamakhulu ambalwa kuya kwamakhulu ambalwa, kuye ngenani nezinto zokusebenza zezingcingo ezihilelekile.
Amafekthri e-Western Electric, inkampani ephethwe yi-Bell Corporation, akhiqize uhla olukhulu lokudluliswa kwemali. Onjiniyela baye benza izinguquko eziningi kangangokuthi abafuyi bezinja abayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma abafuyi bamajuba bangaba nomona ngalokhu kuhlukahluka. Isivinini sokusebenza nokuzwela kwe-relay kwathuthukiswa, futhi ubukhulu buncishisiwe. Ngo-1921, i-Western Electric yakhiqiza ama-relay acishe abe yizigidi ezi-5 ezinhlobo eziyisisekelo eziyikhulu. Okudume kakhulu kwakuyi-Type E relay universal, idivayisi eyisicaba, cishe engunxande enesisindo samashumi amaningana amagremu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, yayenziwe ngezingxenye zensimbi ezinesitembu, okungukuthi yayithuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni. Izindlu zazivikela othintana nabo othulini kanye namaza omoya avela kumadivayisi angomakhelwane: ngokuvamile ukudluliselwa kwakubekwe eduze komunye nomunye, kuma-rack anamakhulu nezinkulungwane zokudluliselwa. Isamba sezinhlobo ezingu-3 zohlobo E zathuthukiswa, ngasinye sinokuhlelwa okuhlukile kokusonta kanye nokuxhumana.
Ngokushesha lokhu kudluliselwa kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kumaswishi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Coordinate commutator
Ngo-1910, uGotthilf Betulander, unjiniyela eRoyal Telegrafverket, inhlangano yombuso eyayilawula iningi lemakethe yocingo yaseSweden (amashumi eminyaka, cishe yonke), waba nombono. Wayekholelwa ukuthi angakwazi ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-Telegrafverket ngokwakha amasistimu okushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo asekelwe ngokuphelele kuma-relay. Ngokunemba kakhudlwana, kumatrices e-relay: amagridi wezinduku zensimbi ezixhunywe emigqeni yocingo, nokudluliselwa ezimpambanweni zezintambo. Iswishi enjalo kufanele isheshe, ithembeke kakhulu, futhi kube lula ukuyinakekela kunamasistimu asekelwe koxhumene nabo abaslayidayo noma abazungezisayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Betulander iqhamuke nombono wokuthi kwakungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zokukhetha nokuxhuma zesistimu zibe yiziyingi ezizimele zokudlulisa. Futhi lonke uhlelo kufanele lusetshenziselwe kuphela ukusungula ishaneli yezwi, bese likhululwa ukuze libambe olunye ucingo. Okusho ukuthi, uBetulander waqhamuka nombono kamuva owabizwa ngokuthi “ukulawula okujwayelekile”.
Ubize isekethe egcina inombolo yocingo olungenayo “irekhoda” (elinye igama elithi irejista). Futhi isekethe ethola futhi "imaka" uxhumano olutholakalayo kugridi ibizwa ngokuthi "umaka." Umbhali ugunyaze uhlelo lwakhe. Iziteshi ezinjalo eziningana zavela eStockholm naseLondon. Futhi ngo-1918, u-Betulander wafunda nge-innovation yaseMelika: inkinobho yokuxhumanisa, eyakhiwe unjiniyela weBell uJohn Reynolds eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili. Lokhu kushintsha kwakufana kakhulu nomklamo we-Betulander, kodwa kwasetshenziswa n+m isevisi edluliselwe n+m ama-matrix node, obekulungele kakhulu ukunwetshwa kokuhwebelana ngocingo. Lapho uxhuma, ibha yokubamba yayibophele iyunithi yezinhlamvu yepiyano "iminwe" futhi ibha ekhethiwe ihambe eduze kwe-matrix ukuze ixhume kolunye ucingo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Betulander wafaka lo mbono ekwakhiweni kweswishi yakhe.
Kodwa onjiniyela abaningi babheka indalo kaBetulander njengenqaba futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokungadingekile. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokukhetha isistimu yokushintsha ukuze isebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo amanethiwekhi amadolobha amakhulu ase-Sweden, i-Telegrafverket yakhetha umklamo othuthukiswe ngu-Ericsson. Amaswishi e-Betulander ayesetshenziswa kuphela ekushintshisaneni ngezingcingo ezincane ezindaweni zasemaphandleni: ama-relay ayethembeke kakhulu kunemishini eshintshashintshayo yamaswishi akwa-Ericsson futhi ayengadingi ochwepheshe bokukhanda endaweni ngayinye.
Nokho, onjiniyela bezingcingo baseMelika babenombono ohlukile ngale ndaba. Ngo-1930, ochwepheshe beBell Labs beza eSweden futhi "bahlabeke umxhwele kakhulu ngamapharamitha wemojula yokuxhumanisa." Lapho abaseMelika bebuya, ngokushesha baqala ukusebenza kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokudidiyela lweNombolo 1, esikhundleni sokushintshwa kwamaphaneli emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngo-1938, kwafakwa amasistimu amabili anjalo eNew York. Ngokushesha baba imishini evamile yokushintshanisa izingcingo zasemadolobheni, kwaze kwaba yilapho amaswishi kagesi ewashintsha ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.
Ingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu ye-X-Switch No. 1 kwaba umaka omusha, oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu othuthukiswe e-Bell. Kwakuhloswe ukucinga umzila wamahhala osuka kumshayi ucingo uye kobiziwe ngokusebenzisa amamojula amaningana wokuxhumanisa axhunywe komunye nomunye, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha uxhumano lwefoni. Umaka futhi bekumele ahlole uxhumano ngalunye ukuze uthole isimo esikhululekile/ esimatasatasa. Lokhu kwakudinga ukusetshenziswa kokucabanga okunemibandela. Njengoba isazi-mlando uRobert Chapuis sabhala:
Ukukhetha kunemibandela ngoba ukuxhumana kwamahhala kubanjwa kuphela uma kunikeza ukufinyelela kugridi enoxhumano lwamahhala ezingeni elilandelayo njengokuphuma kwalo. Uma amasethi amaningana okuxhumana anelisa izimo ezifiswayo, khona-ke "i-logical logic" ikhetha ukuxhumana okukodwa kokumbalwa...
I-coordinate switch iyisibonelo esihle sokuvundiswa kwemibono yezobuchwepheshe. U-Betulander udale iswishi yakhe ye-relay yonke, wabe eseyithuthukisa nge-matrix yokushintsha i-Reynolds futhi wafakazela ukusebenza komklamo owumphumela. Onjiniyela be-AT&T kamuva baklama kabusha le swishi eyingxube, bayithuthukisa, futhi bakha i-Coordinate System No. 1. Lolu hlelo lwabe seluyingxenye yamakhompuyutha amabili okuqala, enye yawo manje eyaziwa njengengqopha-mlando emlandweni wekhompyutha.
Umsebenzi wezibalo
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani futhi kungani ama-relay kanye nabazala babo be-elekthronikhi basize kanjani ukuguqula ikhompuyutha, sidinga uhambo olufushane emhlabeni wokubala. Ngemuva kwayo, kuzocaca ukuthi kungani kube nesidingo esifihliwe sokwenziwa kahle kwezinqubo zekhompiyutha.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lonke uhlelo lwesayensi yesimanje nobunjiniyela lwalusekelwe emsebenzini wezinkulungwane zabantu abenza izibalo zezibalo. Babizwa amakhompyutha (amakhompyutha) [Ukugwema ukudideka, igama lizosetshenziswa kuwo wonke umbhalo izibali. — Qaphela. umzila]. Emuva ngawo-1820, uCharles Babbage wadala (nakuba izinsiza zakhe zazinabanduleli bemibono). Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko kwakuwukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwakhiwa kwamathebula ezibalo, isibonelo sokuzulazula (ukubalwa kwemisebenzi ye-trigonometric nge-polynomial approximations ku-0 degrees, 0,01 degrees, 0,02 degrees, njll.). Kwakukhona nesidingo esikhulu sokubala kwezibalo kusayensi yezinkanyezi: kwakudingeka ukucubungula imiphumela eluhlaza yokubhekwa kwe-telescopic ezindaweni ezingaguquki zendilinga yasezulwini (kuye ngokuthi isikhathi nosuku lokubhekwa) noma ukunquma ukuzungeza kwezinto ezintsha (isibonelo, Inkanyezi enomsila kaHalley).
Kusukela ngesikhathi se-Babbage, isidingo semishini yekhompiyutha senyuke izikhathi eziningi. Izinkampani zamandla kagesi zidinga ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwamasistimu okudlulisa amandla omgogodla anezakhiwo eziguqukayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izibhamu zensimbi ze-Bessemer, ezikwazi ukujikijela amagobolondo emkhathizwe (ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuqaphela okuqondiwe, azizange zisahlosiwe), zazidinga amathebula e-ballistic aqhubeka anemba. Amathuluzi ezibalo amasha abandakanya amanani amakhulu ezibalo (njengendlela yezikwele ezincane) aye asetshenziswa kakhulu kokubili kwezesayensi nasezinsizeni zikahulumeni ezikhulayo. Iminyango yamakhompiyutha yavela emanyuvesi, ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, nezinkampani zezimboni, ezivame ukuqasha abesifazane.
Izibali zemishini zenze inkinga yokubala ibe lula, kodwa azizange ziyixazulule. Izibali zasheshisa ukusebenza kwe-arithmetic, kodwa noma iyiphi inkinga yesayensi noma yobunjiniyela eyinkimbinkimbi yayidinga amakhulukhulu noma izinkulungwane zemisebenzi, ngayinye okufanele isibali (somuntu) sisebenze mathupha, siqopha ngokucophelela yonke imiphumela emaphakathi.
Kunezici eziningana ezibe nomthelela ekuveleni kwezindlela ezintsha zenkinga yokubala kwezibalo. Ososayensi abasebasha nonjiniyela, abababala kabuhlungu imisebenzi yabo ebusuku, babefuna ukuphumula izandla namehlo abo. Abaphathi bephrojekthi baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhiphe imali eyengeziwe ukuze bathole amaholo amakhompyutha amaningi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ekugcineni, izinkinga eziningi ezithuthukile zesayensi nezobunjiniyela kwakunzima ukubala ngesandla. Zonke lezi zici zaholela ekudalweni kochungechunge lwamakhompiyutha, umsebenzi owenziwa kuwo ngaphansi kobuholi bukaVannevar Bush, unjiniyela kagesi eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
I-analyzer ehlukile
Kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, umlando ubulokhu ungowomuntu, kodwa manje sizoqala ukukhuluma kabanzi ngabantu abathile. Udumo lwedlule kubadali beswishi yephaneli, ukudluliswa kohlobo E kanye nesekethe yomaka wefiducial. Akukho ngisho nama-anecdotes omlando wokuphila kwakhe asindanga ngawo. Okuwukuphela kobufakazi obutholakala esidlangalaleni bempilo yabo izinsalela zezinsalela zemishini abayidalile.
Manje singakwazi ukuqonda okujulile ngabantu kanye nesikhathi sabo esidlule. Kodwa ngeke sisahlangana nalabo abasebenze kanzima emagumbini okufundela kanye nama-workshops ekhaya - uMorse noVail, uBell noWatson. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, inkathi yabasunguli abangamaqhawe yayisiphelile. UThomas Edison angabhekwa njengomuntu wesikhashana: ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wayengumsunguli oqashiwe, futhi ekupheleni kwawo waba umnikazi "wemboni yokusungula." Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obuphawuleka kakhulu kwase kuphenduke isizinda sezinhlangano—amanyuvesi, iminyango yocwaningo lwezinkampani, amalabhorethri kahulumeni. Abantu esizokhuluma ngabo kulesi sigaba babengabezinhlangano ezinjalo.
Ngokwesibonelo, uVannevar Bush. Wafika eMIT ngo-1919, eneminyaka engu-29 ubudala. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezudlwana kwengama-20, wayengomunye wabantu abathonya ukubamba iqhaza kwe-United States eMpini Yezwe II futhi wasiza ukukhulisa uxhaso lukahulumeni, okwashintsha unomphela ubudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni, izifundiswa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngezinjongo zalesi sihloko, sinesithakazelo ochungechungeni lwemishini eyasungulwa elabhorethri yaseBush kusukela maphakathi nawo-1920 futhi yayihloselwe ukuxazulula inkinga yokubala kwezibalo.
I-MIT, eyayisanda kusuka enkabeni yeBoston yaya endaweni engasolwandle yaseCharles River eCambridge, yayihambisana kakhulu nezidingo zezimboni. UBush ngokwakhe, ngaphezu kobuprofesa bakhe, wayenentshisekelo yezezimali emabhizinisini amaningana emkhakheni we-electronics. Ngakho-ke akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi inkinga eholele u-Busch nabafundi bakhe ukuthi basebenze kudivayisi entsha yekhompuyutha yavela embonini yamandla: ukulingisa ukuziphatha kwezintambo zokudlulisela ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo omkhulu. Ngokusobala, lokhu bekungenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zamakhompuyutha: izibalo zezibalo eziyisicefe zenziwa yonke indawo.
UBusch nozakwabo baqale bakhe imishini emibili ebizwa ngama-product integraphs. Kodwa umshini we-MIT owaziwa kakhulu futhi ophumelelayo wawungomunye - i-analyzer ehlukile, eyaqedwa ngo-1931. Waxazulula izinkinga ngokudluliswa kukagesi, wabala ama-orbits ama-electron, ama-trajectories emisebe ye-cosmic emkhakheni kazibuthe womhlaba, nokunye okuningi. Abacwaningi emhlabeni wonke, abadinga amandla ekhompuyutha, badale inqwaba yamakhophi nokuhluka kokuhlaziya okuhlukile ngeminyaka yawo-1930. Abanye bavela ngisho naseMeccano (i-analogue yesiNgisi yamasethi okwakhiwa kwezingane aseMelika omkhiqizo ).
I-analyzer ehlukile iyikhompyutha ye-analog. Imisebenzi yezibalo ibalwe kusetshenziswa izinti zensimbi ezizungezayo, isivinini sokuzungezisa ngasinye esibonisa inani elithile lomthamo. I-motor yayishayela induku ezimele - i-variable (imvamisa imelela isikhathi), yona, ijikelezisa ezinye izinduku (iziguquguquko ezihlukene ezihlukene) ngokuxhumeka kwemishini, futhi umsebenzi ubalwa ngokusekelwe kwisivinini sokuzungeza okokufaka. Imiphumela yezibalo idwetshwe ephepheni ngendlela yamajika. Izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyizihlanganisi - amasondo azungeza njengamadiski. Izihlanganisi zingabala okubalulekile kwejika ngaphandle kokubala okwenziwa ngesandla okuyisicefe.
I-analyzer ehlukile. Imojula ehlanganisiwe - enesembozo esiphakanyisiwe, ohlangothini lwefasitela kukhona amatafula anemiphumela yokubala, futhi phakathi - isethi yezinduku zekhompyutha
Azikho izingxenye ze-analyzer eziqukethe ukudluliselwa okuhlukile kokushintshashintshayo noma noma yikuphi ukushintshwa kwedijithali. Ngakho kungani sikhuluma ngalo mshini? Impendulo ithi yesine imoto yomndeni.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1930, uBush waqala ukuthandana ne-Rockefeller Foundation ukuze athole uxhaso lokuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwe-analyzer. UWarren Weaver, inhloko yesisekelo sesayensi yemvelo, ekuqaleni wayengaqiniseki. Ubunjiniyela bekungeyona indawo yakhe yobungcweti. Kodwa u-Busch waveza amandla angenamkhawulo omshini wakhe omusha wokusebenzisa isayensi—ikakhulukazi kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo zezibalo, iphrojekthi yezilwane ezifuywayo ka-Weaver. UBush uphinde wathembisa ukuthuthuka okuningi ku-analyzer, okuhlanganisa "ikhono lokushintsha ngokushesha i-analyzer kusuka enkingeni eyodwa kuya kwenye, njengebhodi lokushintsha ucingo." Ngo-1936, imizamo yakhe yaklonyeliswa ngesibonelelo sika-$85 sokwenza idivayisi entsha, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i-Rockefeller Differential Analyzer.
Njengekhompuyutha esebenzayo, lesi sihlaziyi bekungeyona impumelelo enhle. Bush, owaba yiphini likamongameli we-MIT kanye nomphathi wezobunjiniyela, akakwazanga ukunikela isikhathi esiningi eqondisa intuthuko. Eqinisweni, ngokushesha wahoxa, ethatha imisebenzi njengosihlalo weCarnegie Institution eWashington. UBush wabona ukuthi impi isondela, futhi wayenemibono eminingana yesayensi neyezimboni eyayingafeza izidingo zempi. Okusho ukuthi, wayefuna ukuba seduze nendawo yombuso, lapho ayengaba nomthelela ngokuphumelelayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezichazwe umklamo omusha zaxazululwa ngabasebenzi baselabhorethri, futhi ngokushesha zaqala ukuphambukiselwa ukusebenza ezinkingeni zempi. Umshini we-Rockefeller waqedwa kuphela ngo-1942. Amasosha akuthola kuwusizo ekukhiqizweni kwe-in-line kwamathebula e-ballistic for artillery. Kodwa ngokushesha lo mshini wawusitheka ngokuphelele idijithali amakhompiyutha—amele izinombolo hhayi njengenani elibonakalayo, kodwa ngokusobala, kusetshenziswa ukushintshwa kwezikhundla. Kwenzeka lokhu nje ukuthi i-Rockefeller analyzer ngokwayo isebenzise ukushintshwa okuningi okufanayo, okuhlanganisa ama-circuits edluliselwe.
Shannon
Ngo-1936, uClaude Shannon wayeneminyaka engu-20 kuphela ubudala, kodwa wayesevele ephumelele eNyuvesi yaseMichigan eneziqu ze-bachelor's engineering engineering kanye nezibalo. Walethwa e-MIT iflaya enamathiselwe ebhodini lezaziso. U-Vannevar Bush wayefuna umsizi omusha ozosebenza ku-differial analyzer. UShannon uthumele isicelo sakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza futhi maduzane wayesesebenzela izinkinga ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba idivayisi entsha iqale ukwakheka.
UShannon wayengafani noBush. Wayengeyena usomabhizinisi, noma umakhi wombuso wezemfundo, noma umqondisi. Impilo yakhe yonke wayethanda imidlalo, iphazili nokuzijabulisa: chess, juggling, mazes, cryptograms. Njengamadoda amaningi enkathi yakhe, phakathi nempi uShannon wazinikela ebhizinisini elibucayi: wayenesikhundla eBell Labs ngaphansi kwenkontileka kahulumeni, eyayivikela umzimba wakhe obuthaka ekubuthelweni empini. Ucwaningo lwakhe mayelana nokulawulwa komlilo kanye ne-cryptography phakathi nalesi sikhathi luholele emsebenzini we-seminal on theory yolwazi (esingeke siyithinte). Ngawo-1950, njengoba impi kanye nemiphumela yayo kuncipha, u-Shannon wabuyela ekufundiseni e-MIT, echitha isikhathi sakhe samahhala ezintweni eziphambukisayo: umshini wokubala owawusebenza ngezinombolo zamaRoma kuphela; umshini, uma uvuliwe, kuvele ingalo eyimishini kuwo bese uvala umshini.
Isakhiwo somshini we-Rockefeller u-Shannon ahlangana nawo ngokunengqondo sasifana nesomhlaziyi wango-1931, kodwa wakhiwe ngezinto ezihluke ngokuphelele zomzimba. U-Busch waqaphela ukuthi izinduku namagiya emishini emishini emidala kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwawo: ukuze enze izibalo, umshini kwakufanele umiswe, okwakudinga amahora amaningi okusebenza ngamakhenikha anekhono.
Umhlaziyi omusha ulahlekelwe yile nkinga. Idizayini yayo ibingasekelwe etafuleni elinezinduku, kodwa ku-cross-disc commutator, i-surplus prototype enikelwe i-Bell Labs. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa amandla kusuka ku-shaft ephakathi, imojula ngayinye ebalulekile yayiqhutshwa ngokuzimela yi-motor kagesi. Ukuze ulungiselele umshini ukuxazulula inkinga entsha, kwanele ukumane ulungiselele ama-relay ku-matrix yokuxhumanisa ukuze uxhume izihlanganisi ngokulandelana okufunayo. Isifundi setheyiphu esiphehliwe (esibolekwe kwenye idivayisi yezokuxhumana, i-roll teletype) sifunde ukucushwa komshini, futhi isifunda esidluliswayo siguqule isignali isuka kutheyiphu ibe amasignali okulawula imatrix—kwakunjengokusetha uchungechunge lwezingcingo phakathi kwezihlanganisi.
Umshini omusha wawungasheshi nje kuphela futhi ulula ukuwusetha, wawushesha futhi unembe kakhulu kunowandulele. Wayekwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Namuhla le khompyutha ingase ibhekwe njengeyakudala, noma iyihaba, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba sengathi izibukeli zihlakaniphile - noma mhlawumbe ezesabekayo - emsebenzini:
Ngokuyisisekelo, irobhothi lezibalo. I-automaton esebenza ngogesi eklanyelwe hhayi nje ukukhulula ubuchopho bomuntu umthwalo wokubala osindayo nokuhlaziya, kodwa ukuhlasela nokuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo ezingenakuxazululwa ingqondo.
UShannon ugxile ekuguquleni idatha isuka kutheyiphu yephepha ibe imiyalo "yengqondo", futhi isekethe edluliselweyo yayinesibopho salokhu kusebenza. Wabona ukuxhumana phakathi kwesakhiwo sesekethe kanye nezakhiwo zezibalo ze-Boolean algebra, azifunde esikoleni esiphakeme eMichigan. Lena i-algebra ama-operas ayo bekukhona IQINISO NAMANGA, nangabaqhubi - FUTHI, NOMA, CHA njll. I-Algebra ehambisana nezitatimende ezinengqondo.
Ngemva kokuchitha ihlobo lika-1937 esebenza eBell Labs eManhattan (indawo ekahle yokucabanga ngamasekethe adluliswayo), uShannon wabhala ithisisi yenkosi yakhe enesihloko esithi "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits." Kanye nomsebenzi ka-Alan Turing ngonyaka odlule, ithisisi kaShannon yakha isisekelo sesayensi yekhompyutha.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kanye nawo-1950, uShannon wakha imishini eminingi yekhompuyutha/enengqondo: isibali sokubala se-THROBAC samaRoma, umshini wokuphela kwe-chess, kanye ne-Leseus, i-labyrinth lapho igundane elisebenza ngogesi lihamba khona (osesithombeni)
UShannon uthole ukuthi isistimu yezibalo ze-logic ehlongozwayo ingaguqulwa ngokuqondile ngokomshini ibe yisekethe ebonakalayo yamaswishi e-relay. Waphetha: “Cishe noma yikuphi ukuhlinzwa okungachazwa ngenani elilinganiselwe lezinyathelo kusetshenziswa amagama UMA, KANYE, NOMA njll., kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa i-relay.” Isibonelo, ama-switch relay amabili alawulwayo axhunywe ochungechungeni enza okunengqondo И: Okwamanje kuzogeleza ocingweni oluyinhloko kuphela uma womabili ama-electromagnets enziwe asebenza ukuze avale amaswishi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-relay amabili axhunywe ngendlela efanayo OK: Okwamanje kugeleza kumjikelezo oyinhloko, ocushwe omunye wezibuthe kagesi. Okukhiphayo kwesekhethi enengqondo enjalo, nakho, kungalawula ama-electromagnets wezinye izinto ezidluliswayo ukuze kukhiqizwe imisebenzi enengqondo efana ne-(A) И B) noma (C И G).
UShannon waphetha incwadi yakhe ngesithasiselo esinezibonelo ezimbalwa zamasekethe akhiwe kusetshenziswa indlela yakhe. Njengoba ukusebenza kwe-algebra ye-Boolean kufana kakhulu nokusebenza kwe-arithmetic ku-binary (okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa izinombolo kanambambili), wabonisa ukuthi i-relay ingahlanganiswa kanjani ibe "i-adder kagesi ku-binary" -siyibiza ngokuthi i-adder kanambambili. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, omunye wososayensi beBell Labs wakha i-adder etafuleni lakhe lasekhishini.
Stibitz
UGeorge Stibitz, umcwaningi emnyangweni wezibalo endlunkulu yaseBell Labs eManhattan, waletha ekhaya isethi yemishini eyinqaba ngobusuku bangoNovemba 1937. Amaseli ebhethri omile, izibani ezimbili ezincane zamaphaneli ezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, kanye nokudluliselwa okuyisicaba kohlobo lwe-U okutholakala kudoti. Ngokungeza izintambo ezimbalwa kanye nemfucumfucu, wahlanganisa idivayisi engangeza izinombolo ezimbili kanambambili enedijithi eyodwa (emelwe ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwe-voltage yokufaka) futhi ikhiphe inombolo enezinombolo ezimbili isebenzisa amalambu okukhanya: eyodwa ikhanyisa, ziro. ngoba off.
I-binary Stiebitz adder
U-Stiebitz, isazi sefiziksi ngokuqeqeshwa, wacelwa ukuba ahlole izakhiwo ezingokoqobo zozibuthe abadluliswayo. Wayengenaso isipiliyoni sangaphambilini ngama-relay nhlobo ngakho waqala ngokutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwawo kumasekethe ocingo eBell. Ngokushesha uGeorge waqaphela ukufana phakathi kwezinye zezifunda kanye nokusebenza kwe-arithmetic kanambambili. Emangele, wahlanganisa umsebenzi wakhe oseceleni etafuleni lasekhishini.
Ekuqaleni, ukudlala kuka-Stiebitz nama-relay kwavusa isithakazelo esincane phakathi kwabaphathi beBell Labs. Kodwa ngo-1938, inhloko yeqembu locwaningo yabuza uGeorge ukuthi izibali zakhe zingase zisetshenziselwe ukusebenza kwezibalo ezinezinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi (isb. a+bikuphi i iyimpande eyisikwele yenombolo enegethivu). Kuvele ukuthi iminyango eminingi yamakhompiyutha eBell Labs ibivele ibubula ngoba bekumele iphindaphindeke futhi ihlukanise izinombolo ezinjalo. Ukuphindaphinda inombolo eyinkimbinkimbi eyodwa kudinga ukusebenza kwezibalo ezine kusibali sedeskithophu, ukuhlukanisa kwakudinga imisebenzi engu-16. UStibitz uthe angakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga futhi waklama umjikelezo womshini wokubala okunjalo.
Umklamo wokugcina, owawufakwe ngensimbi ngunjiniyela wezingcingo uSamuel Williams, wawubizwa ngokuthi iComplex Number Computer - noma iComplex Computer ngamafuphi - futhi wethulwa ngo-1940. Kusetshenziswe ama-relay angu-450 ekubaleni, imiphumela ephakathi yagcinwa kumaswishi ayishumi ahlanganisayo. Idatha yafakwa futhi yamukelwa kusetshenziswa i-roll teletype. Iminyango yeBell Labs ifake izinhlobo ezintathu zocingo ezinjalo, okukhombisa isidingo esikhulu samandla ekhompyutha. Ukudluliselwa, i-matrix, i-teletypes - ngazo zonke izindlela kwaba umkhiqizo wesistimu ye-Bell.
Ihora leComplex Complex lafika ngoSepthemba 11, 1940. U-Stiebitz wethula umbiko ngekhompyutha emhlanganweni we-American Mathematics Society e-Dartmouth College. Uvumile ukuthi kuzofakwa uhlobo locingo lapho oluzoxhunywa ngocingo kuComplex Computer eManhattan, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-400. Labo abanentshisekelo bangaya kuhlobo lwe-teletype, bafake izimo zenkinga kukhibhodi futhi babone ukuthi esikhathini esingaphansi komzuzu i-teletype iwuphrinta kanjani ngomlingo umphumela. Phakathi kwalabo abahlola umkhiqizo omusha kwakunguJohn Mauchly noJohn von Neumann, ngamunye wabo owayezodlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseni indaba yethu.
Abahlanganyeli bomhlangano babone amazwibela kafushane ngezwe elizayo. Kamuva, amakhompyutha abiza kakhulu kangangokuthi abaphathi babengasakwazi ukuwayeka ahlale angenzi lutho kuyilapho owasebenzisayo enwaya isilevu phambi kwekhonsoli yabaphathi, ezibuza ukuthi uzobhala ini ngokulandelayo. Eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo, ososayensi bazobe becabanga ukuthi bangawakha kanjani amakhompiyutha enhloso evamile azohlala elinde ukuthi ufake idatha kuwo, noma ngabe usebenza kwenye into. Bese kuzodlula eminye iminyaka engama-20 kuze kube yilapho le ndlela yokusebenzisana yekhompuyutha iba yisimiso sosuku.
Stiebitz ngemuva kweDartmouth Interactive Terminal ngeminyaka yawo-1960. I-Dartmouth College yayiyingqalabutho kukhompyutha esebenzisanayo. UStiebitz waba uprofesa wasekolishi ngo-1964
Kuyamangaza ukuthi, naphezu kwezinkinga ezixazululayo, I-Complex Computer, ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, akuyona ikhompyutha nhlobo. Ingenza imisebenzi yezibalo ezinombolweni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi mhlawumbe ixazulule ezinye izinkinga ezifanayo, kodwa hhayi izinkinga zenhloso evamile. Bekungahleleki. Akakwazanga ukwenza imisebenzi ngokungahleliwe noma ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kwakuyisibali esikwazi ukwenza izibalo ezithile kangcono kakhulu kunezandulelayo.
Ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, uBell, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaStiebitz, wadala uchungechunge lwamakhompyutha abizwa ngokuthi iModel II, Model III kanye neModel IV (Complex Computer, ngokufanelekile, yaqanjwa ngokuthi iModel I). Iningi lazo lakhiwe ngesicelo seNational Defence Research Committee, futhi laliholwa ngomunye ngaphandle kukaVannevar Bush. I-Stibitz ithuthukise ukuklanywa kwemishini mayelana nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemisebenzi nokuhleleka.
Isibonelo, i-Ballistic Calculator (kamuva i-Model III) yathuthukiswa ngezidingo zamasistimu okulawula umlilo wendiza. Yangena enkonzweni ngo-1944 eFort Bliss, eTexas. Lolu cingo luqukethe ama-relay angu-1400 futhi lungenza uhlelo lokusebenza lwezibalo olunqunywa ukulandelana kweziqondiso kutheyiphu yephepha eyiluphu. Itheyiphu enedatha yokufaka inikezwe ngokuhlukile, futhi idatha yethebula yanikezwa ngokuhlukile. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ngokushesha amanani, ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi ye-trigonometric ngaphandle kokubala kwangempela. Onjiniyela bensimbi bathuthukise amasekhethi okusesha akhethekile (amasekhethi okuzingela) askena itheyiphu phambili/emuva futhi afune ikheli levelu yetafula elifunekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izibalo. U-Stibitz uthole ukuthi ikhompyutha yakhe ye-Model III, ngokuchofoza ama-relay ubusuku nemini, ithathe indawo yamakhompyutha angu-25-40.
Bell Model III edluliselwe Racks
Imoto yohlobo lwe-V yayingasenaso isikhathi sokubona inkonzo yezempi. Seliguquguquka kakhulu futhi linamandla. Uma sihlola inani lamakhompyutha eliwashintshile, cishe lalilikhulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-Model III. Amamojula amaningana ekhompiyutha anezinkulungwane eziyisi-9 zokudluliselwa angathola idatha yokufaka eziteshini ezimbalwa, lapho abasebenzisi bafaka khona izimo zemisebenzi ehlukene. Isiteshi ngasinye esinjalo sasine-tape reader eyodwa yokufaka idatha kanye nezinhlanu zemiyalelo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubiza ama-subroutines ahlukahlukene kusuka ku-tape enkulu lapho kubalwa umsebenzi. Imojula yokulawula eyinhloko (empeleni i-analogue yesistimu yokusebenza) yasabalalisa imiyalelo phakathi kwamamojula ekhompyutha kuye ngokutholakala kwawo, futhi izinhlelo zingenza amagatsha anemibandela. Kwakungaseyona nje umshini wokubala.
Unyaka Wezimangaliso: 1937
Unyaka ka-1937 ungabhekwa njengoshintsho emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ngalowo nyaka, u-Shannon kanye no-Stibitz baqaphela ukufana phakathi kwamasekhethi e-relay nemisebenzi yezibalo. Lokhu okutholakele kuholele ekutheni iBell Labs idale uchungechunge lwemishini ebalulekile yedijithali. Kwaba uhlobo - noma ukufaka esikhundleni - lapho ukudluliswa kocingo okunesizotha, ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo saso somzimba, kwaba umfanekiso wezibalo ezingaqondakali kanye nengqondo.
Ngawo lowo nyaka kumagazini kaJanuwari wokushicilelwa Izinqubo zeLondon Mathematical Society ishicilele i-athikili yesazi sezibalo saseBrithani u-Alan Turing “Ezinambeni ezihlanganiswayo maqondana ne "(Ezinambeni Ezihlangene, Ngesicelo ku-Entscheidungsproblem). Ichaze umshini wekhompiyutha osebenza emhlabeni wonke: umbhali wagomela ngokuthi ungenza izenzo ezilingana ngokunengqondo nezenzo zamakhompyutha abantu. U-Turing, owayengene esikoleni esineziqu eNyuvesi yasePrinceton ngonyaka owandulele, naye wahlabeka umxhwele ngamasekethe adluliswayo. Futhi, njengoBush, ukhathazekile ngosongo olukhulayo lwempi neJalimane. Ngakho wathatha iphrojekthi eseceleni yokubhala ngokuyimfihlo—okuphindaphinda kanambambili okungase kusetshenziselwe ukubhala ngemfihlo ukuxhumana kwezempi. I-Turing yakha kusuka kuma-relay ahlanganiswe esitolo semishini sasenyuvesi.
Futhi ngo-1937, u-Howard Aiken wayecabanga ngomshini ohlongozwayo wokwenza ikhompuyutha ozenzakalelayo. Umfundi oneziqu zobunjiniyela kagesi e-Harvard, u-Aiken wenze ingxenye yakhe efanelekile yezibalo esebenzisa umshini wokubala wemishini kanye nezincwadi eziphrintiwe zamathebula ezibalo. Uhlongoze umklamo ozoqeda lo mkhuba. Ngokungafani nemishini yekhompuyutha ekhona, bekufanele icubungule izinqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo nangomjikelezo, isebenzisa imiphumela yezibalo zangaphambilini njengokufaka kokulandelayo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, eNippon Electric Company, unjiniyela wezokuxhumana u-Akira Nakashima ubelokhu ehlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasekethe okudluliselana kanye nezibalo kusukela ngo-1935. Ekugcineni, ngo-1938, wafakazela ngokuzimela ukulingana kwamasekethe e-relay ku-algebra ye-Boolean, uShannon ayeyitholile ngonyaka ngaphambili.
E-Berlin, u-Konrad Zuse, owayengunjiniyela wezindiza ekhathele ukubala okungapheli okudingekayo emsebenzini, wayefuna imali yokwakha ikhompiyutha yesibili. Akakwazanga ukwenza idivayisi yakhe yokuqala eyimishini, i-V1, isebenze ngendlela enokwethenjelwa, ngakho wayefuna ukwenza ikhompuyutha edluliswayo, ayithuthukisa ngokubambisana nomngane wakhe, unjiniyela wezokuxhumana uHelmut Schreyer.
Ukuguquguquka kokudluliswa kocingo, iziphetho mayelana nokucabanga kwezibalo, isifiso sezingqondo ezikhanyayo zokuqeda umsebenzi ophazamisa ingqondo - konke lokhu kwahlangana futhi kwaholela ekuveleni komqondo wohlobo olusha lomshini onengqondo.
Isizukulwane Esikhohliwe
Izithelo zokutholwa kanye nentuthuko ka-1937 kwadingeka zivuthwe iminyaka eminingana. Impi yabonakala ingumanyolo onamandla kakhulu, futhi ngokufika kwayo, amakhompiyutha adluliswayo aqala ukuvela nomaphi lapho kwakunobuchwepheshe obudingekayo. I-logic yezibalo yaba i-trellis yezivini zobunjiniyela bakagesi. Kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha zemishini yekhompyutha ehlelekayo—umdwebo wokuqala wamakhompyutha anamuhla.
Ngaphezu kwemishini ka-Stiebitz, ngo-1944 i-US yayingaziqhayisa nge-Harvard Mark I/IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), umphumela wesiphakamiso sika-Aiken. Igama eliphindwe kabili livele ngenxa yokuwohloka kobudlelwano phakathi kwezemfundo nezimboni: wonke umuntu ufune amalungelo omshini. I-Mark I/ASCC isebenzise amasekhethi okulawula okudluliswayo, kodwa iyunithi ye-arithmetic eyinhloko yayisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezibali zokubala ze-IBM. Imoto yadalelwa izidingo ze-US Bureau of Shipbuilding. Umlandeli wayo, uMark II, waqala ukusebenza ngo-1948 endaweni yokuhlola iNavy, futhi konke ukusebenza kwayo kwakusekelwe ngokuphelele ekusakazweni—ekudluliseni okungu-13 XNUMX.
Phakathi nempi, uZuse wakha amakhompiyutha amaningana adluliswayo, ayelokhu eyinkimbinkimbi. Isiphetho kwaba yi-V4, leyo, njenge-Bell Model V, ehlanganisa izilungiselelo zokubiza ama-subroutines namagatsha anemibandela. Ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto ezibonakalayo eJapane, akukho neyodwa imiklamo kaNakashima kanye nabantu bakubo eyatholwa ngensimbi kwaze kwaba yilapho izwe lilulama empini. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, uMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni owawusanda kwakhiwa waxhasa ngezimali ukwakhiwa kwemishini emibili yokudluliselana, owesibili okwakuyisilwane esisabekayo esinezinkulungwane ezingama-20 zokudluliselwa. I-Fujitsu, eyabamba iqhaza ekudaleni, isungule imikhiqizo yayo yokuhweba.
Namuhla le mishini isicishe yalibaleka ngokuphelele. Kusele igama elilodwa kuphela enkumbulweni - ENIAC. Isizathu sokukhohlwa asihlobene nobunkimbinkimbi bazo, noma amakhono, noma isivinini. Izakhiwo zokubala nezinengqondo zokudluliswa kwemali, ezitholwe ososayensi nabacwaningi, zisebenza kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesisetshenziswa esingasebenza njengesishintshi. Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi enye idivayisi efanayo yayitholakala - ngogesi iswishi engasebenza ngokushesha izikhathi ezingamakhulu kune-relay.
Ukubaluleka kweMpi Yezwe II emlandweni wekhompyutha kufanele kube sobala kakade. Impi embi kakhulu yaba umfutho wokuthuthukiswa kwemishini kagesi. Ukwethulwa kwayo kwakhulula izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe ukushiyeka okusobala kokushintshwa kwe-electronic. Ukubusa kwamakhompiyutha e-electromechanical kwaba okwesikhashana. NjengeTitans, baketulwa yizingane zabo. Njengama-relay, ukushintsha kwe-elekthronikhi kwavela ezidingweni zemboni yezokuxhumana. Futhi ukuze sithole ukuthi yavelaphi, kufanele sibuyisele emuva umlando wethu isikhashana ekuqaleni kwenkathi yomsakazo.
Source: www.habr.com