Uma isicelo singasebenzi, into yokugcina ofuna ukuyizwa kozakwenu ibinzana elithi “inkinga ingakuwena.” Ngenxa yalokho, abasebenzisi bayahlupheka - futhi abanandaba ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yeqembu enesibopho sokuqhekeka. Isiko le-DevOps livele ngokunembile ukuletha intuthuko nokusekelwa ndawonye mayelana nesibopho esabiwe somkhiqizo wokugcina.
Yiziphi izinqubo ezifakiwe kumqondo we-DevOps futhi kungani zidingeka? Benzani onjiniyela be-DevOps futhi yini okufanele bakwazi ukuyenza? Ochwepheshe be-EPAM baphendula le mibuzo neminye: U-Kirill Sergeev, unjiniyela wezinhlelo kanye nomshumayeli we-DevOps, kanye no-Igor Boyko, unjiniyela wezinhlelo oholayo kanye nomxhumanisi welinye lamaqembu e-DevOps enkampani.
Kungani i-DevOps idingeka?
Ngaphambilini, kwakukhona umgoqo phakathi konjiniyela nokusekelwa (okuthiwa imisebenzi). Kuzwakala kuyindida, kodwa babenemigomo ehlukene kanye nama-KPI, nakuba benza into efanayo. Umgomo wokuthuthukiswa kwakuwukusebenzisa izidingo zebhizinisi ngokushesha okukhulu futhi uzingeze emkhiqizweni osebenzayo. Ukusekela bekunomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isicelo sisebenza ngokuzinzile - futhi noma yiziphi izinguquko zibeka ukuzinza engcupheni. Kukhona ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo - i-DevOps ibonakale izokuxazulula.
Iyini i-DevOps?
Umbuzo omuhle - futhi oyimpikiswano: umhlaba awukavumelani ekugcineni ngalokhu. I-EPAM ikholelwa ukuthi i-DevOps ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, izinqubo nesiko lokusebenzisana ngaphakathi kweqembu. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa kuhlose ukuletha inani eliqhubekayo kubasebenzisi bokugcina.
Kirill Sergeev: “Onjiniyela babhala ikhodi, abahloli bayayibuyekeza, futhi abalawuli bathumela umkhiqizo wokugcina ekukhiqizweni. Isikhathi eside, lezi zingxenye zeqembu zazihlakazekile, kwase kuvela umqondo wokuzihlanganisa ngenqubo efanayo. Yavela kanje imikhuba ye-DevOps.”
Lwafika usuku lapho onjiniyela nonjiniyela bezinhlelo baba nentshisekelo emsebenzini womunye nomunye. Umgoqo phakathi kokukhiqiza nokusekelwa waqala ukushabalala. Ivele kanje i-DevOps, ehlanganisa imikhuba, isiko nokusebenzelana kweqembu.
Uyini umnyombo wesiko le-DevOps?
Iqiniso liwukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo womphumela wokugcina ulele ilungu ngalinye leqembu. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi enzima kufilosofi ye-DevOps ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu othize akagcini nje ngokubophezela isigaba sakhe somsebenzi, kodwa unesibopho sokuthi wonke umkhiqizo uzosebenza kanjani. Inkinga ayikho ngasohlangothini lwanoma ubani - iyabiwa, futhi ilungu ngalinye leqembu lisiza ukuyixazulula.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu kusiko le-DevOps ukuxazulula inkinga, hhayi nje ukusebenzisa izinqubo ze-DevOps. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mikhuba ayenziwa "ngasohlangothini lomuntu", kodwa kuwo wonke umkhiqizo. Iphrojekthi ayidingi unjiniyela we-DevOps umuntu ngamunye - idinga isixazululo enkingeni, futhi indima kanjiniyela we-DevOps ingasatshalaliswa phakathi kwamalungu eqembu amaningana ngobungcweti obuhlukile.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zemikhuba ye-DevOps?
Imikhuba ye-DevOps ihlanganisa zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo yesofthiwe.
Igor Boyko: “Indaba ekahle yilapho siqala ukusebenzisa imikhuba ye-DevOps khona kanye ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi. Kanye nabaklami bezakhiwo, sihlela ukuthi isicelo sizoba luhlobo luni lwendawo yezakhiwo, lapho sizotholakala khona nokuthi singakala kanjani, bese sikhetha iplatifomu. Namuhla, i-microservice architecture isemfashinini - ngakho sikhetha isistimu ye-orchestration: udinga ukwazi ukuphatha ingxenye ngayinye yohlelo lokusebenza ngokuhlukile futhi uyibuyekeze ngaphandle kokunye. Omunye umkhuba "ingqalasizinda njengekhodi." Leli igama lendlela lapho kwakhiwa khona ingqalasizinda yephrojekthi futhi iphathwe kusetshenziswa ikhodi, kunokuba ngokusebenzisana okuqondile namaseva.
Okulandelayo sidlulela esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa. Enye yezinqubo ezinkulu lapha ukwakha i-CI/CD: udinga ukusiza abathuthukisi bahlanganise izinguquko emkhiqizweni ngokushesha, ezingxenyeni ezincane, kaningi futhi ngaphandle kobuhlungu. I-CI/CD ihlanganisa ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi, ukulayisha okuyinhloko kusisekelo sekhodi, nokuthumela uhlelo lokusebenza ezindaweni zokuhlola nezokukhiqiza.
Ezigabeni ze-CI/CD, ikhodi idlula emasangweni ekhwalithi. Ngosizo lwabo, bahlola ukuthi ikhodi ephuma endaweni yokusebenza yonjiniyela ihlangabezana nemibandela yekhwalithi eshiwo. Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi ne-UI kwengezwa lapha. Ukuze uthole ukuthunyelwa komkhiqizo okusheshayo, okungenabuhlungu nokugxilile, ungakhetha uhlobo olufanele lokuthunyelwa.
Abasebenzi be-DevOps nabo banendawo esigabeni sokusekela umkhiqizo oqediwe. Asetshenziselwa ukuqapha, impendulo, ukuphepha, kanye nokwethula izinguquko. I-DevOps ibheka yonke le misebenzi ngombono wokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo. Sinciphisa imisebenzi ephindaphindayo futhi siyenze ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukufuduka, ukunwetshwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, nokwesekwa kokusebenza.”
Yiziphi izinzuzo zezinqubo ze-DevOps?
Ukube besibhala incwadi ngezinqubo zesimanje ze-DevOps, bekungaba namaphuzu amathathu ekhasini lokuqala: okuzenzakalelayo, ukusheshisa ukukhishwa, kanye nempendulo esheshayo evela kubasebenzisi.
Kirill Sergeev: “Into yokuqala i-automation. Singakwazi ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo konke ukusebenzelana eqenjini: wabhala ikhodi - wayikhipha - wayihlola - yayifaka - impendulo eqoqiwe - ibuyiselwe ekuqaleni. Konke lokhu kuyazenzakalela.
Okwesibili ukusheshisa ukukhululwa ngisho nokwenza lula ukuthuthukiswa. Kuhlale kubalulekile kukhasimende ukuthi umkhiqizo ungene emakethe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uqale ukunikeza izinzuzo ngaphambi kwama-analogue wabancintisana nabo. Inqubo yokulethwa komkhiqizo ingathuthukiswa ngokungapheli: ukunciphisa isikhathi, ukwengeza amamaki okulawula engeziwe, ukuthuthukisa ukuqapha.
Okwesithathu ukusheshisa impendulo yomsebenzisi. Uma enokuphawula, singenza izinguquko ngokushesha futhi sibuyekeze isicelo ngokushesha.”
Ihlobene kanjani imiqondo ethi "unjiniyela wezinhlelo", "unjiniyela wokwakha" kanye "nonjiniyela we-DevOps"?
Ziyagqagqana, kodwa zingezezindawo ezihluke kancane.
Unjiniyela wezinhlelo kwa-EPAM uyisikhundla. Ziza ngamazinga ahlukene: kusukela kwabancane kuye kochwepheshe abakhulu.
Unjiniyela wokwakha uyindima enkulu engenziwa kuphrojekthi. Manje yilokhu okubizwa ngabantu ababhekele i-CI/CD.
Unjiniyela we-DevOps uchwepheshe osebenzisa izinqubo ze-DevOps kuphrojekthi.
Uma sikufingqa konke, sithola into efana nalena: umuntu osesikhundleni sikanjiniyela wezinhlelo udlala indima kanjiniyela wokwakha kuphrojekthi futhi ubandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo ze-DevOps lapho.
Wenzani ngempela unjiniyela we-DevOps?
Onjiniyela be-DevOps bahlanganisa zonke izingcezu ezakha iphrojekthi. Bayazi imininingwane ecacile yomsebenzi wabahleli bezinhlelo, abahloli, abaphathi besistimu futhi basize ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ube lula. Baziqonda izidingo nezimfuneko zebhizinisi, indima yalo enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa - futhi bakhe inqubo ngokucabangela izintshisekelo zekhasimende.
Sikhulume kakhulu nge-automation - yilokhu onjiniyela be-DevOps ababhekana nakho kuqala nokubalulekile. Leli yiphuzu elikhulu kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, elihlanganisa ukulungisa imvelo.
Kirill Sergeev: “Ngaphambi kokufaka izibuyekezo zomkhiqizo, zidinga ukuhlolwa endaweni yezinkampani zangaphandle. Ilungiselelwe onjiniyela be-DevOps. Bafaka isiko le-DevOps kuphrojekthi iyonke: bethula izinqubo ze-DevOps kuzo zonke izingqimba zamaphrojekthi abo. Lezi zimiso ezintathu: okuzenzakalelayo, ukwenza lula, ukusheshisa - ziletha noma yikuphi lapho zingafinyelela khona. "
Yini okufanele unjiniyela we-DevOps azi?
Ngokuvamile, kufanele abe nolwazi oluvela ezindaweni ezahlukene: ukuhlela, ukusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza, imininingwane yolwazi, ukuhlanganisa kanye nezinhlelo zokumisa. Lokhu kuhambisana nekhono lokusebenza nengqalasizinda yamafu, i-orchestration kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha.
1. Izilimi zokuhlela
Onjiniyela be-DevOps bazi izilimi ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo zokuzenzakalela futhi, ngokwesibonelo, bangatshela umhleli ukuthi: “Ungafaka kanjani ikhodi ngesandla, kodwa usebenzisa iskripthi sethu, esenza yonke into ibe ngokuzenzakalela? Sizoyilungiselela ifayela lokumisa, lizoba lula kuwena nathi ukuthi silifunde, futhi sizokwazi ukulishintsha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Sizobona nokuthi ubani, nini futhi kungani enze izinguquko kukho.”
Unjiniyela we-DevOps angafunda olulodwa noma eziningi zalezi zilimi: Python, Groovy, Bash, Powershell, Ruby, Go. Akudingekile ukuzazi ezingeni elijulile - izisekelo ze-syntax, izimiso ze-OOP, kanye nekhono lokubhala imibhalo elula ye-automation kwanele.
2. Izinhlelo zokusebenza
Unjiniyela we-DevOps kufanele aqonde ukuthi iyiphi iseva umkhiqizo ozofakwa kuyo, ukuthi uzosebenza kuyiphi indawo, nokuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ozosebenzisana nazo. Ungakhetha ukwenza ngokukhethekile ku-Windows noma emndenini we-Linux.
3. Izinhlelo zokulawula inguqulo
Ngaphandle kolwazi lwesistimu yokulawula inguqulo, unjiniyela we-DevOps akekho ndawo. I-Git ingenye yezinhlelo ezidume kakhulu okwamanje.
4. Abahlinzeki bamafu
I-AWS, i-Google, i-Azure - ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngokuqondisa kweWindows.
Kirill Sergeev: “Abahlinzeki bamafu basihlinzeka ngamaseva abonakalayo alingana kahle ne-CI/CD.
Ukufaka amaseva aphathekayo ayishumi kudinga ukusebenza okwenziwa ngesandla okungaba yikhulu. Iseva ngayinye kufanele iqaliswe mathupha, ifakwe futhi ilungiswe isistimu yokusebenza edingekayo, ifake uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza kulawa maseva ayishumi, bese ihlolwa kabili yonke into izikhathi eziyishumi. Izinsizakalo zamafu zishintsha le nqubo ngemigqa eyishumi yekhodi, futhi unjiniyela omuhle we-DevOps kufanele akwazi ukusebenza nazo. Lokhu konga isikhathi, umzamo kanye nemali - kokubili kukhasimende kanye nenkampani. "
5. Amasistimu we-Orchestration: I-Docker ne-Kubernetes
Kirill Sergeev: “Amaseva abonakalayo ahlukaniswe ngeziqukathi, kuzo ngasinye esingafaka isicelo sethu. Uma kuneziqukathi eziningi, udinga ukuziphatha: vula esisodwa, vala esinye, wenze izipele endaweni ethile. Lokhu kuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga uhlelo lokucula.
Ngaphambilini, uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye belusingathwa iseva ehlukile - noma yiziphi izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwayo zingathinta ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokusebenza. Ngenxa yeziqukathi, izinhlelo zokusebenza ziba zodwa futhi zisebenze ngokwehlukana - ngayinye ngomshini wayo obonakalayo. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, asikho isidingo sokumosha isikhathi ukucinga imbangela. Kulula ukucekela phansi isitsha esidala bese wengeza esisha.”
6. Amasistimu wokucushwa: Umpheki, Ongakwaziyo, Upopayi
Uma udinga ukugcina yonke inqwaba yamaseva, kufanele wenze uhlobo olufanayo lwemisebenzi eminingi. Mude futhi unzima, futhi umsebenzi wezandla nawo wandisa amathuba ephutha. Yilapho amasistimu okucupha esiza khona. Ngosizo lwabo, bakha umbhalo ofundeka kalula kubahleli bohlelo, onjiniyela be-DevOps, nabaphathi besistimu. Lesi script sisiza ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo kumaseva ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusebenza okwenziwa ngesandla (ngakho-ke amaphutha).
Hlobo luni lomsebenzi unjiniyela we-DevOps angakha?
Ungathuthukisa kokubili ngokuvundlile nangokuqondile.
Igor Boyko: “Ngokombono wentuthuko evundlile, onjiniyela be-DevOps manje banamathemba abanzi kakhulu. Yonke into ishintsha njalo, futhi ungakwazi ukwakha amakhono ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: kusukela kumasistimu okulawula inguqulo kuya ekuqaphelweni, kusukela ekuphathweni kokucushwa kuya kusizindalwazi.
Ungaba umakhi wesistimu uma isisebenzi sinentshisekelo yokuqonda ukuthi isicelo sisebenza kanjani kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo yaso - ukusuka ekuthuthukisweni kuye ekusekelweni.”
Ungaba kanjani unjiniyela we-DevOps?
- Funda i-Phoenix Project kanye ne-DevOps Handbook. Lezi yizinsika zangempela zefilosofi ye-DevOps, eyokuqala ibe umsebenzi wenganekwane.
- Funda ubuchwepheshe ohlwini olungenhla: uwedwa noma ngezifundo eziku-inthanethi.
- Joyina njengonjiniyela we-DevOps wephrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile.
- Zijwayeze futhi unikeze imikhuba ye-DevOps kumaphrojekthi akho omuntu siqu nawomsebenzi.
Source: www.habr.com