Kungani amaphakethe engalahleka ku-LAN? Kunezinketho ezahlukene: ukubhuka akulungiselelwe ngokungalungile, inethiwekhi ayikwazi ukubhekana nomthwalo, noma i-LAN "inesiphepho". Kodwa isizathu asihlali silele kungqimba lwenethiwekhi.
Inkampani i-Arktek LLC yenza izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zokulawula inqubo kanye nezinhlelo zokubhekwa kwevidiyo zemayini yaseRasvumchorrsky yase-Apatit JSC ngokususelwa ku- .
Kube nezinkinga engxenyeni eyodwa yenethiwekhi. Phakathi kokushintsha kwe-FL SWITCH 3012E-2FX - kanye ne-FL SWITCH 3006T-2FX - isiteshi sokuxhumana besingazinzile ngokwedlulele.
Amadivayisi axhunywe ngentambo yethusi ebekwe esiteshini esisodwa kukhebula yamandla engu-6 kV. Ikhebula lamandla lidala inkambu eqinile ye-electromagnetic, ebangela ukuphazamiseka. Ukushintsha okujwayelekile kwezimboni akunawo ukuzivikela okwanele komsindo, ngakho enye idatha ilahlekile.
Lapho kufakwa amaswishi e-FL SWITCH 3012E-2FX kuzo zombili iziphetho - , uxhumano luzinzile. Lezi zinguquko zihambisana ne-IEC 61850-3. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Ingxenye 3 yaleli zinga lichaza izimfuneko zokuhambelana kukagesi (EMC) zamadivayisi afakwe ezimbonini zamandla kagesi neziteshi ezincane.
Kungani amaswishi ane-EMC ethuthukisiwe enze kangcono?
I-EMC - izinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile
Kuvela ukuthi ukuzinza kokudluliswa kwedatha ku-LAN akuthintwa nje kuphela ukucushwa okulungile kwemishini kanye nenani ledatha edlulisiwe. Amaphakethe awehlisiwe noma iswishi ephukile ingabangelwa ukuphazamiseka kozibuthe kagesi: umsakazo osetshenziswe eduze kwempahla yenethiwekhi, ikhebula lamandla elibekwe eduze, noma inkinobho yamandla evule isekethe phakathi nesekhethi emfishane.
Umsakazo, ikhebula kanye neswishi kuyimithombo yokuphazamiseka kazibuthe kagesi. Amaswishi athuthukisiwe e-Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile lapho evezwe kulokhu kugxambukela.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic: inductive kanye nokwenziwa.
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-inductive kudluliselwa emkhakheni we-electromagnetic "ngomoya". Lokhu kugxambukela kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukugxambukela kwemisebe noma ngemisebe.
Ukuphazamiseka okwenziwayo kudluliselwa ngama-conductor: izintambo, umhlabathi, njll.
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-inductive kwenzeka lapho kuvezwa indawo kagesi enamandla noma kazibuthe. Ukuphazamiseka okwenziwayo kungabangelwa ukushintsha amasekhethi amanje, ukushaywa kombani, ama-pulses, njll.
Ukushintsha, njengazo zonke izinto zokusebenza, kungathinteka kokubili komsindo ongenisayo nowenziwayo.
Ake sibheke imithombo ehlukene yokuphazamiseka endaweni yezimboni, nokuthi luhlobo luni lokuphazamiseka oludalayo.
Imithombo yokuphazamiseka
Imishini ekhipha umsakazo (i-walkie-talkies, omakhalekhukhwini, okokusebenza kokushisela, iziko lokungeniswa, njll.)
Noma iyiphi idivayisi ikhipha inkambu ye-electromagnetic. Le nkambu ye-electromagnetic ithinta imishini kokubili ngendlela eguquguqukayo nange-conductively.
Uma insimu ikhiqizwa iqine ngokwanele, ingakha i-current ku-conductor, ezophazamisa inqubo yokudlulisa isignali. Ukuphazamiseka okunamandla kakhulu kungaholela ekuvaleni kwemishini. Ngakho, umphumela we-inductive uvela.
Izisebenzi ezisebenzayo kanye nezinsizakalo zokuphepha zisebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini nama-walkie-talkies ukuze zixhumane. Ama-transmitters omsakazo kanye nomabonakude asebenza ezikhungweni; amadivaysi e-Bluetooth nawe-WiFi afakiwe kumaselula.
Wonke la madivayisi angamajeneretha anamandla kazibuthe kagesi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze usebenze ngokujwayelekile ezindaweni zezimboni, amaswishi kumele akwazi ukubekezelela ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic.
Indawo ye-electromagnetic inqunywa amandla enkundla ye-electromagnetic.
Lapho kuhlolwa iswishi yokumelana nemiphumela ye-inductive yezinkambu ze-electromagnetic, inkambu engu-10 V/m iyengelwa ekushintsheni. Kulokhu, ukushintshwa kufanele kusebenze ngokugcwele.
Noma yimaphi amakhondaktha angaphakathi kweswishi, kanye nanoma yiziphi izintambo, ama-antenna athola kancane. Amadivayisi akhipha umsakazo angase abangele ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic okwenziwa ebangeni lefrikhwensi engu-150 Hz ukuya ku-80 MHz. Umkhakha we-electromagnetic ungenisa i-voltage kulawa makhondakta. Lawa ma-voltages wona adala ama-currents, adala umsindo ekushintshanisweni.
Ukuhlola iswishi yokungavikeleki kwe-EMI okwenziwe, i-voltage isetshenziswa ezimbobeni zedatha nezimbobo zamandla. I-GOST R 51317.4.6-99 ibeka inani le-voltage engu-10 V ngezinga eliphezulu lemisebe ye-electromagnetic. Kulokhu, ukushintshwa kufanele kusebenze ngokugcwele.
Okwamanje kumakhebula kagesi, izintambo zikagesi, amasekhethi aphansi
Amanje kumakhebula kagesi, izintambo zikagesi, namasekhethi aphansi adala inkambu kazibuthe yefrikhwensi yezimboni (50 Hz). Ukuchayeka ku-magnetic field kudala i-current ku-conductor evaliwe, okuwukuphazamiseka.
Inkambu yamandla kazibuthe ihlukaniswe yaba:
- inkambu kazibuthe yokuqina okungaguquki nokuncane okubangelwa imisinga ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza;
- inkambu kazibuthe yokuqina okuphezulu okubangelwa imisinga ngaphansi kwezimo eziphuthumayo, esebenza isikhathi esifushane kuze kube yilapho amadivaysi ecushiwe.
Lapho kuhlolwa amaswishi okuzinza kokuchayeka endaweni kazibuthe yemvamisa yamandla, inkambu engu-100 A/m isetshenziswa kuyo isikhathi eside kanye no-1000 A/m isikhathi esingu-3 s. Lapho ihlolwa, amaswishi kufanele asebenze ngokugcwele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ihhavini elivamile le-microwave lasendlini lidala amandla kazibuthe afika ku-10 A/m.
Umbani, izimo eziphuthumayo kumanethiwekhi kagesi
Ukushaywa kombani nakho kubangela ukuphazamiseka emishinini yenethiwekhi. Azihlali isikhathi eside, kodwa ubukhulu bazo bungafinyelela ama-volts ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ukuphazamiseka okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi i-pulsed.
Umsindo we-Pulse ungasetshenziswa kukho kokubili izimbobo zamandla zeswishi nezimbobo zedatha. Ngenxa yamanani e-overvoltage aphezulu, bobabili bangaphazamisa ukusebenza kwemishini futhi bayishise ngokuphelele.
Ukushaywa kombani kuyisimo esikhethekile somsindo oshukumisayo. Ingahlukaniswa njengomsindo we-high-energy microsecond pulse.
Ukushaywa kombani kungaba yizinhlobo ezahlukene: ukushaywa kombani kumjikelezo wamandla wangaphandle, ukushaya okungaqondile, ukushaya phansi.
Lapho umbani ushaya isifunda se-voltage yangaphandle, ukuphazamiseka kwenzeka ngenxa yokugeleza kwamandla amakhulu okukhipha ngokusebenzisa isifunda sangaphandle kanye nesifunda esiphansi.
Ukushaywa kombani okungaqondile kubhekwa njengokuphuma kombani phakathi kwamafu. Ngesikhathi semithelela enjalo, izinkambu ze-electromagnetic ziyakhiqizwa. Baheha ama-voltages noma ama-currents kumakhondakta wesistimu kagesi. Yilokhu okubangela ukuphazamiseka.
Lapho umbani ushaya phansi, amanzi ageleza emhlabathini. Ingadala umehluko ongaba khona ohlelweni lokumisa imoto.
Ngokuqondile ukuphazamiseka okufanayo kudalwe ngokushintsha amabhange e-capacitor. Ukushintsha okunjalo kuyinqubo eshintshayo yesikhashana. Wonke ama-switch transients adala umsindo we-microsecond impulse wamandla aphezulu.
Izinguquko ezisheshayo kuvoltheji noma zamanje lapho izisetshenziswa zokuzivikela zingaphinda zibangele umsindo we-microsecond pulse kumasekhethi angaphakathi.
Ukuhlola ukushintshwa kokumelana nomsindo we-pulse, kusetshenziswa amajeneretha akhethekile wokuhlola ishayela. Isibonelo, i-UCS 500N5. Le generator inikezela ngama-pulses amapharamitha ahlukahlukene kumachweba okushintsha ngaphansi kokuhlolwa. Imingcele ye-Pulse incike ekuhloleni okwenziwe. Zingahluka ngesimo se-pulse, ukumelana nokukhiphayo, i-voltage, nesikhathi sokuchayeka.
Phakathi nokuhlolwa kokuvikeleka komsindo we-microsecond pulse, 2 kV pulses kusetshenziswa ezimbobeni zamandla. Okwezimbobo zedatha - 4 kV. Phakathi nalokhu kuhlolwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusebenza kungase kuphazamiseke, kodwa ngemva kokunyamalala kokuphazamiseka, kuzolulama ngokwakho.
Ukushintsha imithwalo esebenzayo, "ukushaya" koxhumana nabo abadluliswayo, ukushintsha lapho kulungiswa ukushintshana kwamandla
Izinqubo zokushintsha ezihlukahlukene zingenzeka ohlelweni lukagesi: ukuphazamiseka kwemithwalo ye-inductive, ukuvulwa koxhumana nabo be-relay, njll.
Izinqubo ezinjalo zokushintsha nazo zidala umsindo ongasho lutho. Ubude bawo busukela ku-nanosecond eyodwa kuye ku-microsecond eyodwa. Umsindo onjalo ubizwa ngokuthi i-nanosecond impulse noise.
Ukwenza izivivinyo, ukuqhuma kwama-nanosecond pulses kuthunyelwa kumaswishi. Ama-Pulses anikezwa ezimbobeni zamandla nezimbobo zedatha.
Izimbobo zamandla zihlinzekwa ngama-pulses angu-2 kV, futhi izimbobo zedatha zihlinzekwa ngama-pulses angu-4 kV.
Ukushintsha kufanele kusebenze ngokugcwele phakathi nokuhlolwa komsindo wokuqhuma kwe-nanosecond.
Umsindo ovela emishinini kagesi yezimboni, izihlungi nezintambo
Uma iswishi ifakwe eduze kwamasistimu okusabalalisa amandla noma izinto zikagesi zamandla, ama-voltage angalingani angangeniswa kuwo. Ukugxambukela okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic okwenziwa.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokuphazamiseka okwenziwe yilena:
- izinhlelo zokusabalalisa amandla, okuhlanganisa i-DC kanye ne-50 Hz;
- amandla emishini kagesi.
Ngokuya ngomthombo wokuphazamiseka, zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- I-voltage engaguquki kanye ne-voltage ene-frequency engu-50 Hz. Amasekhethi amafushane nokunye ukuphazamiseka ezinhlelweni zokusabalalisa kudala ukuphazamiseka emazingeni ayisisekelo;
- I-voltage kubhendi yefrikhwensi isuka ku-15 Hz iye ku-150 kHz. Ukuphazamiseka okunjalo kuvame ukukhiqizwa amasistimu kagesi kagesi.
Ukuze kuhlolwe amaswishi, amandla nezimbobo zedatha kunikezwa nge-rms voltage engu-30V ngokuqhubekayo kanye ne-rms voltage engu-300V isekhondi elingu-1. Lawa manani kagesi ahambisana nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuqina kokuhlolwa kwe-GOST.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kumele zimelane namathonya anjalo uma zifakwe endaweni enokhahlo kazibuthe kagesi. Ibonakala ngokuthi:
- amadivaysi ahlolwayo azoxhunywa kumanethiwekhi kagesi anamandla aphansi kanye nemigqa yamandla kagesi aphakathi;
- amadivaysi azoxhunywa ohlelweni oluphansi lwemishini enamandla kagesi;
- kusetshenziswe iziguquli zamandla ezifaka imisinga ebalulekile ohlelweni lokubeka phansi.
Izimo ezifanayo zingatholakala eziteshini noma eziteshini ezincane.
Ukulungiswa kwamandla kagesi we-AC lapho ishaja amabhethri
Ngemuva kokulungiswa, i-voltage ephumayo ihlale ishaya. Okusho ukuthi, amanani we-voltage ashintsha ngokungahleliwe noma ngezikhathi ezithile.
Uma amaswishi enikwa amandla amandla kagesi e-DC, ama-ripples amakhulu kagesi angaphazamisa ukusebenza kwamadivayisi.
Njengomthetho, zonke izinhlelo zesimanje zisebenzisa izihlungi ezikhethekile zokulwa ne-aliasing futhi izinga lokukhala alikho phezulu. Kodwa isimo siyashintsha lapho amabhethri efakwa ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamandla. Lapho ushaja amabhethri, i-ripple iyanda.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthi kungenzeka lokho kuphazamiseka kufanele kucatshangelwe.
isiphetho
Ukushintsha okuthuthukisiwe okuhambisana ne-electromagnetic kukuvumela ukuthi udlulise idatha ezindaweni ezinozibuthe zikagesi. Esibonelweni semayini ye-Rasvumchorr ekuqaleni kwe-athikili, ikhebuli yedatha iye yavezwa endaweni enamandla kazibuthe yefrikhwensi yemboni futhi yenza ukuphazamiseka kubhendi yefrikhwensi ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-150 kHz. Ukushintsha okujwayelekile kwezimboni akukwazanga ukubhekana nokudluliswa kwedatha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo futhi amaphakethe alahlekile.
Amaswishi anokuhambisana okuthuthukisiwe kwe-electromagnetic angasebenza ngokugcwele lapho evezwe kokuphazamiseka okulandelayo:
- amasimu omsakazo we-electromagnetic;
- izimboni zefrikhwensi kazibuthe;
- umsindo we-nanosecond impulse;
- high-energy microsecond pulse umsindo;
- ukuphazamiseka okwenziwe okubangelwa inkambu ye-radio frequency electromagnetic;
- kwenziwe ukuphazamiseka ebangeni lemvamisa ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-150 kHz;
- I-voltage ye-DC yokunikeza amandla.
Source: www.habr.com