Izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa u-3-5% wengqikithi kagesi weplanethi, futhi kwamanye amazwe, njenge-China, lesi sibalo sifinyelela ku-7%. Izikhungo zedatha zidinga ugesi 24/7 ukuze zigcine okokusebenza kusebenza kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kwezikhungo zedatha kubangela ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emkhathini, futhi ngokwezinga lomthelela omubi emvelweni, zingaqhathaniswa nokuhamba emoyeni. Siqoqe ucwaningo lwakamuva ukuze sithole ukuthi izikhungo zedatha ziyithinta kanjani imvelo, ukuthi lokhu kungashintshwa yini, nokuthi ingabe zikhona yini izinhlelo ezifanayo e-Russia.
Ngokusho kwabokugcina Izikhungo zedatha ze-Supermicro's eco-conscious data ezisebenzisa izixazululo eziluhlaza zinganciphisa umthelela wazo kwezemvelo ngo-80%. Futhi amandla alondoloziwe ukugcina wonke amakhasino e-Las Vegas ekhanya iminyaka engu-37. Kodwa okwamanje, kuphela i-12% yezikhungo zedatha zomhlaba ezingabizwa ngokuthi "luhlaza".
ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwabameleli abangu-5000 bemboni ye-IT. Kuvele ukuthi u-86% wabaphenduli ngokuvamile abacabangi ngomthelela wezikhungo zedatha kumvelo. Futhi u-15% kuphela wabaphathi besikhungo sedatha abakhathazekile ngesibopho somphakathi kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwebhizinisi. Imboni igxile kakhulu ezinhlosweni ezihlobene nokuqina kokusebenza esikhundleni sokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Nakuba ukugxila kulokhu kwakamuva kunenzuzo ezikhungweni zedatha: ibhizinisi elivamile lingonga kufika ku-$38 wezigidi ezinsizeni zamandla.
PUE
I-PUE (Power Utilization Efficiency) iyimethrikhi ehlola ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwesikhungo sedatha. Lesi sinyathelo sagunyazwa amalungu e-The Green Grid consortium ngo-2007. I-PUE ibonisa isilinganiso samandla kagesi asetshenziswa isikhungo sedatha kumandla asetshenziswa ngokuqondile okokusebenza kwesikhungo sedatha. Ngakho-ke, uma isikhungo sedatha sithola i-10 MW yamandla kunethiwekhi, futhi yonke imishini "igcina" ku-5 MW, inkomba ye-PUE izoba ngu-2. Uma "igebe" ekufundeni liyancipha, futhi iningi likagesi lifinyelela imishini. , i-coefficient izothambekela kunkomba ekahle iyodwa.
I-August Global Data Center Survey evela ku-Uptime Institute yenza inhlolovo yabasebenzi besikhungo sedatha abangu-900 futhi yathola isilinganiso somhlaba wonke se-PUE. ngo 1,59. Sekukonke, isibalo siye saguquguquka kuleli zinga kusukela ngo-2013. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ngo-2013 i-PUE yayingu-1,65, ngo-2018 - 1, futhi ngo-58 - 2019.
Nakuba i-PUE ingalungile ngokwanele ukuqhathanisa izikhungo zedatha ezahlukene kanye nezindawo, i-Uptime Institute iyawakha amathebula okuqhathanisa anjalo.
Ukungalungi kokuqhathanisa kungenxa yokuthi ezinye izikhungo zedatha zitholakala ezimweni zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Ngakho, ukupholisa isikhungo sedatha esivamile e-Afrika, kudingeka ugesi omningi kunesikhungo sedatha esisenyakatho yeYurophu.
Kunengqondo ukuthi izikhungo zedatha ezingawongi kakhulu amandla ziseLatin America, Afrika, Middle East kanye nezingxenye zesifunda sase-Asia-Pacific. “Okuyisibonelo” kakhulu ngokwenkomba ye-PUE kwakuyi-Europe kanye nesifunda esihlanganisa i-USA neCanada. Ngendlela, kunabaphenduli abaningi kulawa mazwe - abahlinzeki besikhungo sedatha abangama-95 nabangu-92, ngokulandelana.
Ucwaningo luphinde lwahlola izikhungo zedatha eRussia nasemazweni e-CIS. Kodwa-ke, bangu-9 kuphela abaphendulile ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. I-PUE yezikhungo zedatha yasekhaya kanye "nomakhelwane" yayiyi-1,6.
Indlela yokunciphisa i-PUE
Ukupholisa kwemvelo
Ngokusho , cishe u-40% wawo wonke amandla asetshenziswa izikhungo zedatha aya ekusebenzeni kwamasistimu okupholisa okwenziwa. Ukuqaliswa kokupholisa kwemvelo (ukupholisa kwamahhala) kusiza ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko. Ngalesi simiso, umoya wangaphandle uyahlungwa, ushisiswe noma upholiswe, bese unikezwa emakamelweni eseva. Umoya oshisayo "wokukhipha" ukhishwa ngaphandle noma uxutshwe kancane, uma kunesidingo, nokugeleza okungenayo.
Endabeni yokupholisa kwamahhala, isimo sezulu sibaluleke kakhulu. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya langaphandle lifaneleka kakhulu kugumbi lesikhungo sedatha, kudingeka amandla amancane ukuze lilethwe “kwisimo” esifiselekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sedatha singatholakala eduze kwendawo yokugcina amanzi - kulokhu, amanzi avela kuwo angasetshenziswa ukupholisa isikhungo sedatha. Ngendlela, ngokusho kwezibikezelo ze-Stratistics MRC, ngo-2023 inani lemakethe yobuchwepheshe bokupholisa amanzi lizofinyelela ku-$ 4,55. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo kukhona ukucwiliswa kokupholisa (imishini yokucwilisa emafutheni wokucwiliswa), ukupholisa kwe-adiabatic (okusekelwe kubuchwepheshe bokuhwamuka, obusetshenziswa ku-Facebook izikhungo zedatha), ukushintshaniswa kokushisa (i-coolant yokushisa edingekayo iya ngqo ku-rack nemishini, isusa ukushisa okweqile).
Ukuqapha kanye nokushintshwa kwemishini ngesikhathi
Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwamakhono atholakala esikhungweni sedatha nakho kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Amaseva asevele athengiwe kufanele asebenzele imisebenzi yekhasimende noma angasebenzisi amandla ngesikhathi sokungenzi lutho. Enye indlela yokuhlala ulawula ukusebenzisa isoftware yokuphatha ingqalasizinda. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM). Isofthiwe enjalo isabalalisa kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo umthwalo kumaseva, ivala amadivayisi angasetshenzisiwe, futhi yenza izincomo ngesivinini sabalandeli besiqandisi (futhi, ukuze wonge amandla ekupholiseni ngokweqile).
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwesikhungo sedatha ukubuyekezwa ngesikhathi kwemishini. Iseva ephelelwe yisikhathi ivamise ukuba ngaphansi ekusebenzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza esizukulwaneni esisha. Ngakho-ke, ukwehlisa i-PUE, kunconywa ukuthi ubuyekeze imishini kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka - ezinye izinkampani zenza lokhu njalo ngonyaka. Kusukela ocwaningweni lwe-Supermicro: Imijikelezo yokuvuselela ihadiwe elungiselelwe inganciphisa i-e-waste ngaphezu kuka-80% futhi ithuthukise ukukhiqiza kwesikhungo sedatha ngo-15%.
Kukhona nezindlela zokuthuthukisa i-ecosystem yesikhungo sakho sedatha ngaphandle kokuphula ibhange. Isibonelo, ungavala izikhala kumakhabethe eseva ukuze uvimbele ukuvuza komoya obandayo, uhlukanise ama-aisles ashisayo noma abandayo, uhambise iseva elayishwe kakhulu endaweni epholile yesikhungo sedatha, njalonjalo.
Amaseva aphathekayo ambalwa - imishini ebonakalayo eyengeziwe
I-VMware ilinganisela ukuthi ukushintshela kumaseva abonakalayo kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kufika ku-80% kwezinye izimo. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi ukubeka inombolo enkulu yamaseva abonakalayo enanini elincane lemishini ebonakalayo kunciphisa ngokunengqondo izindleko zokugcinwa kwehadiwe, ukupholisa kanye namandla.
I-NRDC kanye ne-Anthesis ibonise ukuthi ukufaka esikhundleni samaseva angu-3 ngemishini ebonakalayo engu-000 kusindisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-150 ezindlekweni zikagesi.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-virtualization yenza kube nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa kabusha nokwandisa izinsiza ezibonakalayo (amaprosesa, inkumbulo, isitoreji) kule nqubo. Ngakho-ke, ugesi usetshenziselwa kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza, ngaphandle kwezindleko zemishini engasebenzi.
Yebo, eminye imithombo yamandla ingabuye ikhethwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, ezinye izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa amaphaneli elanga namajeneretha omoya. Lawa, nokho, amaphrojekthi abiza kakhulu angakwazi ukutholwa yizinkampani ezinkulu kuphela.
Okuhlaza ngokusebenza
Inombolo yezikhungo zedatha emhlabeni kusukela ku-500 000 ngo-2012 kuya ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8. Izibalo zabo zokusebenzisa ugesi ziphindwe kabili njalo eminyakeni emine. Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi odingwa izikhungo zedatha kuhlobene ngokuqondile nenani lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni eliwumphumela wokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Ososayensi abavela e-UK Open University ukuthi izikhungo zedatha zikhiqiza u-2% wokukhishwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu cishe inani elifanayo nezinkampani zezindiza ezinkulu emhlabeni ezikhishwayo. Ukunika amandla izikhungo zedatha ezingama-2019 eChina, izitshalo zikagesi zikhiphe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-44 we-CO₂ emkhathini ngo-2018, ngokocwaningo lwango-99 lweGreenPeace.
Abaholi bomhlaba abakhulu abanjengo-Apple, i-Google, i-Facebook, i-Akamai, i-Microsoft, bathatha isibopho somthelela omubi emvelweni futhi bazame ukuwunciphisa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe "obuluhlaza". Ngakho-ke, i-CEO ye-Microsoft u-Satya Nadella ukhulume ngenhloso yenkampani yokufinyelela izinga elibi lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngo-2030, futhi ngo-2050 ukuqeda ngokuphelele imiphumela yokukhishwa kwegesi kusukela inkampani yasungulwa ngo-1975.
Lezi zikhondlakhondla zamabhizinisi, nokho, zinezinsiza ezanele zokusebenzisa izinhlelo zazo. Embhalweni sizosho izikhungo zedatha ezimbalwa ezaziwa kancane "zokuhlaza".
UColossus
Isikhungo sedatha, esise-Ballengen (Norway), sizibeka njengesikhungo sedatha esinikezwa amandla angu-100% avuselelekayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwemishini, amanzi asetshenziselwa ukupholisa amaseva, amanzi kanye nabakhiqizi bamandla omoya. Ngo-2027, isikhungo sedatha sihlela ukweqa amandla kagesi angu-1000 MW. Manje uKolos wonga u-60% kagesi.
Idatha Yesizukulwane Esilandelayo
Isikhungo sedatha saseBrithani sisebenzela izinkampani ezifana nezokuxhumana eziphethe i-BT Group, IBM, Logica nezinye. Ngo-2014, i-NGD ithe izuze i-PUE yayo efanelekile eyodwa. Isikhungo sedatha sasondezwa ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla okukhulu ngamaphaneli elanga abekwe ophahleni lwesikhungo sedatha. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi ochwepheshe bawungabaza umphumela othize we-utopia.
I-Swiss Fort Knox
Lesi sikhungo sedatha siwuhlobo lwephrojekthi ye-loft. Isikhungo sedatha “sakhula” esizeni sendlu endala ye-Cold War, eyakhiwa amasosha aseSwitzerland uma kuba nokungqubuzana kwenuzi. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikhungo sedatha, empeleni, asithathi indawo ebusweni beplanethi, siphinde sisebenzisa amanzi ayisiqhwa avela echibini elingaphansi komhlaba ezimisweni zalo zokupholisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinga lokushisa lesistimu yokupholisa ligcinwa ku-8 degrees Celsius.
Equinix AM3
Isikhungo sedatha, esise-Amsterdam, sisebenzisa imibhoshongo yokupholisa ye-Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage kwingqalasizinda yaso. Umoya wabo opholile wehlisa izinga lokushisa lamaphasishi ashisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sedatha sisebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa uketshezi, futhi amanzi angcolile ashisayo asetshenziselwa ukushisa eNyuvesi yase-Amsterdam.
Yini eRussia
Ucwaningo I-CNews iveze ukwanda kwenani lama-rack phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zesikhungo sedatha esikhulu kunazo zonke saseRussia. Ngo-2019, ukukhula kwakungu-10% (kufika ku-36,5 ezinkulungwaneni), kanti ngo-2020 inani lama-racks lingakhuphuka ngomunye u-20%. Abahlinzeki besikhungo sedatha bathembisa ukubeka irekhodi futhi banikeze amakhasimende amanye ama-racks angu-6961 kulo nyaka.
Ngu I-CNews, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezixazululo nezinto zokusebenza ezisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhungo sedatha kusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu - i-1 W yamandla awusizo ifinyelela ku-50% wezindleko ezingezona ezokukhiqiza.
Noma kunjalo, izikhungo zedatha zaseRussia zinezisusa zokunciphisa inkomba ye-PUE. Kodwa-ke, umshayeli wenqubekelaphambili kubahlinzeki abaningi akukhathaleli imvelo kanye nesibopho sezenhlalakahle, kodwa inzuzo yezomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungapheli kubiza imali.
Ezingeni likahulumeni, awekho amazinga emvelo mayelana nokusebenza kwezikhungo zedatha, nanoma yiziphi izikhuthazo zezomnotho zalabo abasebenzisa izinhlelo "eziluhlaza". Ngakho-ke, eRussia kusengumthwalo womuntu siqu wezikhungo zedatha.
Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokubonisa ukuqonda kwemvelo kuzikhungo zedatha yasekhaya:
- Ukushintshela ezindleleni ezonga amandla kakhudlwana zemishini yokupholisa (amasistimu okupholisa mahhala nokupholisa uketshezi);
- Ukulahlwa kwezinto zokusebenza kanye nemfucuza engaqondile evela ezikhungweni zedatha;
- Ukugcwalisa umthelela omubi wezikhungo zedatha kumvelo ngokubamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yezemvelo kanye nokutshala imali kumaphrojekthi emvelo.
UKirill Malevanov, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe we-Selectel
Namuhla, i-PUE yezikhungo zedatha ye-Selectel yi-1,25 (Dubrovka DC esifundeni saseLeningrad) kanye ne-1,15-1,20 (Berzarina-2 DC eMoscow). Siqapha isilinganiso futhi silwela ukusebenzisa izixazululo ezonga amandla kakhudlwana ekupholiseni, ukukhanyisa nezinye izici zokusebenza. Amaseva esimanje manje asebenzisa cishe inani elifanayo lamandla; akukho phuzu lokuya ngokwedlulele nokulwela i-10W. Kodwa-ke, mayelana nemishini enika amandla izikhungo zedatha, indlela yokubhekana nayo iyashintsha - sibheka nezinkomba zokonga amandla.
Uma sikhuluma ngokugaywa kabusha, u-Selectel ungene ezivumelwaneni nezinkampani ezimbalwa ezihilelekile ekugayweni kabusha kwemishini. Akuwona amaseva kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izinto eziningi zithunyelwa ku-scrap: amabhethri avela kumandla angenakuphazamiseka, i-ethylene glycol evela ezinhlelweni zokupholisa. Size siqoqe futhi sisebenzise kabusha amaphepha alahliwe - okokusebenza kokupakisha kusuka kumishini efika ezikhungweni zethu zedatha.
I-Selestel iqhubekele phambili yethula uhlelo oluthi “Green Selectel”. Manje inkampani izotshala isihlahla esisodwa ngonyaka kuseva ngayinye esebenza ezikhungweni zedatha yenkampani. Le nkampani yatshala ihlathi lokuqala ngoSepthemba 19 - ezindaweni zaseMoscow naseLeningrad. Kwatshalwa izihlahla ezingu-20, esikhathini esizayo ezizokwazi ukukhiqiza amalitha omoya-mpilo afinyelela ku-000 ngonyaka. Amaphromoshini ngeke aphelele lapho, kunezinhlelo zokuqalisa izinhlelo “eziluhlaza” unyaka wonke. Ungathola mayelana namaphromoshini amasha kuwebhusayithi futhi ku .
Source: www.habr.com