Noma yimuphi umhlinzeki wamafu unikezela ngezinsizakalo zokugcina idatha. Lezi kungaba izindawo zokugcina ezibandayo nezishisayo, ukubanda kweqhwa, njll. Ukugcina ulwazi emafini kulula kakhulu. Kodwa ngempela idatha yayigcinwe kanjani eminyakeni eyi-10, 20, 50 edlule? I-Cloud4Y ihumushe indatshana ethokozisayo ekhuluma ngalokhu nje.
Ibhayithi yedatha ingagcinwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengoba imidiya entsha, ethuthuke kakhulu futhi esheshayo yokugcina ivela ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ibhayithi iyunithi yokugcina nokucubungula ulwazi lwedijithali, oluqukethe amabhithi ayisishiyagalombili. Ibhithi elilodwa lingaqukatha u-0 noma u-1.
Esimeni samakhadi abhontshiwe, ibhithi ligcinwa njengobukhona/ukungabikho kwembobo ekhadini endaweni ethile. Uma sibuyela emuva kancane ku-Babbage's Analytical Engine, amarejista agcina izinombolo kwakungamagiya. Emishinini yokugcina kazibuthe efana namateyipu namadiski, kancane imelelwa i-polarity yendawo ethile yefilimu kazibuthe. Kumemori yokufinyelela engahleliwe yesimanjemanje (i-DRAM), ingcosana ivamise ukumelwa njengeshaji kagesi enamazinga amabili egcinwe kudivayisi egcina amandla kagesi endaweni kagesi. Isiqukathi esishajiwe noma esilahliwe sigcina idatha encane.
NgoJuni 1956 wasungula igama ukusho iqembu lamabhithi asetshenziselwa ukufaka ikhodi uhlamvu olulodwa . Ake sikhulume kancane ngombhalo wekhodi womlingiswa. Ake siqale ngekhodi evamile yaseMelika yokushintshisana ngolwazi, noma i-ASCII. I-ASCII yayisekelwe kuzinhlamvu zesiNgisi, ngakho zonke izinhlamvu, inombolo nophawu (az, AZ, 0-9, +, - , /, ",!, njll. ) ayemelwe njengenani eliphelele lamabhithi angu-7 ukusuka ku-32 kuye ku-127. Lokhu kwakungebona neze "ubungane" kwezinye izilimi. Ukuze kusekelwe ezinye izilimi, i-Unicode yandisa i-ASCII. Ku-Unicode uhlamvu ngalunye lumelwe njengephoyinti lekhodi, noma uphawu, isibonelo. , usonhlamvukazi u-j uthi U+006A, lapho u-U emele i-Unicode bese kuba inombolo enehexadecimal.
I-UTF-8 iyindinganiso yokumela izinhlamvu njengamabhithi ayisishiyagalombili, okuvumela iphoyinti lekhodi ngayinye kububanzi obungu-0-127 ukuthi ligcinwe kubhayithi eyodwa. Uma sikhumbula i-ASCII, lokhu kuyinto evamile ezinhlamvu zesiNgisi, kodwa ezinye izinhlamvu zolimi zivame ukuvezwa ngamabhayithi amabili noma ngaphezulu. I-UTF-16 iyindinganiso yokumela izinhlamvu njengamabhithi angu-16, futhi i-UTF-32 iyindinganiso yokumela izinhlamvu njengamabhithi angu-32. Ku-ASCII, uhlamvu ngalunye luyibhayithi, kodwa ku-Unicode, ngokuvamile okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele, umlingisi angathatha amabhayithi angu-1, 2, 3 noma ngaphezulu. I-athikili izosebenzisa amaqoqo osayizi abahlukene wamabhithi. Inani lamabhithi kubhayithi liyahlukahluka kuye ngedizayini yemidiya.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobuyela emuva ngesikhathi ngokusebenzisa imidiya yesitoreji ehlukahlukene ukuze sihlole umlando wokugcinwa kwedatha. Asikho isikhathi lapho sizoqala ukutadisha ngokujulile yonke indawo yokugcina eyodwa eyake yasungulwa. Lesi isiqephu sendatshana solwazi esijabulisayo esingasho neze ukuthi sibalulekile nge-encyclopedic.
Ake siqale. Ake sithi sinebhayithi yedatha esizoyigcina: uhlamvu j, njenge-byte ekhodiwe 6a, noma njengebhayinari 01001010. Njengoba sihamba phakathi nesikhathi, i-data byte izosetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokugcina obumbalwa obuzochazwa.
1951
Indaba yethu iqala ngo-1951 nge-UNIVAC UNISERVO tape drive yekhompuyutha ye-UNIVAC 1. Kwakuyidrayivu yokuqala eyakhelwe ikhompuyutha yokuthengisa. Ibhendi lenziwe ngomucu omncane we-nickel-plated bronze, 12,65 mm ububanzi (okuthiwa i-Vicalloy) futhi cishe amamitha angu-366 ubude. Amabhayithi ethu edatha angagcinwa ezinhlamvu ezingu-7 ngomzuzwana ku-tape ehamba ngamamitha angu-200 ngomzuzwana. Kuleli qophelo lomlando, ungakala isivinini se-algorithm yesitoreji ngebanga elihanjwe yitheyiphu.
1952
Ukusheshisa phambili unyaka kuze kufike kuMeyi 21, 1952, lapho i-IBM imemezela ukukhululwa kweyunithi yayo yokuqala yamagnetic tape, i-IBM 726. Ibhayithi yethu yedatha manje ingasuswa isuka ku-UNISERVO yensimbi yensimbi iye ku-IBM itheyiphu kazibuthe. Leli khaya elisha libe nethezekile kudatha yethu encane kakhulu, njengoba itheyiphu ingagcina amadijithi afinyelela ezigidini ezi-2. Le tape kazibuthe enezingoma eziyisi-7 ihambe ngamamitha angu-1,9 ngomzuzwana ngezinga le-baud elingu-12. noma i-7500 (ngaleso sikhathi ayebizwa ngokuthi amaqembu amakhophi) ngomzuzwana. Ukuze uthole inkomba: i-athikili emaphakathi ku-Habré inezinhlamvu ezingaba ngu-10.
Itheyiphu ye-IBM 726 yayinamathrekhi ayisikhombisa, ayisithupha awo asetshenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi, neyodwa yokulawula ngokulingana. I-reel eyodwa ingakwazi ukuhlalisa i-tape engamamitha angu-400 ububanzi obuyi-1,25 cm. Isivinini sokudlulisa idatha ngokwethiyori sifinyelele izinhlamvu eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-12,5 ngomzuzwana; ukuminyana kokurekhoda ngamabhithi angu-40 ngesentimitha. Lolu hlelo lusebenzise indlela "ye-vacuum channel" lapho iluphu ye-tape yayizungeza phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili. Lokhu kwavumela itheyiphu ukuthi iqale futhi ime engxenyeni yomzuzwana. Lokhu kufinyelelwe ngokubeka amakholomu e-vacuum amade phakathi kwama-tape spools kanye namakhanda okufunda/ukubhala ukuze amunce ukwanda okungazelelwe kokungezwani ku-tape, ngaphandle kwalokho itheyipu izophuka. Indandatho yepulasitiki ekhishwayo ngemuva kwereli yetheyiphu inikeze isivikelo sokubhala. I-reel eyodwa ye-tape ingagcina cishe i-1,1 .
Khumbula amakhasethi e-VHS. Yini obekufanele uyenze ukuze ubukele ifilimu futhi? Hlehlisa itheyiphu! Kukangaki uphotha ikhasethi lomdlali wakho ngepensela, ukuze ungamoshi amabhethri futhi uthole itheyiphu edabukile noma eminyene? Kungashiwo okufanayo ngamakhasethi asetshenziswa kumakhompyutha. Izinhlelo azikwazanga ukuvele zigxumele itheyiphu noma zifinyelele idatha ngokungahleliwe, zingakwazi ukufunda nokubhala idatha ngokulandelana.
1956
Ngokusheshisa phambili iminyaka embalwa kuya ku-1956, futhi isikhathi sokugcinwa kwediski kazibuthe saqala ngokuphothulwa kwe-IBM kohlelo lwekhompyutha lwe-RAMAC 305, uZellerbach Paper alunikeze. . Le khompyutha kwaba ngeyokuqala ukusebenzisa i-hard drive enekhanda elinyakazayo. Idrayivu yediski ye-RAMAC yayihlanganisa amapuleti ensimbi angamashumi amahlanu azibuthe anobubanzi obungu-60,96 cm, ekwazi ukugcina cishe izinhlamvu eziyizigidi ezinhlanu zedatha, amabhithi angu-7 ngohlamvu ngalunye, futhi iphotha ngokuzungeza okungu-1200 ngomzuzu. Umthamo wokugcina wawucishe ube ngu-3,75 megabytes.
I-RAMAC ivumele ukufinyelela kwesikhathi sangempela kudatha enkulu, ngokungafani netheyiphu kazibuthe noma amakhadi abhontshiwe. I-IBM ikhangise i-RAMAC njengekwazi ukugcina okulingana no-64 . Ngaphambilini, i-RAMRAC yethule umqondo wokuqhubeka nokucubungula okwenziwayo njengoba kwenzeka, ukuze idatha ikwazi ukubuyiswa ngokushesha ngenkathi isentsha. Idatha yethu ku-RAMAC manje ingafinyelelwa ngesivinini esingu-100 . Ngaphambilini, lapho sisebenzisa amateyipu, bekufanele sibhale futhi sifunde idatha elandelanayo, futhi asikwazanga ukugxumela ngephutha ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zetheyiphu. Ukufinyelela okungahleliwe kwesikhathi sangempela kudatha kwakunezinguquko ngempela ngaleso sikhathi.
1963
Asiphokophele phambili ngo-1963 ngesikhathi kwethulwa i-DECTape. Igama livela ku-Digital Equipment Corporation, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-DEC. I-DECtape yayingabizi futhi ithembekile, ngakho yayisetshenziswa ezizukulwaneni eziningi zamakhompyutha we-DEC. Kwakuyitheyiphu engu-19mm, i-laminated futhi ihlanganiswe phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ze-Mylar ku-reel engama-intshi amane (10,16 cm).
Ngokungafani nabanduleli bayo abasindayo, abakhulu, i-DECtape ingathwalwa ngesandla. Lokhu kuyenze yaba inketho enhle kakhulu yamakhompyutha omuntu siqu. Ngokungafani nozakwabo abanamathrekhi angu-7, i-DECtape yayinamathrekhi edatha angu-6, amathrekhi okucupha angu-2, no-2 wewashi. Idatha irekhodwe ngamabhithi angu-350 iyintshi ngayinye (amabhithi angu-138 nge-cm). I-data byte yethu, engamabhithi angu-8 kodwa enganwetshwa ibe yi-12, ingadlulisela ku-DECtape ngamagama angu-8325 12-bit ngomzuzwana ngesivinini se-tape esingu-93 (±12) amayintshi . Lokhu ngamadijithi angu-8% ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana kune-UNISERVO metal tape ngo-1952.
1967
Eminyakeni emine kamuva, ngo-1967, ithimba elincane le-IBM laqala ukusebenza ku-IBM floppy drive, ebizwa ngekhodi. . Ngemuva kwalokho ithimba lanikwa umsebenzi wokwakha indlela ethembekile nengabizi yokulayisha kuyo ama-microcode I-IBM System/370. Iphrojekthi yabe isiphinde yahlonyiswa futhi yahlolelwa kabusha ukulayisha i-microcode kusilawuli se-IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, ebizwa nge-Merlin.
Ibhayithi yethu manje isingakwazi ukugcinwa kumadiski e-Mylar ahlanganiswe ngozibuthe angu-8-intshi, namuhla aziwa ngokuthi ama-floppy disks. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, umkhiqizo wawubizwa nge-IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Amadiski angabamba idatha engamakhilobhayithi angama-80. Ngokungafani nama-hard drive, umsebenzisi angahambisa kalula i-floppy disk kugobolondo eliyisivikelo ukusuka kwenye idrayivu ukuya kwenye. Kamuva, ngo-1973, i-IBM yakhipha i-floppy disk efundwayo, eyabe yaba yimboni. .
1969
Ngo-1969, i-Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) enenkumbulo yezintambo yethulwa emkhathini we-Apollo 11, owathwala osomkhathi baseMelika bebayisa eNyangeni baphinde babuye. Le nkumbulo yezintambo yenziwe ngesandla futhi ingabamba ama-data angama-72 kilobytes. Ukukhiqizwa kwenkumbulo yezintambo kwakudinga umsebenzi, kuhamba kancane, futhi kudinga amakhono afana nokuluka; kungathatha . Kodwa kwakuyithuluzi elilungile lalezo zikhathi lapho kwakubalulekile ukufaka ubuningi endaweni elinganiselwe. Lapho ucingo ludlula komunye wemicu eyindilinga, lwalumelela u-1. Intambo edlula umucu imele u-0. I-data byte yethu yayidinga umuntu ukuba aluke imizuzu embalwa entanjeni.
1977
Ngo-1977, i-Commodore PET, ikhompuyutha yokuqala (ephumelelayo) yomuntu siqu, yakhululwa. I-PET isebenzise i-Commodore 1530 Datasette, okusho ukuthi idatha kanye nekhasethi. I-PET iguqule idatha yaba amasiginali omsindo we-analog, abese egcinwa . Lokhu kusivumele ukuthi sakhe isixazululo sokulondoloza esingabizi kakhulu nesithembekile, nakuba sihamba kancane. Ibhayithi yethu encane yedatha ingadluliswa ngesivinini esingamabhayithi angama-60-70 . Amakhasethi angaba namakhilobhayithi ayi-100 ohlangothini lwemizuzu engama-30, anezinhlangothi ezimbili kwikhasethi ngayinye. Isibonelo, uhlangothi olulodwa lwekhasethi lungabamba cishe izithombe ezimbili ezingu-55 KB. Ama-datasettes nawo asetshenziswa ku-Commodore VIC-20 kanye ne-Commodore 64.
1978
Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1978, MCA futhi Philips wethula LaserDisc ngaphansi kwegama "Discovision". I-Jaws kwakuyifilimu yokuqala eyathengiswa ku-LaserDisc e-United States. Ikhwalithi yayo yomsindo nevidiyo yayingcono kakhulu kunezimbangi zayo, kodwa i-laserdisc yayibiza kakhulu kubathengi abaningi. I-LaserDisc ayikwazanga ukurekhodwa, ngokungafani namakhasethi e-VHS abantu abaqopha kuwo izinhlelo zethelevishini. Ama-Laserdisc asebenze nevidiyo ye-analog, umsindo we-analog FM stereo kanye nekhodi yokushaya kwenhliziyo , noma i-PCM, umsindo wedijithali. Amadiski ayenobubanzi obungama-intshi angu-12 (30,47 cm) futhi ayenamadiski amabili e-aluminium anohlangothi olulodwa ahuqwe ngepulasitiki. Namuhla i-LaserDisc ikhunjulwa njengesisekelo sama-CD nama-DVD.
1979
Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1979, u-Alan Shugart kanye no-Finis Conner basungula i-Seagate Technology ngombono wokukala i-hard drive ibe usayizi we-floppy disk engu-5 ¼-intshi, eyayijwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi. Umkhiqizo wabo wokuqala ngo-1980 kwakuyi-Seagate ST506 hard drive, i-hard drive yokuqala yamakhompyutha ahlangene. Idiski yayiphethe idatha engamamegabhayithi amahlanu, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinkulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunediski elivamile le-floppy. Abasunguli bakwazile ukufeza umgomo wabo wokunciphisa usayizi wediski kusayizi wediski ye-floppy engu-5¼-intshi. Idivayisi entsha yokugcina idatha kwakuyipuleti lensimbi eliqinile elinamekwe nhlangothi zombili ngongqimba oluncane lukakazibuthe lwempahla yokugcina idatha. Amabhayithi ethu edatha angadluliselwa kudiski ngesivinini esingu-625 kilobytes per . Cishe .
1981
Ngokushesha phambili eminyakeni embalwa kuya ku-1981, lapho u-Sony wethula ama-floppy disks okuqala angu-3,5-intshi. U-Hewlett-Packard waba ngumamukeli wokuqala walobu buchwepheshe ngo-1982 nge-HP-150 yakhe. Lokhu kwenza ama-floppy disks angu-3,5-inch aduma futhi kwawenza asetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke. . Ama-floppy disks ayenohlangothi olulodwa futhi akwazi ukufometha okungu-161.2 kilobytes kanye nomthamo ongafomethiwe ongu-218.8 kilobytes. Ngo-1982, kwakhululwa inguqulo ezinhlangothi zombili, futhi i-Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) consortium yezinkampani zemidiya ezingama-23 yasekela ukucaciswa kwefloppy okungu-3,5-intshi ekwakhiweni kwangempela kwe-Sony, igxilisa ifomethi emlandweni njengoba siwazi namuhla. . Manje ama-byte ethu edatha angagcinwa enguqulweni yokuqala yeyodwa yemidiya yesitoreji ejwayeleke kakhulu: i-floppy disk engu-3,5-intshi. Kamuva, ama-floppies angu-3,5-intshi ane yaba ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobuntwana bami.
1984
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1984, kwamenyezelwa ukukhululwa kwe-Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM). Lawa bekungama-CD-ROM angama-megabyte angama-550 avela kwaSony nasePhilips. Ifomethi yakhula iphuma kuma-CD anomsindo wedijithali, noma i-CD-DA, ayesetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa umculo. I-CD-DA yathuthukiswa ngabakwaSony noPhilips ngo-1982 futhi yayinomthamo wemizuzu engama-74. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, lapho u-Sony noPhilips bexoxisana ngezinga le-CD-DA, omunye wabantu abane wagcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka. yonke i-Ninth Symphony. Umkhiqizo wokuqala owakhishwa ku-CD kwakuyi-Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1985. I-encyclopedia yayinamagama ayizigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye, athatha kuphela i-12% yesikhala sediski esitholakalayo, esingama-553. . Singaba nesikhala esingaphezu kwesanele se-encyclopedia kanye ne-byte yedatha. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1985, izinkampani zamakhompiyutha zasebenza ndawonye ukuze zenze indinganiso yamadrayivu ediski ukuze noma iyiphi ikhompyutha ikwazi ukuwafunda.
1984
Futhi ngo-1984, uFujio Masuoka wasungula uhlobo olusha lwenkumbulo yamasango antantayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-flash memory, eyayikwazi ukusulwa futhi ibhalwe kabusha izikhathi eziningi.
Ake sithathe isikhashana sibheke inkumbulo ye-flash sisebenzisa i-transistor yesango elintantayo. Ama-Transistors angamasango kagesi angavulwa futhi acishwe ngawodwana. Njengoba i-transistor ngayinye ingaba ezifundeni ezimbili ezihlukene (ivuliwe futhi ivaliwe), ingagcina izinombolo ezimbili ezihlukene: u-0 no-1. Isango elintantayo libhekisela esangweni lesibili elifakwe ku-transistor ephakathi. Leli sango lesibili lifakwe ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide. Lawa ma-transistors asebenzisa i-voltage encane esetshenziswa esangweni le-transistor ukukhombisa ukuthi ivuliwe noma ivaliwe, yona ehumusha ku-0 noma 1.
Ngamasango antantayo, lapho i-voltage efanelekile isetshenziswa ngongqimba lwe-oxide, ama-electron ageleza kuwo futhi abhajwe emasangweni. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nalapho amandla ecishiwe, ama-electron ahlala kuwo. Uma engekho ama-electron emasangweni antantayo, amelela u-1, futhi lapho ama-electron ebambekile, amelela u-0. Ukubuyisela emuva le nqubo nokusebenzisa i-voltage efanelekile ngongqimba lwe-oxide ohlangothini oluphambene kubangela ukuthi ama-electron ageleze kumasango antantayo. futhi ubuyisele i-transistor esimweni sayo sokuqala. Ngakho-ke amaseli enziwa ahleleke futhi . Ibhayithi yethu ingahlelwa ku-transistor ngokuthi 01001010, ngama-electron, nama-electron anamathele emasangweni antantayo ukuze amele oziro.
Idizayini ye-Masuoka ibithengeka kakhudlwana kodwa ithambile kancane kune-PROM (EEPROM) esuleleka ngogesi), njengoba ibidinga amaqembu amaningi amaseli obekumele asulwe ndawonye, kodwa lokhu futhi kubale isivinini sawo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uMasuoka wayesebenzela uToshiba. Ugcine ehambile wayosebenza eNyuvesi yaseTohoku ngoba engeneme ngokuthi inkampani ayizange imklomelise ngomsebenzi wakhe. UMasuoka wamangalela uToshiba, efuna isinxephezelo. Ngo-2006, wakhokhelwa ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-87, okulingana namaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-758. Lokhu kusabonakala kungabalulekile uma kubhekwa indlela inkumbulo ye-flash esibe nomthelela ngayo embonini.
Ngenkathi sikhuluma ngememori ye-flash, kufanelekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi uyini umehluko phakathi kwememori ye-NOR ne-NAND flash. Njengoba sesivele sazi ku-Masuoka, i-flash igcina imininingwane kumaseli enkumbulo ahlanganisa ama-transistors esango antantayo. Amagama obuchwepheshe ahlobene ngokuqondile nendlela amaseli enkumbulo ahlelwa ngayo.
Ku-NOR flash, amaseli enkumbulo ngamanye axhunywe ngokuhambisana ukuze anikeze ukufinyelela okungahleliwe. Lesi sakhiwo sinciphisa isikhathi sokufunda esidingekayo ukuze uthole ukufinyelela okungahleliwe emiyalweni ye-microprocessor. NOMA inkumbulo ye-flash ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuminyana eziphansi ezifundwa kuphela. Yingakho ama-CPU amaningi elayisha i-firmware yawo, ngokuvamile esuka ku-NOR flash memory. UMasuoka nozakwabo bethula ukusungulwa kwe-NOR flash ngo-1984 kanye ne-NAND flash in .
Onjiniyela be-NAND Flash balahle isici sokufinyelela okungahleliwe ukuze bathole usayizi weseli yenkumbulo encane. Lokhu kubangela usayizi we-chip omncane kanye nezindleko eziphansi ngebhithi ngalinye. I-NAND flash memory architecture iqukethe izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili ze-memory transistors ezixhunywe ochungechungeni. Lokhu kufeza ukuminyana okuphezulu kwesitoreji, usayizi weseli yenkumbulo encane, nokubhala nokusula idatha ngokushesha ngoba ingahlela amabhulokhi edatha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokudinga idatha ukuthi ibhalwe kabusha uma ingabhalwanga ngokulandelana futhi idatha isivele ikhona .
1991
Ake sidlulele ku-1991, lapho i-prototype solid-state drive (SSD) yenziwa iSanDisk, ngaleso sikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi . Idizayini ihlanganise uhlu lwenkumbulo ye-flash, ama-memory chips angaguquki, nesilawuli esihlakaniphile ukuze sithole ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi silungise amaseli anesici. Umthamo wediski wawungamamegabhayithi angu-20 anefomu lefomu elingu-2,5-intshi, futhi izindleko zawo zazilinganiselwa ku-$1000. Le diski yasetshenziswa i-IBM kukhompuyutha .
1994
Enye yemidiya yami yokugcina engiyikhonzile kusukela ebuntwaneni kwakuyi-Zip Disks. Ngo-1994, u-Iomega wakhipha i-Zip Disk, i-cartridge engu-100-megabyte ku-3,5-inch form factor, ecishe ibe ukuqina kancane kune-standard 3,5-inch drive. Izinguqulo zakamuva zamadrayivu zingagcina kufika ku-2 gigabytes. Ukufaneleka kwalawa madiski ukuthi abengangosayizi we-floppy disk, kodwa enekhono lokugcina inani elikhulu ledatha. Amabhayithi ethu edatha angabhalelwa kudiski ye-Zip ngamamegabhayithi angu-1,4 ngomzuzwana. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ngaleso sikhathi, ama-megabytes angu-1,44 we-floppy disk angu-3,5-intshi ayebhalwe ngesivinini esingaba amakhilobhayithi angu-16 ngomzuzwana. Kudiski ye-Zip, amakhanda afunda/abhala idatha ngaphandle kokuxhumana, njengokungathi endizela phezulu, okufana nokusebenza kwe-hard drive, kodwa ihluke esimisweni sokusebenza kwamanye ama-floppy disk. Amadiski e-Zip asheshe aphelelwa yisikhathi ngenxa yezinkinga zokuthembeka nokutholakala.
1994
Ngawo lowo nyaka, iSanDisk yethula iCompactFlash, eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhamera wevidiyo edijithali. Njengama-CD, isivinini se-CompactFlash sisekelwe ezilinganisweni zika-"x" ezifana no-8x, 20x, 133x, njll. Izinga eliphezulu lokudlulisa idatha libalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lebhithi le-CD yomsindo yokuqala, amakhilobhayithi angu-150 ngomzuzwana. Izinga lokudlulisa libukeka njenge-R = Kx150 kB/s, lapho u-R eyizinga lokudlulisa futhi u-K kuyisivinini esizisholo. Ngakho-ke nge-CompactFlash engu-133x, i-data byte yethu izobhalwa kokuthi 133x150 kB/s noma cishe ku-19 kB/s noma 950 MB/s. I-CompactFlash Association yasungulwa ngo-19,95 ngenhloso yokwakha izinga lemboni lamakhadi ememori e-flash.
1997
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1997, kwakhululwa i-Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW). Le disk yokubona yayisetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha kanye nokukopisha nokudlulisa amafayela kumadivaysi ahlukahlukene. Ama-CD angaphinda abhalwe izikhathi ezingaba ngu-1000, okwakungeyona into ekhawulelayo ngaleso sikhathi njengoba abasebenzisi bengavamile ukubhala phezu kwedatha.
Ama-CD-RW asekelwe kubuchwepheshe obushintsha ukubukeka kwendawo. Endabeni ye-CD-RW, ukushintshwa kwesigaba ku-coating ekhethekile ehlanganisa isiliva, i-tellurium ne-indium kubangela ikhono lokubonisa noma ukungabonisi i-beam efundiwe, okusho ukuthi i-0 noma i-1. Uma i-compound isesimweni se-crystalline, i-crystalline state. translucent, okusho ukuthi 1. Uma inhlanganisela incibilika ibe isimo se-amorphous, iba yi-opaque futhi ingabonisi, 0. Ngakho-ke singabhala idatha yethu njenge-01001010.
Ama-DVD agcina ethathe ingxenye enkulu yemakethe kuma-CD-RWs.
1999
Masiqhubekele ku-1999, lapho i-IBM yethula ama-hard drive amancane kakhulu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi: i-IBM 170MB kanye nama-microdrive angu-340MB. Lawa bekungamadrayivu aqinile angu-2,54 cm aklanyelwe ukungena ezikhaleni ze-CompactFlash Type II. Kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe idivayisi ezosetshenziswa njengeCompactFlash, kodwa enamandla amakhulu enkumbulo. Kodwa-ke, asheshe athathelwa indawo ama-USB flash drives kwase kuba amakhadi amakhulu e-CompactFlash njengoba etholakala. Njengamanye ama-hard drive, ama-microdrive ayewumshini futhi equkethe amadiski amancane okuphotha.
2000
Ngemva konyaka, ngo-2000, kwethulwa ama-USB flash drive. Amadrayivu afaka inkumbulo ye-flash evalelwe endaweni encane ene-USB interface. Kuya ngenguqulo yesixhumi esibonakalayo se-USB esisetshenzisiwe, isivinini singahluka. I-USB 1.1 ilinganiselwe kumamegabhithi angu-1,5 ngomzuzwana, kuyilapho i-USB 2.0 ikwazi ukuphatha amamegabhithi angu-35 ngomzuzwana , futhi i-USB 3.0 ingama-megabhithi angu-625 ngomzuzwana. Amadrayivu okuqala e-USB 3.1 Type C amenyezelwe ngoMashi 2015 futhi abenesivinini sokufunda/sokubhala samamegabhithi angama-530 ngomzuzwana. Ngokungafani namadiski e-floppy namadrayivu optical, amadivaysi e-USB anzima kakhulu ukuwaklwebha, kodwa asenamandla afanayo okugcina idatha, kanye nokudlulisa nokusekela amafayela. Amadrayivu e-Floppy nama-CD athathelwe indawo ngokushesha izimbobo ze-USB.
2005
Ngo-2005, abakhiqizi be-hard disk drive (HDD) baqala ukuthumela imikhiqizo besebenzisa ukuqoshwa kwamagnetic perpendicular, noma i-PMR. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho i-iPod Nano imemezela ukusetshenziswa kwememori ye-flash esikhundleni sama-hard drive angu-1 intshi ku-iPod Mini.
I-hard drive evamile iqukethe i-hard drive eyodwa noma ngaphezulu embozwe ngefilimu ezwela kazibuthe eyenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezincane kazibuthe. Idatha irekhodwa lapho ikhanda lokurekhoda lizibuthe lindiza ngenhla nje kwediski elijikelezayo. Lokhu kufana ncamashi nesidlali serekhodi segilamafoni yendabuko, umehluko kuphela ukuthi kugramofoni uthayela luthintana nerekhodi. Njengoba ama-disc ejikeleza, umoya othintana nawo udala umoya opholile. Njengoba nje umoya osephikweni lendiza ukha phezulu, umoya udala ukuphakama ekhanda le-airfoil . Ikhanda lishintsha ngokushesha ukudonsa uzibuthe endaweni eyodwa kazibuthe yezinhlamvu ukuze isigxobo sawo sikazibuthe sibheke phezulu noma phansi, okubonisa u-1 noma u-0.
Okwandulela i-PMR kwaba ukuqoshwa kazibuthe okude, noma i-LMR. Ukuminyana kokurekhoda kwe-PMR kungaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu kwe-LMR. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-PMR ne-LMR ukuthi ukwakheka okusanhlamvu nokuma kukazibuthe kwedatha egciniwe yemidiya ye-PMR kuyikholomu kune-longitudinal. I-PMR inokuzinza okungcono kwe-thermal kanye nesilinganiso esithuthukisiwe se-signal-to-noise (SNR) ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusanhlamvu okungcono nokufana. Futhi ifaka ukurekhodwa okuthuthukisiwe ngenxa yezinkambu zekhanda eziqinile kanye nokuqondanisa okungcono kwemidiya kazibuthe. Njenge-LMR, imikhawulo eyisisekelo ye-PMR isekelwe ekuzinzeni okushisayo kwezingcezu zedatha ezibhalwa uzibuthe kanye nesidingo sokuba ne-SNR eyanele yokufunda ulwazi olubhaliwe.
2007
Ngo-2007, kwamenyezelwa i-hard drive yokuqala ye-1 TB evela kwa-Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. I-Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 isebenzise amapuleti amahlanu angu-3,5-inch 200GB futhi yaphotha rpm Lokhu ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwe-hard drive yokuqala emhlabeni, i-IBM RAMAC 350, eyayinomthamo olinganiselwa ku-3,75 megabytes. Oh, yeka indlela esesihambe ngayo eminyakeni engu-51! Kodwa linda, kukhona okunye.
2009
Ngo-2009, umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe waqala ekudaleni inkumbulo engabonakali engaguquki, noma . Imemori engaguquguquki (i-NVM) iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo olungagcina idatha unomphela, ngokuphambene nenkumbulo eguquguqukayo, edinga amandla angashintshi okugcina idatha. I-NVMe ibhekana nesidingo sesixhumi esibonakalayo somsingathi esikalayo sezingxenye ze-peripheral ezisekelwe kwi-semiconductor-PCIe enikwe amandla, yingakho igama elithi NVMe. Izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-90 zifakwe eqenjini elisebenzayo ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi. Konke lokhu bekusekelwe emsebenzini wokuchaza Ukucaciswa Kwesilawuli Sesilawuli Sememori Yenkumbulo Engaguquki (NVMHCIS). Amadrayivu anamuhla e-NVMe angcono kakhulu akwazi ukuphatha cishe amamegabhayithi angu-3500 ngomzuzwana wokufunda kanye namamegabhayithi angu-3300 ngomzuzwana wokubhala. Ukubhala i-j data byte esiqale ngayo kuyashesha kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemizuzu embalwa yenkumbulo yentambo yokweluka ngesandla yeKhompuyutha Yesiqondiso se-Apollo.
Okwamanje nekusasa
Inkumbulo Yesigaba Sokugcina
Manje njengoba sesibuyele emuva ngesikhathi (ha!), ake sibheke isimo samanje Senkumbulo Yekilasi Lesitoreji. I-SCM, njenge-NVM, iqinile, kodwa i-SCM iphinde inikeze ukusebenza okuphakeme noma okuqhathaniswa nenkumbulo eyinhloko, futhi . Umgomo we-SCM ukuxazulula ezinye zezinkinga zenqolobane yanamuhla, njengokuminyana kwememori yokufinyelela engahleliwe ephansi (i-SRAM). Nge-Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), singafinyelela ukuminyana okungcono, kodwa lokhu kuza ngezindleko zokufinyelela kancane. I-DRAM futhi ihlushwa isidingo samandla aqhubekayo okuvuselela inkumbulo. Ake sikuqonde lokhu kancane. Amandla ayadingeka ngoba amandla kagesi kuma-capacitor aphuma kancane kancane, okusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokungenelela, idatha eku-chip izolahleka maduze. Ukuze uvimbele ukuvuza okunjalo, i-DRAM idinga isekethe yangaphandle yokuvuselela inkumbulo ebhala kabusha idatha kuma-capacitor, iwabuyisele enkomeni yawo yasekuqaleni.
Imemori yesigaba sokushintsha (PCM)
Ngaphambilini, sibheke ukuthi isigaba sishintsha kanjani ku-CD-RW. I-PCM iyafana. Izinto zokushintsha isigaba ngokuvamile ziyi-Ge-Sb-Te, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-GST, engaba khona ezifundeni ezimbili ezihlukene: i-amorphous ne-crystalline. Isimo se-amorphous sinokumelana okuphezulu, okubonisa u-0, kunesimo se-crystalline, okubonisa u-1. Ngokunikeza amanani edatha ekuphikisaneni okuphakathi, i-PCM ingasetshenziswa ukugcina izifunda eziningi njenge .
I-Spin-transfer torque inkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe (STT-RAM)
I-STT-RAM iqukethe izendlalelo ezimbili ze-ferromagnetic, unomphela kazibuthe ezihlukaniswa i-dielectric, isivikelo esikwazi ukudlulisa amandla kagesi ngaphandle kokuwahambisa. Igcina izingcezu zedatha ngokusekelwe kumehluko wezikhombisi-ndlela kazibuthe. Olunye ungqimba lukazibuthe, olubizwa ngokuthi ungqimba lwereferensi, lunomugqa ozibuthe ongaguquki, kanti olunye ungqimba lukazibuthe, olubizwa ngokuthi ungqimba olukhululekile, lunomugqa kazibuthe olawulwa yi-current pass. Koku-1, isiqondiso samagnetization sezendlalelo ezimbili siqondaniswe. Ku-0, zombili izendlalelo zinezikhombisi-ndlela kazibuthe eziphambene.
Inkumbulo yokufinyelela engahleliwe (ReRAM)
Iseli le-ReRAM liqukethe ama-electrode amabili ensimbi ahlukaniswe ungqimba lwe-metal oxide. Kancane njengedizayini yenkumbulo ekhanyayo ka-Masuoka, lapho ama-electron engena khona ungqimba lwe-oxide futhi abhajwe esangweni elintantayo, noma okuphambene nalokho. Kodwa-ke, nge-ReRAM, isimo seseli sinqunywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni komoyampilo wamahhala kungqimba lwe-oxide yensimbi.
Nakuba lobu buchwepheshe buthembisa, busenezihibe. I-PCM ne-STT-RAM zinokubambezeleka kokubhala okuphezulu. Ukubambezeleka kwe-PCM kuphakeme ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-DRAM, kuyilapho ukubambezeleka kwe-STT-RAM kuphakeme ngokuphindwe kashumi kune-SRAM. I-PCM ne-ReRAM inomkhawulo wokuthi ukubhala kungenzeka isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke iphutha elibi, okusho ukuthi ingxenye yenkumbulo inamathela kuyo. .
Ngo-Agasti 2015, i-Intel yamemezela ukukhululwa kwe-Optane, umkhiqizo wayo osuselwe ku-3DXPoint. U-Optane ufuna izikhathi ezingu-1000 ukusebenza kwama-NAND SSD ngentengo ephakeme ngokuphindwe kane kuya kahlanu kunenkumbulo ye-flash. I-Optane iwubufakazi bokuthi i-SCM ingaphezu nje kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola. Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukubuka ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zobuchwepheshe.
Ama-hard drive (i-HDD)
I-Helium HDD (HHDD)
I-helium disk iyi-high-capacity hard disk drive (i-HDD) egcwele i-helium futhi ivalwe kahle ngesikhathi sokwenza. Njengamanye ama-hard drive, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, iyafana ne-turntable enoqweqwe oluphothayo oluboshwe ngozibuthe. Amadrayivu aqinile ajwayelekile anomoya ngaphakathi komgodi, kodwa lo moya ubangela ukumelana okuthile njengoba amapuleti ezungeza.
Amabhaluni e-helium ayantanta ngoba i-helium ilula kunomoya. Eqinisweni, i-helium ingu-1/7 ukuminyana komoya, okunciphisa amandla okubhuleka njengoba amapuleti ezungeza, okubangela ukuncipha kwenani lamandla adingekayo ukuze kuphendulwe amadiski. Kodwa-ke, lesi sici singesesibili, isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo se-helium ukuthi ikuvumela ukuthi upakishe ama-wafers angu-7 ngendlela efanayo nefomu elivame ukubamba u-5. Uma sikhumbula ukufaniswa kwephiko lendiza yethu, khona-ke lokhu kuyi-analogue ephelele. . Ngenxa yokuthi i-helium inciphisa ukudonsa, isiyaluyalu siyaqedwa.
Siyazi futhi ukuthi amabhaluni e-helium aqala ukucwila ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngoba i-helium iphuma kuwo. Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana nemishini yokugcina izinto. Kuthathe iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi abakhiqizi bakwazi ukudala isiqukathi esivimbe i-helium ekuphunyukeni kusici sefomu kuyo yonke impilo yedrayivu. I-Backblaze yenze izivivinyo futhi yathola ukuthi ama-hard drive e-helium anenani lephutha lonyaka elingu-1,03%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-1,06% wamadrayivu ajwayelekile. Yiqiniso, lo mehluko mncane kangangokuthi umuntu angafinyelela isiphetho esibalulekile kuwo .
Isici sefomu eligcwele i-helium singaqukatha i-hard drive evalwe kusetshenziswa i-PMR, esixoxe ngayo ngenhla, noma ukurekhodwa kazibuthe kwe-microwave (MAMR) noma ukurekhodwa kazibuthe okusizwa ukushisa (HAMR). Noma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokugcina kazibuthe bungahlanganiswa ne-helium esikhundleni somoya. Ngo-2014, i-HGST yahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obubili obusezingeni eliphezulu ku-hard drive yayo engu-10TB helium, eyasebenzisa ukuqoshwa kazibuthe okulawulwa ngumsingathi, noma i-SMR (Ukuqoshwa kukazibuthe okuShingled). Ake sikhulume kancane nge-SMR bese sibheka i-MAMR ne-HAMR.
I-Tile Magnetic Recording Technology
Phambilini, sibheke ukuqoshwa kazibuthe kwe-perpendicular (PMR), okwakungumanduleli we-SMR. Ngokungafani ne-PMR, i-SMR irekhoda amathrekhi amasha adlula ingxenye yethrekhi kazibuthe eyarekhodwa ngaphambilini. Lokhu kwenza ithrekhi yangaphambili ibe mncane, okuvumela ukuminyana kwethrekhi okuphezulu. Igama lobuchwepheshe livela eqinisweni lokuthi amathrekhi e-lap afana kakhulu namathrekhi ophahleni lwamathayela.
I-SMR iphumela enqubweni yokubhala eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba ukubhalela ithrekhi eyodwa kusula ithrekhi eseduze. Lokhu akwenzeki uma i-substrate yediski ingenalutho futhi idatha ilandelana. Kodwa uma nje uqopha ochungechungeni lwamathrekhi asevele equkethe idatha, idatha eseduze ekhona iyasulwa. Uma ithrekhi eseduze iqukethe idatha, kufanele ibhalwe kabusha. Lokhu kufana ncamashi ne-NAND flash esikhulume ngayo ngaphambili.
Amadivayisi e-SMR afihla lobu bunzima ngokuphatha i-firmware, okuholela esibonakalayo esifana nanoma iyiphi enye i-hard drive. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadivaysi e-SMR aphethwe ngumsingathi, ngaphandle kokujwayela okukhethekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza, ngeke avumele ukusetshenziswa kwalawa madrayivu. Umsingathi kufanele abhalele kumadivayisi ngokuqinile ngokulandelana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenza kwamadivayisi kubikezelwa ngo-100%. I-Seagate yaqala ukuthumela amadrayivu e-SMR ngo-2013, ifuna ukuminyana okuphezulu okungu-25%. Ukuminyana kwe-PMR.
Ukuqoshwa kazibuthe kwe-Microwave (MAMR)
Ukurekhoda okusizwa yi-Microwave kazibuthe (i-MAMR) ubuchwepheshe benkumbulo kazibuthe obusebenzisa amandla afana ne-HAMR (okuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokulandelayo). Ingxenye ebalulekile ye-MAMR i-Spin Torque Oscillator (STO). I-STO ngokwayo itholakala eduze kwekhanda lokurekhoda. Uma okwamanje kusetshenziswa ku-STO, inkambu ye-electromagnetic eyindilinga ene-frequency engu-20-40 GHz ikhiqizwa ngenxa ye-polarization yama-electron spins.
Lapho kuvezwa inkambu enjalo, i-resonance ivela ku-ferromagnet esetshenziselwa i-MAMR, okuholela ekudluleleni phambili kwezikhathi kazibuthe zezizinda ezikulo mkhakha. Empeleni, umzuzu kazibuthe uyachezuka eksisini yawo futhi ushintshe indlela yawo (flip), ikhanda lokurekhoda lidinga amandla amancane kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-MAMR kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthatha izinto ze-ferromagnetic ngamandla amakhulu okuphoqa, okusho ukuthi ubukhulu bezizinda kazibuthe bungancishiswa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubangela umphumela we-superparamagnetic. Ijeneretha ye-STO isiza ukunciphisa usayizi wekhanda lokurekhoda, okwenza kube lula ukurekhoda ulwazi ezizindeni ezincane kazibuthe, ngakho-ke kwandisa ukuminyana kokurekhoda.
I-Western Digital, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-WD, yethula lobu buchwepheshe ngo-2017. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-2018, u-Toshiba wasekela lobu buchwepheshe. Ngenkathi i-WD no-Toshiba bephishekela ubuchwepheshe be-MAMR, i-Seagate ibheja ku-HAMR.
Ukuqoshwa kwe-Thermomagnetic (HAMR)
Ukurekhoda okusizwa ukushisa kukazibuthe (HAMR) kuwubuchwepheshe bokugcina idatha kazibuthe obungamandla obungakhuphula ngokuphawulekayo inani ledatha engagcinwa kudivayisi kazibuthe, njenge-hard drive, ngokusebenzisa ukushisa okunikezwa i-laser ukusiza ukubhala. idatha kuma-surface hard drive substrates. Ukushisisa kubangela ukuthi izingcezu zedatha zibekwe eduze kakhulu ku-substrate yediski, okuvumela ukwanda kokuminyana kwedatha nomthamo.
Lobu buchwepheshe bunzima kakhulu ukubusebenzisa. 200 mW laser ngokushesha indawo encane efinyelela ku-400 °C ngaphambi kokurekhoda, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ukulimaza yonke idatha esele kudiski. Ukushisa, ukuqoshwa kwedatha kanye nenqubo yokupholisa kufanele kuqedwe ngaphansi kwe-nanosecond. Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwama-plasmon angaphezulu kwe-nanoscale, abuye aziwe ngokuthi ama-laser aqondiswa phezulu, esikhundleni sokushisisa nge-laser eqondile, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zamapuleti engilazi nezimbobo zokuphatha ezishisayo ukuze zimelane nokushisisa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulimaza ikhanda eliqophayo nanoma iyiphi indawo eseduze. idatha, nezinye izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezihlukene ebezidinga ukunqotshwa.
Naphezu kwezitatimende eziningi zokungabaza, i-Seagate yaqala ukubonisa lobu buchwepheshe ngo-2013. Amadiski okuqala aqala ukuthunyelwa ngo-2018.
Ekupheleni kwefilimu, hamba uye ekuqaleni!
Saqala ngo-1951 futhi saphetha isihloko ngokubheka ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bokugcina. Ukugcinwa kwedatha kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusukela ku-tape yephepha kuya kwensimbi kanye nozibuthe, inkumbulo yezintambo, ama-spinning disks, ama-optical disks, imemori ye-flash nokunye. Ukuqhubeka kuholele kumadivayisi esitoreji asheshayo, amancane, nanamandla kakhulu.
Uma uqhathanisa i-NVMe ne-UNISERVO metal tape kusukela ngo-1951, i-NVMe ingafunda amadijithi angu-486% ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana. Uma uqhathanisa i-NVMe nentandokazi yami yobuntwana, amadrayivu e-Zip, i-NVMe ingafunda amadijithi angu-111% ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana.
Okuwukuphela kwento ehlala iyiqiniso ukusetshenziswa kuka-0 no-1. Izindlela esenza ngazo lokhu zihluka kakhulu. Ngethemba ukuthi ngokuzayo lapho ushisa i-CD-RW yezingoma zomngane noma ulondoloza ividiyo yasekhaya Kungobo yomlando ye-Optical Disc, ucabanga ngokuthi indawo engabonisi ihumusha kanjani ku-0 futhi indawo ekhanyayo ihumusheka kanjani ku-1. Noma uma uqopha i-mixtape ekhasethini, khumbula ukuthi ihlobene kakhulu ne-Datasette esetshenziswe ku-Commodore PET. Okokugcina, ungakhohlwa ukuba nomusa nokuhlehlisa.
Спасибо и ukuze uthole izindaba (angikwazi ukuzibamba) kuso sonke isihloko!
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Bhalisela yethu -isiteshi ukuze ungaphuthelwa yisihloko esilandelayo! Asibhali ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngesonto futhi ngebhizinisi kuphela. Siphinde sikukhumbuze ukuthi i-Cloud4Y inganikeza ukufinyelela okukude okuphephile nokuthembekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhubeka kwebhizinisi. Ukusebenza kude kuyisithiyo esengeziwe sokubhebhetheka kwe-coronavirus. Ukuze uthole imininingwane, xhumana nabaphathi bethu ku .
Source: www.habr.com