Yini iSAP? Kungani emhlabeni libiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-163?
Njalo ngonyaka, izinkampani zisebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-41 kusoftware I - enterprise Resources Planning, eyaziwa ngesifinyezo ERP. Namuhla, cishe wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu asebenzise uhlelo lwe-ERP olulodwa noma olunye. Kodwa izinkampani eziningi ezincane ngokuvamile azithengi izinhlelo ze-ERP, futhi iningi lonjiniyela cishe alikaze liyibone isebenza. Ngakho-ke thina esingakayisebenzisi iERP, umbuzo uthi...kumnandi ngani? Inkampani efana ne-SAP ikwazi kanjani ukuthengisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 ku-ERP ngonyaka?
Futhi kwenzeka kanjani lokho , okuhlanganisa u-78% wezimpahla zokudla ezihamba ngezinhlelo ze-SAP?
I-ERP yilapho izinkampani zigcina khona idatha esemqoka yokusebenza. Sikhuluma ngezibikezelo zokuthengisa, ama-oda okuthenga, i-inventory, nezinqubo eziqaliswa ngokusekelwe kuleyo datha (njengokukhokhela abahlinzeki uma ama-oda enziwa). Ngomqondo othile, i-ERP "iwubuchopho" benkampani - igcina yonke idatha ebalulekile nazo zonke izenzo ezibangelwa yile datha ekuhambeni komsebenzi.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lithathe ngokuphelele izwe lesimanje lebhizinisi, le software yavela kanjani? Umlando we-ERP uqala ngomsebenzi onzima wokwenza imisebenzi yasehhovisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ngawo-1960. Phambilini, ngeminyaka yama-40s kanye nama-50s, bekunemisebenzi eminingi yemishini yekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - cabanga ngeGeneral Motors, eyakha umnyango wayo wokuzenzakalelayo ngo-1947. Kodwa ukuzenzekelayo kwemisebenzi ye-white-collar (ngokuvamile ngosizo lwamakhompiyutha!) Kwaqala ngo-60s.
I-automation yama-60s: ukuvela kwamakhompyutha
Izinqubo zokuqala zebhizinisi ezizokwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa amakhompuyutha kwakuyi-payroll nama-invoyisi. Kwakujwayele ukuthi wonke amabutho ezisebenzi zasehhovisi abale amahora ezisebenzi ezincwadini, aphindaphindwe ngenani lehora, bese ekhipha izintela mathupha, ezibanjwayo zenzuzo, njll... konke ukuze nje abale iholo lenyanga eyodwa! Le nqubo edinga abasebenzi abaningi, ephindaphindayo yayithambekele emaphutheni omuntu, kodwa yayilungele ukuzenzekelayo kwekhompyutha.
Ngawo-60, izinkampani eziningi zazisebenzisa amakhompyutha e-IBM ukuze zenze ukukhokha kanye nama-invoyisi. Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha isikhathi esiphelelwe yisikhathi, okusala inkampani kuphela . Namuhla sithi “IT” esikhundleni salokho. Ngaleso sikhathi, imboni yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe yayingakakheki, ngakho iminyango ye-IT yayivame ukuqasha abahlaziyi futhi ibafundise ukuthi bahlela kanjani esizeni. Umnyango wokuqala weComputer Science e-United States wavulwa yiNyuvesi yasePurdue ngo-1962, kanti owokuqala owathweswa iziqu kulo mkhakha wenziwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
Ukubhala izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo/ zokucubungula idatha ngeminyaka yama-60s kwakuwumsebenzi onzima ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwenkumbulo. Zazingekho izilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, azikho izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, awekho amakhompyutha omuntu - kuphela ama-mainframes amakhulu, abizayo anenani elincane lenkumbulo, lapho izinhlelo zazisebenza ngama-reels of magnetic tape! Abahleli bezinhlelo babevame ukusebenza kukhompuyutha ebusuku uma imahhala. Kwakujwayelekile ukuthi izinkampani ezinjengoGeneral Motors zizibhalele ezazo izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze zithole okuningi kuma-mainframe azo.
Namuhla sisebenzisa isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza kumasistimu wokusebenza amaningana ajwayelekile, kodwa bekungenjalo kuze kube ngama-1990s. IN U-90% wawo wonke ama-software abhalelwe uku-odwa, futhi u-10% kuphela owathengiswa usulungile.
Lesi simo saba nomthelela omkhulu ekutheni izinkampani zithuthukise kanjani ubuchwepheshe bazo. Abanye baphakamise ukuthi ikusasa lizoba ihadiwe elisezingeni eline-OS engaguquki kanye nolimi lokuhlela, njengo embonini yezokundiza (esasetshenziswa nanamuhla!) Izinkampani eziningi ziqhubekile nokwakha isoftware yazo ehlukene ngokuphelele, evame ukusungula kabusha isondo.
Ukuzalwa Kwesofthiwe Ejwayelekile: I-SAP Extensible Software
Ngo-1972, onjiniyela abahlanu bashiya i-IBM bayothatha inkontileka yesofthiwe nefemu enkulu yamakhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi i-ICI. Basungula inkampani entsha ebizwa nge-SAP (Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung noma "ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo"). Njengabathuthukisi be-software abaningi ngaleso sikhathi, babehileleke ngokuyinhloko ekubonisaneni. Abasebenzi bakwa-SAP beza emahhovisi amaklayenti futhi benza isoftware kumakhompyutha abo, ikakhulukazi ezokuphatha izinto.
Ibhizinisi belihamba kahle: I-SAP iqede unyaka wokuqala ngenzuzo yamamaki ayizinkulungwane ezingama-620, okungaphezudlwana nje kwesigidi esingu-$1 kumadola anamuhla. Ngokushesha baqala ukuthengisa isofthiwe yabo kwamanye amakhasimende, beyihambisa kumasistimu wokusebenza ahlukene njengoba kudingeka. Eminyakeni emine eyalandela, bathole amakhasimende angaphezu kuka-40, imali engenayo yakhula ngokuphindwe kasithupha, futhi isibalo sabasebenzi sakhula sisuka ku-9 saya ku-25. Mhlawumbe lokho kuyishothi elide. , kodwa ikusasa le-SAP lalibukeka liqhakazile.
Isofthiwe ye-SAP yayikhethekile ngezizathu eziningana. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlelo eziningi zaziqhutshwa ebusuku futhi zinyathelise umphumela emakhasethini ephepha, owawahlola ngakusasa ekuseni. Esikhundleni salokho, izinhlelo ze-SAP zasebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi umphumela awuboniswanga ephepheni, kodwa kubaqaphi (okwakuthi ngaleso sikhathi kubiza cishe amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30).
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, isofthiwe ye-SAP yayiklanyelwe ukuba inwetshwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Kunkontileka yokuqala ne-ICI, i-SAP ayizange yakhe isofthiwe kusukela ekuqaleni, njengoba kwakuvamile ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kunalokho yabhala ikhodi phezu kwephrojekthi yangaphambilini. Lapho i-SAP ikhipha isofthiwe ye-accounting yezimali ku-1974, ekuqaleni yayihlela ukubhala amamojula esofthiwe engeziwe phezu kwayo esikhathini esizayo futhi izithengise. Lokhu kwandiswa sekuphenduke isici esichazayo se-SAP. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukusebenzelana phakathi kwezimo zamakhasimende kwakubhekwa njengokuqanjwa okusha. Izinhlelo zabhalwa kusukela ekuqaleni zeklayenti ngalinye.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlanganiswa
Lapho i-SAP yethula i-module yesibili yesofthiwe yokukhiqiza ngaphezu kwemodyuli yayo yokuqala yezezimali, amamojula amabili akwazi ukuxhumana kalula ngoba abelane ngedatha evamile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenza inhlanganisela yamamojula yabaluleka kakhulu kunezinhlelo ezimbili kuphela ngokuhlukana.
Ngenxa yokuthi isofthiwe yazenzela izinqubo ezithile zebhizinisi, umthelela wayo uncike kakhulu ekufinyeleleni kudatha. Idatha ye-oda lokuthenga igcinwa kumojula yokuthengisa, idatha ye-inventory yomkhiqizo igcinwa kumojula ye-warehouse, njll. Futhi njengoba lezi zinhlelo zingasebenzisani, zidinga ukuvumelanisa njalo, okungukuthi, isisebenzi sikopishe idatha ngesandla kusuka kusizindalwazi esisodwa kuya kwesinye. .
Isofthiwe ehlanganisiwe ixazulula le nkinga ngokwenza lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo zenkampani futhi ivumele izinhlobo ezintsha zokuzenzakalela. Lolu hlobo lokuhlanganisa—phakathi kwezinqubo zebhizinisi ezihlukene kanye nemithombo yedatha—kuyisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo ze-ERP. Lokhu kube okubaluleke kakhulu njengoba i-hardware ishintsha, kwavula amathuba amasha okuzenzakalela—futhi nezinhlelo ze-ERP zadlondlobala.
Ijubane lokufinyelela olwazini ku-software edidiyelwe livumela izinkampani . I-Compaq, isebenzisa i-ERP, yethule imodeli entsha “ye-make-to-oda” (okungukuthi, ukwakha ikhompuyutha kuphela ngemva kokutholwa kwe-oda elicacile). Le modeli yonga imali ngokunciphisa i-inventory, ithembele ekuguquleni ngokushesha—lokho kanye i-ERP enhle esiza ngakho. Lapho i-IBM ilandela, yehlisa isikhathi sokulethwa kwezingxenye sisuka ezinsukwini ezingama-22 saya kwezintathu.
Ukuthi I-ERP Ibukeka Kanjani Ngempela
Amagama athi "isofthiwe yebhizinisi" awahlotshaniswa nesixhumi esibonakalayo esisemfashinini nesisebenziseka kalula, futhi i-SAP ayifani. Ukufakwa okuyisisekelo kwe-SAP kuqukethe amathebula e-database ye-20, i-000 yawo amathebula okumisa. Lawa mathebula aqukethe izinqumo zokumisa ezingaba ngu-3000 okudingeka zenziwe ngaphambi kokuthi uhlelo luqale ukusebenza. Yingakho ke - lokhu kuwumsebenzi wangempela!
Naphezu kobunzima bokwenza ngokwezifiso, isofthiwe ye-SAP ERP inikeza inani elibalulekile - ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi phakathi kwezinqubo eziningana zebhizinisi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubangela izinkulungwane zezigameko zokusetshenziswa kuyo yonke inhlangano. I-SAP ihlela lezi zimo zokusetshenziswa zibe "imisebenzi," okuyizenzo zebhizinisi. Ezinye izibonelo zemisebenzi zifaka phakathi "ukudala i-oda" kanye "nokubonisa ikhasimende". Le misebenzi ihlelwa ngefomethi yohla lwemibhalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole ukuthengiswa kwe-Dala i-Sales Order, uya kumkhombandlela we-Logistics, bese u-Sales, bese u-oda, futhi lapho uzothola ukuthengiselana kwangempela.
Ukubiza i-ERP ngokuthi "isiphequluli sokwenziwe" kungaba incazelo enembe ngokumangazayo. Ifana kakhulu nesiphequluli, esinenkinobho yokubuyela emuva, izinkinobho zokusondeza, kanye nenkundla yombhalo ethi “TCCodes,” okulingana nebha yekheli lesiphequluli. I-SAP isekela , ngakho-ke ukuzulazula esihlahleni somsebenzi kungaba nzima ngaphandle kwalawa makhodi.
Naphezu kwenani elididayo lokucushwa nokuthengiselana okutholakalayo, izinkampani zisabhekene namacala okusebenzisa ahlukile futhi zidinga ukulungisa kahle ukusebenza kwazo. Ukusingatha ukugeleza komsebenzi okuyingqayizivele, i-SAP inendawo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokuhlela. Nansi indlela ingxenye ngayinye esebenza ngayo:
Idatha
Ku-interface ye-SAP, abathuthukisi bangakha amatafula abo e-database. Lawa amathebula ahlobene afana nesizindalwazi esivamile se-SQL: amakholomu ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, okhiye bangaphandle, imingcele yenani, kanye nezimvume zokufunda/ukubhala.
Logic
I-SAP yakha ulimi olubizwa nge-ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, ekuqaleni i-Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, isiJalimane esisho “iphrosesa evamile yokubika”). Ivumela onjiniyela ukuthi baqhube ingqondo yebhizinisi yangokwezifiso bephendula imicimbi ethile noma ngeshejuli. I-ABAP iwulimi olunothe nge-syntax, olunamagama angukhiye aphindwe kathathu kune-JavaScript (bona ngezansi). ). Uma usubhale uhlelo lwakho (i-SAP inomhleli wezinhlelo owakhelwe ngaphakathi), uyishicilela njengomsebenzi wakho, kanye ne-TCode ngayinye. Ungenza ngendlela oyifisayo ukuziphatha okukhona usebenzisa isistimu ebanzi yamahhuku ebizwa ngokuthi “izengezo zebhizinisi,” lapho uhlelo lulungiselelwa ukusebenza lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi othile—okufana nezibangeli ze-SQL.
UI
I-SAP iphinde iza nomklami wokudala i-UI. Isekela ukudonsa-n-drop futhi iza nezici eziwusizo njengamafomu akhiqiziwe asekelwe kuthebula le-DB. Naphezu kwalokhu, kunzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Ingxenye engiyithandayo yomklami ukudweba amakholomu etafula:
Ubunzima bokusebenzisa i-ERP
I-ERP ayishibhile. Inkampani enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe ingasebenzisa kusukela ku-$100 million kuya ku-$500 million ekusebenziseni, okuhlanganisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-30 ezinkokhelweni zamalayisense, amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-200 ngezinsizakalo zokubonisana, kanye nokunye ku-hardware, ukuqeqeshwa kwabaphathi nabasebenzi. Ukuqaliswa okuphelele kuthatha iminyaka emine kuya kweyisithupha. uthe: "Inzuzo yokuncintisana embonini izonikezwa inkampani engakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuqalisa we-SAP kangcono futhi eshibhile."
Futhi akukhona nje ngemali. Ukusebenzisa i-ERP kuwumzamo oyingozi futhi imiphumela iyahluka kakhulu. Elinye lamacala aphumelele ukuqaliswa kwe-ERP e-Cisco, okuthathe izinyanga ezingu-9 kanye nezigidi ezingu-15. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukuqaliswa e-Dow Chemical Corporation kubiza i-$ 1 billion futhi kwathatha iminyaka engu-8. . Kakade bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ze-ERP “kunethuba elilinganiselwe lokulimaza ibhizinisi.” Lena into ongayizwa njalo lapho uhlola isoftware!
Imvelo ehlanganisiwe ye-ERP isho ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwayo kudinga umzamo wenkampani wonke. Futhi njengoba izinkampani zizuza kuphela ngemva yonke indawo ukuqaliswa, lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi! Ukusebenzisa i-ERP akusona nje isinqumo sokuthenga: ukuzibophezela ekushintsheni indlela ophatha ngayo imisebenzi yakho. Ukufaka isofthiwe kulula, ukulungisa kabusha ukuhamba komsebenzi kwenkampani yonke yilapho umsebenzi wangempela ulele khona.
Ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo lwe-ERP, amaklayenti avame ukuqasha inkampani yokubonisana efana ne-Accenture futhi iwakhokhele izigidi zamaRandi ukuze asebenze namayunithi ebhizinisi ngalinye. Abahlaziyi banquma indlela yokuhlanganisa i-ERP kuzinqubo zenkampani. Futhi uma sekuqalile ukuhlanganiswa, inkampani kufanele iqale ukuqeqesha bonke abasebenzi ukuthi balusebenzise kanjani uhlelo. Gartner ubeke u-17% wesabelomali ukuze uqeqeshwe kuphela!
Naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, izinkampani eziningi ze-Fortune 500 zase ziqalise izinhlelo ze-ERP ngo-1998, inqubo eyasheshiswa ukwesaba kwe-Y2K. Imakethe ye-ERP iyaqhubeka nokukhula namuhla . Ingenye yezingxenye ezinkulu embonini yesoftware yomhlaba wonke.
Imboni yesimanje ye-ERP
Abadlali abakhulu kunabo bonke yi-Oracle ne-SAP. Nakuba bobabili bengabaholi bemakethe, imikhiqizo yabo ye-ERP ihluke ngokumangalisayo. Umkhiqizo we-SAP wakhiwe kakhulu endlini, kuyilapho i-Oracle yazuza izimbangi ngobudlova njengePeopleSoft neNetSuite.
I-Oracle ne-SAP bavelele kangangokuthi ngisho esikhundleni somkhiqizo wayo we-Microsoft Dynamics ERP.
Ngenxa yokuthi izimboni eziningi zinezidingo eziqondile ze-ERP, i-Oracle ne-SAP banokucushwa okwakhiwa ngaphambili kwezimboni eziningi ezifana nokudla, izimoto namakhemikhali, kanye nokuhlelwa okuqondile njengezinqubo zokuvumela ukuthengisa. Kodwa-ke, kuhlala kunendawo yabadlali be-niche abavame ukugxila ekumeni okuthile:
- amanyuvesi
- kanye noMcKesson banikeza i-ERP yezinhlangano zokunakekelwa kwezempilo
- ukukhiqiza kanye nempahla
Ama-ERP aqondile asebenza ngokukhethekile ekuhlanganiseni nasekuhambeni komsebenzi okuqondene nemakethe eqondiwe: isibonelo, i-ERP yokunakekelwa kwezempilo. .
Kodwa-ke, ukukhethekile akulona kuphela ithuba lokuthola i-niche yakho emakethe. Abanye abaqalayo bazama ukuletha izinkundla zesoftware yesimanje emakethe. Isibonelo kungaba : Inikeza ithuba lokuhlanganiswa (ngama-ERP ahlukene!) ngokubhalisa. Iziqalo ezifana ne-Anaplan ne-Zoho zinikeza into efanayo.
Ingabe i-ERP iyanda?
I-SAP yenza kahle ngo-2019: imali engenayo yayingama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24,7 ngonyaka odlule futhi imali yayo yemakethe manje . Kepha umhlaba wesoftware awufani nakuqala. Lapho i-SAP iqala ukuphuma, idatha yayifakwe i-siled futhi kunzima ukuyihlanganisa, ngakho-ke ukuyigcina yonke ku-SAP kubonakala njengempendulo ecacile.
Kodwa manje isimo sishintsha ngokushesha. Iningi lesofthiwe yebhizinisi yesimanje (isb., i-Salesforce, i-Jira, njll.) ine-backend enama-API amahle okuthumela idatha. Amachibi edatha ayakhiwa: isibonelo, yenza kube lula ukuxhumana kolwazi obekungenakwenzeka eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Source: www.habr.com