Isizinda se-corp.com siyathengiswa. Kuyingozi kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhompyutha ezinkampani asebenzisa iWindows

Uhlelo lokuvuza kwedatha nge-Web Proxy Auto-Discovery (WPAD) ngenxa yokushayisana kwegama (kulesi simo, ukungqubuzana kwesizinda sangaphakathi esinegama elilodwa lama-gTLD amasha, kodwa ingqikithi iyefana). Umthombo: Isifundo se-University of Michigan, 2016

UMike O'Connor, omunye wabatshalizimali abadala kunabo bonke emagameni wesizinda, ibeka ukudayiswa ingxenye eyingozi kakhulu neyimpikiswano eqoqweni layo: isizinda corp.com ngo-$1,7 million.Ngo-1994, u-O'Connor wathenga amagama esizinda amaningi alula, njenge-grill.com, place.com, pub.com namanye. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona i-corp.com, uMike wayigcina iminyaka engu-26. Umtshali-zimali wayeseneminyaka engu-70 ubudala futhi wanquma ukwenza imali ngezimali zakhe ezindala.

Inkinga ukuthi i-corp.com ingaba yingozi okungenani kumakhompyutha ezinkampani angu-375 ngenxa yokucushwa ngokunganaki kwe-Active Directory ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ama-intranethi ezinkampani ekuqaleni kwawo-000 ngokusekelwe ku-Windows Server 2000, lapho impande yangaphakathi yayivele icaciswe ngokuthi “corp. .” Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-2010, lokhu kwakungeyona inkinga, kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwamakhompyutha aphathwayo ezindaweni zebhizinisi, izisebenzi eziningi zaqala ukuhambisa amakhompyutha azo omsebenzi ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yezinkampani. Izici zokusetshenziswa kwe-Active Directory ziholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngisho nangaphandle kwesicelo somsebenzisi esiqondile //corp, izicelo eziningi (ngokwesibonelo, i-imeyili) zingqongqoza ekhelini elijwayelekile ngokwazo. Kodwa esimweni sokuxhuma kwangaphandle kunethiwekhi endaweni yokudlela evamile ekhoneni, lokhu kuholela ekuthululekeni kwedatha kanye nezicelo. corp.com.

Manje u-O'Connor uthemba ngempela ukuthi iMicrosoft ngokwayo izothenga isizinda futhi, ngokwesiko elingcono kakhulu le-Google, isibolise endaweni emnyama futhi engafinyeleleki kubantu bangaphandle, inkinga yokuba sengozini okuyisisekelo kwamanethiwekhi e-Windows izoxazululwa.

Uhla lwemibhalo olusebenzayo nokushayisana kwegama

Amanethiwekhi ezinkampani asebenzisa iWindows asebenzisa isevisi yohla lwemibhalo esebenzayo. Ivumela abalawuli ukuthi basebenzise izinqubomgomo zeqembu ukuze baqinisekise ukucushwa okufanayo kwendawo yokusebenza yomsebenzisi, basebenzise isofthiwe kumakhompyutha amaningi ngezinqubomgomo zeqembu, benze ukugunyazwa, njll.

I-Active Directory ihlanganiswe ne-DNS futhi isebenza phezu kwe-TCP/IP. Ukuze useshele abasingathi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, iphrothokholi ye-Web Proxy Auto-Discovery (WAPD) kanye nomsebenzi DNS igama devolution (yakhelwe ku-Windows DNS Client). Lesi sici senza kube lula ukuthola amanye amakhompyutha noma amaseva ngaphandle kokuthi unikeze igama lesizinda eliqeqeshwe ngokugcwele.

Isibonelo, uma inkampani isebenzisa inethiwekhi yangaphakathi ebizwa internalnetwork.example.com, futhi isisebenzi sifuna ukufinyelela idrayivu eyabiwayo ebizwa drive1, asikho isidingo sokungena drive1.internalnetwork.example.com ku-Explorer, vele uthayiphe okuthi \drive1 - futhi iklayenti le-Windows DNS lizoqedela igama ngokwalo.

Ezinguqulweni zangaphambili ze-Active Directory—ngokwesibonelo, Windows 2000 Server—okuzenzakalelayo kwesizinda sebhizinisi sezinga lesibili kwaba. corp. Futhi izinkampani eziningi zigcine okuzenzakalelayo kwesizinda sazo sangaphakathi. Okubi nakakhulu, abaningi sebeqalile ukwakha amanethiwekhi amakhulu phezu kwalokhu kusetha okunephutha.

Ezinsukwini zamakhompuyutha edeskithophu, lokhu bekungeyona inkinga enkulu yezokuphepha ngoba akekho othathe lawa makhompyutha ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yebhizinisi. Kodwa kwenzekani uma isisebenzi sisebenza enkampanini enendlela yenethiwekhi corp ku-Active Directory ithatha ikhompuyutha ephathekayo yebhizinisi bese iya ku-Starbucks yasendaweni? Bese iphrothokholi yeWeb Proxy Auto-Discovery (WPAD) kanye nomsebenzi wokudluliselwa kwegama le-DNS kuqala ukusebenza.

Kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi ezinye izinsiza kukhompuyutha ephathekayo zizoqhubeka nokungqongqoza esizindeni sangaphakathi corp, kodwa ngeke ngiyithole, futhi esikhundleni salokho izicelo zizoxazululwa kusizinda se-corp.com kusukela ku-inthanethi evuliwe.

Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi umnikazi we-corp.com angakwazi ukwamukela izicelo eziyimfihlo ezivela kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhompyutha ashiya ngephutha indawo yebhizinisi esebenzisa igama. corp kusizinda sakho ku-Active Directory.

Ukuvuza kwezicelo ze-WPAD kuthrafikhi yaseMelika. Kusukela ocwaningweni lwe-University of Michigan lwango-2016, umthombo

Kungani isizinda singakathengiswa?

Ngo-2014, ochwepheshe be-ICANN bashicilelwe isifundo esihle ukushayisana kwegama ku-DNS. Ucwaningo lwaluxhaswe ngokwengxenye uMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya wase-US ngoba ulwazi oluvuzayo oluvela kumanethiwekhi angaphakathi asongela nje izinkampani zezohwebo, kodwa futhi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise ne-Secret Service, izinhlangano zezobunhloli namagatsha ezempi.

UMike wayefuna ukuthengisa i-corp.com ngonyaka odlule, kodwa umcwaningi uJeff Schmidt wamqinisekisa ukuthi abambezele ukuthengisa ngokusekelwe embikweni oshiwo ngenhla. Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi amakhompyutha angu-375 azama ukuxhumana ne-corp.com nsuku zonke ngaphandle kolwazi lwabanikazi bawo. Izicelo beziqukethe imizamo yokungena kuma-intranethi ezinkampani, ukufinyelela amanethiwekhi noma amasheya efayela.

Njengengxenye yocwaningo lwakhe, uSchmidt, kanye ne-JAS Global, balingisa ku-corp.com indlela i-Windows LAN ecubungula ngayo amafayela nezicelo. Ngokwenza lokhu, empeleni, bavula ingosi esihogweni yanoma yimuphi uchwepheshe wezokuphepha kolwazi:

Kwakubi kakhulu. Simise ukuhlolwa ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15 futhi sabhubhisa [yonke etholiwe] idatha. Umhloli owaziwayo owaluleka i-JAS ngalolu daba waphawula ukuthi ukuhlola kufana "nemvula yolwazi oluyimfihlo" nokuthi wayengakaze akubone okufana nakho.

[Sisethe ukwamukela i-imeyili ku-corp.com] futhi ngemva kwehora sathola ama-imeyili angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12, ngemva kwalokho samisa ukuhlola. Nakuba ama-imeyili amaningi enziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, sithole ukuthi amanye ayezwela [ekuvikelekeni] ngakho-ke sicekele phansi yonke idatha esethi ngaphandle kokuhlaziya okwengeziwe.

U-Schmidt ukholelwa ukuthi abaphathi emhlabeni jikelele bebelokhu belungiselela ngokungazi i-botnet eyingozi kakhulu emlandweni amashumi eminyaka. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhompiyutha asebenzayo agcwele emhlabeni wonke akulungele hhayi nje ukuba yingxenye ye-botnet, kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eyimfihlo mayelana nabanikazi nezinkampani zabo. Odinga ukukwenza ukuze usebenzise leli thuba ukulawula corp.com. Kulokhu, noma yimuphi umshini owake waxhunywa kunethiwekhi yebhizinisi, Uhla Lwemibhalo Lwalo Olusebenzayo lwalungiswa nge-//corp, luba yingxenye ye-botnet.

IMicrosoft iyeka inkinga eminyakeni engama-25 edlule

Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-MS ibingazi ngandlela thize nge-bacchanalia eqhubekayo ku-corp.com, kusho ukuthi unephutha elikhulu. UMike wanyathela iMicrosoft kanye noBill Gates mathupha emuva ngo-1997Leli yikhasi abasebenzisi benguqulo ye-beta ye-FrontPage '97 abafike kulo, i-corp.com esohlwini njenge-URL ezenzakalelayo:

Lapho uMike esekhathele ngempela yilokhu, i-corp.com yaqala ukuqondisa kabusha abasebenzisi kuwebhusayithi yesitolo socansi. Ephendula, uthole izinkulungwane zezincwadi ezithukuthele ezivela kubasebenzisi, aziqondise kabusha ngekhophi kuBill Gates.

Phela, uMike ngokwakhe, ngenxa yelukuluku, wamisa iseva yemeyili futhi wathola izincwadi eziyimfihlo ku-corp.com. Wazama ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga ngokwakhe ngokuxhumana nezinkampani, kodwa babengazi ukuthi bangasilungisa kanjani lesi simo:

Ngokushesha, ngaqala ukuthola ama-imeyili ayimfihlo, okuhlanganisa nezinguqulo zokuqala zemibiko yezezimali yebhizinisi ku-US Securities and Exchange Commission, imibiko yezabasebenzi nezinye izinto ezithusayo. Ngazama ukubhalelana nezinkampani isikhashana, kodwa iningi lazo lalingazi ukuthi lenzeni ngakho. Ngakho ekugcineni ngivele ngayivala [iseva yemeyili].

I-MS ayizange ithathe isinyathelo esisebenzayo, futhi inkampani yenqaba ukuphawula ngalesi simo. Yebo, iMicrosoft ikhiphe izibuyekezo ezimbalwa ze-Active Directory eminyakeni edlule ezibhekana nenkinga yokushayisana kwegama lesizinda, kodwa zinezinkinga eziningi. Inkampani iphinde yakhiqiza izincomo ekumiseni amagama esizinda sangaphakathi, izincomo zokuba nesizinda sezinga lesibili ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano, nezinye izifundo ezingafundiwe.

Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu isezibuyekezweni. Okokuqala: ukuzisebenzisa, udinga ukubeka phansi ngokuphelele i-intranethi yenkampani. Okwesibili: ngemva kwezibuyekezo ezinjalo, ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingase ziqale ukusebenza kancane, ngokungalungile, noma ziyeke ukusebenza ngokuphelele. Kuyacaca ukuthi izinkampani eziningi ezinenethiwekhi yezinkampani ezakhiwe ngeke zithathe izingozi ezinjalo esikhathini esifushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo abaqapheli ngisho nesilinganiso esigcwele sosongo olugcwele ukuqondisa kabusha kwakho konke nawo wonke umuntu ku-corp.com lapho umshini ukhishwa ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi.

Indida enkulu ifinyelelwa uma ubuka Schmidt Domain Name Collision Report Report. Ngakho, ngokusho kwedatha yakhe, ezinye izicelo ku-corp.com ziphuma ku-intranethi yakwa-Microsoft.

Futhi yini ezokwenzeka ngokulandelayo?

Kungase kubonakale sengathi isixazululo salesi simo sitholakala phezulu futhi sichazwe ekuqaleni kwesihloko: vumela iMicrosoft ithenge isizinda sikaMike kuye futhi imvimbele endaweni ethile ekhabetheni elikude kuze kube phakade.

Kodwa akulula kangako. IMicrosoft inikeze u-O'Connor ukuthi athengele izinkampani emhlabeni wonke isizinda sakhe esinobuthi eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kunjalo nje Umdondoshiya unikeze amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 kuphela ngokuvala imbobo enjalo kumanethiwekhi aso.

Manje isizinda sinikezwa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-1,7. Futhi ngisho noma iMicrosoft inquma ukusithenga ngomzuzu wokugcina, ingabe bazoba naso isikhathi?

Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. Ngena ngemvume, wamukelekile.

Ubungenzenjani ukube ubungu-O'Connor?

• 59,6%Vumela i-Microsoft ithenge isizinda ngo-$1,7 million, noma uvumele omunye umuntu asithenge.501

• 3,4%Ngingayithengisa ngamadola ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20; angifuni ukungena emlandweni njengomuntu oputshuze isizinda esinjalo kumuntu ongaziwa.29

• 3,3%Ngingazimbela mina phakade uma iMicrosoft ingakwazi ukwenza isinqumo esifanele.28

• 21,2%Ngingathengisa ngokukhethekile isizinda kubaduni ngombandela wokuthi bacekela phansi isithunzi seMicrosoft endaweni yebhizinisi. Bayazi ngale nkinga kusukela ngo-1997!178

• 12,4%Ngangizomisa iseva ye-botnet + yemeyili ngokwami ​​futhi ngiqale ukunquma isiphetho somhlaba.104

Bangu-840 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-131 ugobile.

Source: www.habr.com