Ukucwaninga kuhlobene kakhulu nepolitiki. Umhlaba wonyaka inkululeko ku-inthanethi ikubonisa ngokucacile lokhu kuncika: izifunda lapho amalungelo abantu ephulwa khona vimba izinsiza "ezingathandeki" noma uvimbele ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
Amazwe angu-13 kuphela kwangu-65 abacwaningi be-Freedom House abawahlaziya ngo-2017 inkululeko yolwazi yezakhamizi zayo. Iningi labanye abasebenzisi be-inthanethi bomhlaba lingafinyelela kuphela izinsiza ezivinjiwe besebenzisa izinsiza ze-VPN. Kubandakanya izakhamizi zaseChina, lapho muva nje ukuzingela ama-VPN angagunyaziwe.
Umthuthukisi ongaphambili u-Ararat Martirosyan, ohlala e-China futhi osebenza kude, usitshele ngokwenzekayo ngezinsizakalo ze-VPN zendawo nokuthi, ngokombono wakhe, i-intanethi ekhululekile kunazo zonke. Sishicilela udaba lwakhe lapha.
Umugqa wesikhathi wemikhawulo
Emuva ngo-2008, i-YouTube yayivinjiwe e-China. Ngemva konyaka, kwafika isikhathi sezinsizakalo ze-Twitter, i-Facebook ne-Google - i-Google Amadokhumenti, i-Google Khalenda, i-Google Drayivu kanye ne-Google.com ngokwayo zavinjelwa. Ngo-2014, ukufinyelela ku-Instagram kwabulawa. Inguqulo esemthethweni yeziphathimandla ukuthi zonke lezi zinsiza zisakaza ulwazi olungafuneki ezakhamuzini zaseShayina, kodwa kukhona enye inguqulo.
Iphrojekthi "Golden Shield" (noma i-Great Firewall yaseChina), ehlunga okuqukethwe “okuyingozi” ngamagama angukhiye futhi ikhawulela ukufinyelela kumasayithi asohlwini lwasendaweni oluvinjelwe, ibisebenza e-China kusukela ngo-2003. Amanethiwekhi omphakathi aseNtshonalanga awazange afakwe kulolu hlu. Ngakho-ke, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa okukhulu kuka-2008-2009 kwasiza nje ukulwa nombuso phakathi kwama-Uighur esifundeni esizimelayo sase-Xinjiang Uyghur entshonalanga yezwe. Ngicabanga into efanayo: ngo-2009, iziyaluyalu zacindezelwa ngamandla, futhi ulwazi mayelana nalo lwalufihlwe ngayo yonke indlela - abezindaba noma izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu abakwazi ukuqapha isimo ngendlela efanele. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi i-Instagram ivinjiwe ngenxa eHong Kong.
Ungahlola ukuthi i-“Golden Shield” iyakuvumela yini ukuthi ulandele isixhumanisi osidingayo
Kanye "nabasabalalisi bokuqukethwe okungafunwa," ezinye izinsiza eziwusizo nazo zavinjwa. Ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwamaseva namakheli e-IP, amasayithi asebenzisana ne-Google ayeka ukusebenza - isibonelo, amafonti e-Google awazange alayishe (okufanayo naseRussia). Amakolishi aku-inthanethi nokuqukethwe nje kokuzijabulisa “okuvela eNtshonalanga” nakho kwahlupheka. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ngekhadi le-SIM le-Chinese 4G, ngisho usuka kwelinye izwe ngeke ukwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza ezingavunyelwe.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho abantu babona khona ukuthi ukuvinjwa kuyadingeka futhi kungadlula. Ekuqaleni kwakukhona ama-proxi abasebenzisi ababekwazi ukuxhumana nawo nomhlaba wangaphandle. Kodwa ngo-2012, uhulumeni wafinyelela kubo. Khona-ke i-boom ye-VPN yaqala ezweni; izinsizakalo osekunesikhathi eside zisebenza eShayina namuhla zingamelana ngisho neNkongolo Yeqembu LamaKhomanisi, nakuba phakathi nalesi senzakalo esibalulekile ezweni lonke. ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe, nempilo yonke indawo iyama.
Ukuvikela nokunwetshwa kwe-VPN
Cabanga ukuthi zonke izinsiza ozisebenzisayo okwamanje zivinjiwe. Ungasebenzisa kuphela lezo ezinganqatshelwe. Izinkampani zaseShayina ze-IT zaqala ukukhula ngendlela exakile, ziqhamuka nama-analogue wendawo wezinsizakalo zaseNtshonalanga: esikhundleni se-YouTube, esikhundleni se-Twitter, esikhundleni se-Google, esikhundleni sezithunywa ezisheshayo (futhi esikhundleni sezinye izinhlelo zokukhokha). Ukuvinjwa kusize i-China iqalise ngempumelelo izinqubomgomo zokuvikela.
Naphezu kobuningi bezinsizakalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza zaseShayina, abasebenzisi abaningi be-tech-savvy sebeqalile ukufinyelela i-inthanethi nge-VPN. Lezi kwakuyizinsizakalo ezincane nezingekho emthethweni ezazihlala zivinjelwe. Konke kwashintsha lapho abahlinzeki be-Western VPN befika e-China ngo-2014-2015. Uhulumeni wabayala ukuba bathole ilayisense ekhethekile noma balishiye izwe.
Ama-VPN kahulumeni kuphela asemthethweni lapha: izinsizakalo zasendaweni ezinjalo zinikezwe ilayisense yiziphathimandla futhi zingasetshenziswa izinhlangano ezisemthethweni. Abantu ngabanye - okungukuthi, izakhamuzi ezivamile - bangasebenzisa i-VPN enjalo, kodwa ngezinjongo zemfundo noma zesayensi.
Ngokwemvelo, i-China yenze konke okusemandleni ukwenza i-VPN yendawo ifinyeleleke kakhulu kunakwamanye amazwe. Futhi kwenzeka. Kukhona iphakethe elithile le-VPN elingasetshenziswa, kodwa ukuze alifinyelele umsebenzisi kuzodingeka adlule ekubhaliseni okusemthethweni, okungukuthi, athethelele isimo isifiso sakhe sokudlula ukuvinjelwa futhi amnikeze idatha yakhe yomuntu siqu. Akubukeki njengezimiso ze-VPN sonke esizijwayele, akunjalo?
Esigamekweni esihlekisayo esaziwa kabanzi, umdali we-Golden Shield, ekhuluma nabafundi, kwadingeka asebenzise i-VPN ukuze afinyelele iwebhusayithi yaseNingizimu Korea. Ngendlela, babhala ngalokhu ku . Lapha udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi (!) VPN e-China, ngokuvamile, akuvunyelwe, kodwa abahlinzeki abangenamalayisensi ngokwabo. kuze kube yiminyaka engu-6 ejele.
Isici semodeli yesiShayina
Iqhinga lemodeli yokulawula yaseShayina ukuthi yonke into ivinjiwe ngokusobala. Isayithi elisha livinjelwe? Lokhu cishe kuzomenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni. Konke lapha kulawulwa ngumthetho, ngakho ukuvinjelwa kubikwa kusengaphambili kwabezindaba.
Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, amaShayina awanandaba nokuvimba. Abaphuthelwa yi-Facebook noma i-Twitter. Abaningi babo abazi olunye ulimi ngaphandle kwesiShayina: kungani bedinga i-YouTube yolimi lwesiNgisi uma bekwazi ukubuka amavidiyo wesiShayina ku-Youku? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuklama kwamaShayina kanye nayo yonke i-logic yokwakhiwa kwewebhusayithi ihluke kakhulu kulokho abantu baseYurophu abajwayele ukukwenza.
Isici esiyinhloko se-China ukuthi abasebenzisi bahlale benikezwa enye indlela yezinsiza ezivinjiwe. Lapho iTelegram iqala ukuvinjwa ngobuningi eRussia, akekho owanikeza esinye isithunywa ngokubuyisela. Akekho owathi: “Bafo, senze eyethu iTelegram, elungiselelwe abantu baseRussia ngokukhethekile.” Isiphukuphuku usebenzisa i-ICQ noma i-TamTam evela ku-Mail.ru ayibali.
Angisekeli ukuvimbela, kodwa uma okuthile kuvinjiwe, kufanele kuzuze izakhamuzi: e-China, eminyakeni engu-3-4, izinkampani ze-IT ezazingakwazi ukuncintisana nezinsizakalo zangaphandle manje sezingena emakethe enkulu. Umbuso ubahlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene futhi ubasekela ngayo yonke indlela. I-China idale umbuthano onjalo wezomnotho omncane ngosizo lwe-VPNs esemthethweni kanye nokulawula indawo yewebhu ukuthi izinkampani zendawo zazingenakho ukukhetha: manje sezinazo zonke izimo zokukhula. Ama-analogue amaningi aseShayina amasayithi abamba amazwe angaphandle apholile kakhulu kunalawo avinjiwe.
Kodwa kukhona futhi nezinkinga. Isibonelo, ukuze uqalise iphrojekthi yakho eku-inthanethi, kufanele uthole okukhethekile . Yonke iwebhusayithi ebhaliswe e-China kufanele ibe nayo. Ikhishwe uMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi wasePeople's Republic of China. Le layisensi ikuvumela ukuthi ubhalise isizinda, uxhume kuseva, futhi ubonise iwebhusayithi yakho kumanethiwekhi abahlinzeki. Lena inqubo ende futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokusemthethweni.
Isithombe-skrini sekhasi eliyinhloko le-Chinese Google - Baidu. Inombolo yelayisense kufanele ikhonjiswe ngaphansi kwawo wonke amawebhusayithi e-Chinese
I-inthanethi yamahhala?
Ngibe seShayina kusukela ngo-2013 futhi ngingasebenza ukude kuphela ngenxa ye-VPN. Ngaphambilini, ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, ngivule inqwaba yamakhasimende ahlukene anezivumelwano ezihlukene, ngizilungiselele amahora angu-2-3 ngosuku, bese ngiphuma ngemfoloko ukuze ngithole isevisi ekhokhelwayo futhi angizange ngibe nezinkinga.
E-China, ngabona ngokushesha ukuthi i-intanethi yamahhala yayiyinganekwane. Eqinisweni, izwe ngalinye kanye nesifunda ngasinye sine-firewall yayo: cishe yonke indawo inethiwekhi ilawulwa ngendlela eyodwa noma enye. Uma ngifinyelela i-inthanethi kusuka kuseva yaseRussia, ngithola izinsiza eziningi ezivinjiwe ezizovulwa eKazakhstan engumakhelwane. Uma ngingena ngisuka kuseva ye-Taiwanese, khona-ke amasinema amaningi aku-inthanethi nezifufula ngeke zisebenze, njengase-China. Ukuze uzizwe ukhululekile, udinga ukwazi isethi ethile yamaseva futhi uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza ezitholakala ezweni elithile.
I-inthanethi evaliwe isivele yaba yingxenye yomhlaba wethu. Akuyona i-China kuphela, kodwa neSouth Korea, ngisho ne-Australia ethile ilawula indawo yabo yewebhu. ENingizimu Korea, noma kunjalo, konke kuhluke kancane: akuzona izinsiza ezivinjelwe lapho, kodwa izinto ngokwazo. Inethiwekhi ekhululekile, kubonakala kimi, manje isiseJapan, Estonia, Latvia, Germany kanye neScandinavia.
Artem Kozlyuk, inhloko yephrojekthi ye-RosKomSvoboda, mayelana nokwenzeka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamaShayina eRussia:
Akunakwenzeka ukuphinda imodeli yokuvimbela yaseShayina eRussia. Ngokwengqalasizinda nangokomlando, i-inthanethi kula mazwe yathuthukiswa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. AmaShayina aqala ukwakha i-"Golden Shield" emuva ngeminyaka yama-90s, kusukela kwangena i-inthanethi kuleli zwe. E-Russia, kuze kube ngu-2012, i-intanethi ithuthukiswe emakethe yamahhala, ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokuzilawula. Ngenxa yalokhu, sinezinkulungwane zabahlinzeki, i-inthanethi esheshayo neshibhile. Yebo, kusukela ngo-2012, konke kwaqala ukushintshela ekulawuleni okuqinile kwemboni ye-intanethi: abasingathi kanye nabaqhubi be-telecom, abaxhumanisi bolwazi, izinsizakalo. Kodwa ukuvinjelwa okuphelele akunakwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezijulile zesakhiwo. Thatha, isibonelo, ibutho lamaShayina elinamandla ezigidi zama-blogger asekela uhulumeni, i-“5 Mao Party” (5 Mao = 50 kopecks: bathi ama-blogger akhokhelwa inani elifanayo ngokuphawula okukodwa ku-Weibo), eqapha wonke mathupha. Indawo ye-inthanethi. Ukuze usebenzise ubukhulu obufanayo bethonya ku-RuNet futhi wakhe umshini wokuhlola osebenzayo, iRussia kuzodingeka itshale izigidigidi zama-ruble. Futhi manje abasekho.
Vele, iRussia inganqoba ezinye izakhi zesiShayina. Akumele ukhiphe i-extrapolate, kodwa finyelela emibonweni efanayo. Usevele ekwenza lokhu, kodwa i-VPN isiza ukweqa imingcele. Kukhona nezimbobo eShayina, futhi uma umuntu efuna ukungena kwezinye izingosi ze-Internet, uyayithola. Kodwa lapho umbuso unikeza izakhamuzi indawo efanele yezinsiza zangaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe yonke imizamo yaseRussia yokudala izinsizakalo ezifana nezaseNtshonalanga yayingaphumeleli.
Izilaleli zikaHabr zicabangani mayelana nokuphindaphindwa okungenzeka kwesimo samaShayina eRussia? Ikakhulukazi manje njengoba umthetho "kwi-Intanethi ebusayo" usumukelwe ekufundweni kokuqala. Ingabe kukhona umehluko ongaka phakathi kwethu?
Source: www.habr.com
