🥇Ukufundisa kanjani ukunqoba ubunzima, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bhala imijikelezo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sizokhuluma ngesinye sezihloko eziyisisekelo, lesi sihloko sibhalelwe ochwepheshe abanolwazi. Umgomo uwukukhombisa ukuthi imiphi imibono eyiphutha abaqalayo abanayo ezinhlelweni. Konjiniyela abaphrakthiza, lezi zinkinga kade zaxazululwa, zakhohlwa noma azibonwa nhlobo. Lesi sihloko singase sibe usizo uma ngokuzumayo udinga ukusiza othile ngalesi sihloko. I-athikili idweba ukufana nezinto ezivela ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene zokuhlela zika-Schildt, Stroustrup, Okulov.

Isihloko esimayelana nemijikelezo sikhethwe ngoba abantu abaningi abafakwa kuso uma benza kahle izinhlelo.

Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lwenzelwe abafundi ababuthakathaka. Njengomthetho, abantu abanamandla ababambeki kulesi sihloko futhi asikho isidingo sokuza namasu akhethekile kubo. Umgomo wesibili we-athikili ukuhambisa le nqubo isuke ekilasini “lemisebenzi yabo bonke abafundi, kodwa uthisha oyedwa kuphela” iye ekilasini “lemisebenzi yabo bonke abafundi, bonke othisha”. Angifuni okwangempela. Uma usuvele usebenzisa indlela efanayo ukufundisa lesi sihloko, sicela ubhale ukuthi inguqulo yakho ihluke kanjani. Uma unquma ukuyisebenzisa, sitshele ukuthi kuhambe kanjani. Uma indlela efanayo ichazwa encwadini, sicela ubhale igama.

Ngisebenze kule nqubo iminyaka engu-4, ngifunda ngabanye nabafundi bamazinga ahlukene okuqeqeshwa. Sekukonke cishe bangamashumi amahlanu abafundi kanye namahora ayizinkulungwane ezimbili zamakilasi. Ekuqaleni, abafundi babehlale bebambelele kulesi sihloko futhi bahambe. Ngemva komfundi ngamunye, indlela yokusebenza nezinto zokwakha kwalungiswa. Ngonyaka odlule, abafundi abasabambeki kulesi sihloko, ngakho nginqume ukwabelana ngalokho engikutholile.

Kungani kunezinhlamvu ezingaka? Imijikelezo iphansi kakhulu!

Njengoba ngibhale ngenhla, kubathuthukisi abaqhuba kanye nabafundi abaqinile, inkimbinkimbi yomqondo wamalophu ingabukelwa phansi. Isibonelo, unganikeza inkulumo ende, ubone ukunqekuzisa amakhanda namehlo ahlakaniphile. Kodwa lapho uzama ukuxazulula noma iyiphi inkinga, i-stupor nezinkinga ezingachazeki ziqala. Ngemva kwenkulumo, abafundi cishe babenokuqonda okuncane nje. Isimo sibhebhetheka nawukuthi abafundi ngokwabo abakwazi ukusho ukuthi ukuduka kwabo kuyini ngempela.
Ngolunye usuku ngabona ukuthi abafundi babona izibonelo zami njengemibhalo yamagama. Okusho ukuthi, njengezingcezu zombhalo ezingehlukaniseki lapho udinga ukwengeza khona uhlamvu oluthile “lomlingo” futhi luzosebenza.
Ngezinye izikhathi ngangiqaphela ukuthi abafundi bacabanga ukuthi ukuxazulula inkinga ethile oyidingayo Okunye idizayini engingakayihlanganisi. Nakuba isixazululo sasidinga ukuguqulwa okuncane kuphela kwesibonelo.

Ngakho-ke ngiqhamuke nombono wokuthi ukugxila akumele kube ku-syntax yezinkulumo, kodwa emcabangweni wokwenza kabusha ikhodi ephindaphindwayo kusetshenziswa izihibe. Uma abafundi sebewazi kahle lo mbono, noma iyiphi i-syntax ingathuthukiswa ngokuzijwayeza okuncane.

Ubani futhi kungani ngifundisa?

Njengoba zingekho izivivinyo zokungena, amakilasi angabandakanya kokubili abafundi abaqinile nababuthaka kakhulu. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nabafundi bami esihlokweni Isithombe sabafundi bezifundo zakusihlwa
Ngizamile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ofuna ukufunda ukuhlela angakwazi ukukufunda.
Amakilasi ami aqhutshwa ngawodwana futhi umfundi uzikhokhela imali yakhe ngayinye. Kubukeka sengathi abafundi bazokwandisa izindleko futhi bafune ubuncane. Nokho, abantu baya emakilasini ubuso nobuso nothisha ophilayo hhayi ngenxa yolwazi ngokwalo, kodwa ukuze bathole ukuzethemba kwalokho abakufundile, ukuze bazizwe bethuthuka futhi bathole imvume evela kuchwepheshe (uthisha). Uma abafundi bengayizwa inqubekela phambili ekufundeni kwabo, bazohamba. Ngokuvamile, amakilasi angahlelwa ngendlela yokuthi abafundi bazizwe bethuthuka ekwandiseni inani lezakhiwo ezijwayelekile. Okusho ukuthi, okokuqala sifunda ngenkathi ngokuningiliziwe, bese sitadisha, bese senza ngenkathi, futhi manje sinezifundo eziyinkulungwane nobusuku obubodwa, lapho imijikelezo yodwa ifundwa khona izinyanga ezimbili, futhi ekugcineni - umfundi owabhala. umtapo wolwazi ojwayelekile ngaphansi kokubizelwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uxazulule izinkinga ezingokoqobo, awudingi ulwazi lwendaba kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuzimela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo nasekufuneni ulwazi olusha. Ngakho-ke, ezifundweni zobuso nobuso, ngicabanga ukuthi umgomo olungile ukufundisa ubuncane nokukhuthaza ukutadisha okuzimele kwama-nuances nezihloko ezihlobene. Esihlokweni samaluphu, ngibheka ukwakhiwa kwesikhashana njengesincane. Ungasiqonda isimiso esikuso. Ngokwazi isimiso, ungakwazi kahle kokubili futhi wenze-ngesikhathi wena.

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphatha kahle izinto ngabafundi ababuthakathaka, ukuchaza i-syntax akwanele. Kudingeka ukunikeza imisebenzi elula kodwa ehlukahlukene futhi uchaze izibonelo ngokuningiliziwe. Ekugcineni, ijubane lokuthuthuka linqunyelwe ikhono lomfundi lokuguqula izinkulumo kanye nokusesha amaphethini. Kubafundi abahlakaniphile, imisebenzi eminingi izoba yisicefe. Lapho ufunda nabo, akudingeki ugcizelele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingu-100%. Izinto zami zingabukwa ku github yami. Yiqiniso, indawo yokugcina ifana ne-grimoire ye-warlock - akekho ngaphandle kwami ozoqonda ukuthi kuphi, futhi uma wehluleka isheke, ungahlanya.

Indlela yokusebenza igxile ekusebenzeni

Ithiyori ichazwa kusetshenziswa isibonelo sokuxazulula inkinga. Esigabeni esiyisisekelo sekilasi lokuhlela lapho kufundiswa khona amagatsha nezihibe, akwenzeki nje ukunikeza inkulumo ewusizo ngesihloko esisodwa ihora lonke. Imizuzu engu-15-20 yanele ukuchaza umqondo. Ubunzima obukhulu buvela lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi ephathekayo.
Othisha abasaqalayo bangakwazi ukuxova ama-opharetha, amagatsha, ama-loops, kanye nezigaba kunkulumo eyodwa. Kodwa abafundi babo bazobhekana nenkinga yokuhlanganisa lolu lwazi.
Akudingekile ukutshela indaba kuphela, kodwa futhi uqiniseke ukuthi abalaleli bayayiqonda.

Iqiniso lokwazi isihloko linqunywa ukuthi umfundi ubhekana kanjani nomsebenzi ozimele.
Uma umfundi ekwazile ukuxazulula inkinga esihlokweni ngaphandle kosizo lukathisha, khona-ke isihloko senziwe kahle. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzihlola, umsebenzi ngamunye uchazwa kuthebula elinezimo zokuhlola. Imisebenzi inokuhleleka okucacile. Ukweqa imisebenzi akunconyiwe. Uma umsebenzi wamanje unzima kakhulu, khona-ke ukudlulela kokulandelayo akusizi ngalutho. Kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Ukuze umfundi akwazi ukwenza kahle umsebenzi wamanje oyinkimbinkimbi, uchazelwa izindlela eziningana kusetshenziswa isibonelo senkinga yokuqala. Empeleni, konke okuqukethwe kwesihloko kwehlela kumasu okunqoba ubunzima. Imijikelezo ingaphezulu komthelela oseceleni.

Umsebenzi wokuqala uhlale uyisibonelo. Owesibili uhluka kancane futhi wenziwa "ngokuzimela" ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukathisha. Yonke imisebenzi elandelayo ihloselwe ukunaka izinto ezincane ezahlukahlukene ezingadala imibono eyiphutha.

Incazelo yesibonelo yinkhulumomphendvulwano lapho umfundi edinga ukuhlehlisa ukusakazwa nokuqinisekisa okuphambene ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi unolwazi oluthile lwendaba.

Ngizoba banal futhi ngithi isibonelo sokuqala esihlokweni sibaluleke kakhulu. Uma unezinto ezibonakalayo zomsebenzi ozimele obanzi, ukushiywa kwesibonelo sokuqala kungalungiswa. Uma kungekho okunye ngaphandle kwesibonelo, khona-ke umfundi cishe ngeke akwazi isihloko.

Ngenkathi noma?

Enye yezinkinga eziphikisanayo ukukhetha ukwakhiwa kwesibonelo: ngenkathi noma. Ngesinye isikhathi, umngane wami ongunjiniyela owayezilolongela owayengenalwazi lokufundisa wachitha ihora engikholisa ukuthi i-loop iyona elula ukuyiqonda. Izingxabano zafinyelela "konke okukuyo kucacile futhi kubekwe endaweni yakho." Kodwa-ke, imbangela eyinhloko yobunzima kwabaqalayo bangempela umqondo womjikelezo ngokwawo, hhayi ukubhala kwawo. Uma umuntu engawuqondi lo mbono, uzoba nobunzima nge-syntax. Ngokushesha nje lapho umqondo ugcwaliseka, izinkinga zokuklama ikhodi ziyanyamalala ngokwazo.

Ezintweni zami, itimu yezihibe ilandela itimu ye-branching. Ukufana kwangaphandle kokuthi uma futhi ngenkathi kusivumela ukuthi sidwebe isifaniso esiqondile: "uma isimo esikusihloko siyiqiniso, umzimba uyabulawa." Okuwukuphela kwesici somjikelezo ukuthi umzimba ubulawa izikhathi eziningi.

Impikiswano yami yesibili ukuthi ngenkathi idinga ukufometha okuncane kune-. Ukufometha okuncane kusho amaphutha ambalwa ayisiphukuphuku ngokhefana abangekho nabakaki. Abasaqalayo abakathuthukisi ukunaka okwanele kanye nokucophelela ukuze bagweme ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphutha e-syntax.
Impikiswano yesithathu ichazwa ezincwadini eziningi ezinhle njengengxabano yokuqala.

Uma umfundi ekwazi ukuguqula kalula izinkulumo, ungakhuluma ngakho ngokudlula. Umfundi uyobe esekhetha lokho akuthanda kakhulu. Uma ukuguqulwa kubangela ubunzima, kungcono ukuthi ungaphazamisi ukunaka kwakho. Vumela umfundi aqale axazulule yonke into esebenzisa ngenkathi. Uma usuwazi kahle isihloko samaluphu, ungaphinda ubhale izixazululo ukuze uzijwayeze ukuguqula ngenkathi ukwenza.
Amalophu e-Postcondition ayisilwane esingavamile kakhulu. Angichithi isikhathi kukho nhlobo. Uma umfundi ewazi kahle imibono yokuhlonza amaphethini nokuguqula izinkulumo, angakwazi ukukuthola ngaphandle kosizo lwami.

Lapho ngibonisa isibonelo sokuqala kubafundi abanamandla, ngidonsela ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi esibonelweni sokuqala kubalulekile ukurekhoda hhayi kuphela isisombululo, kodwa futhi lonke uchungechunge lwezenzo oluholele kumphumela. Abafundi abavilaphayo bangadebeselela ukubhala futhi bakopishe i-algorithm yokugcina kuphela. Kudingeka baqiniseke ukuthi ngolunye usuku bayofika umsebenzi onzima. Ukuyixazulula, uzodinga ukulandela izinyathelo njengakulesi sibonelo. Yingakho kubalulekile ukurekhoda zonke izigaba. Ezinkingeni ezilandelayo kuzokwazi ukushiya kuphela inguqulo yokugcina yesixazululo.

Umbono oyinhloko we-automation ukuthi siphathisa ikhompuyutha ukuthi yenzele umuntu umsebenzi ojwayelekile. Enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo ukubhala izihibe. Isetshenziswa lapho izenzo ezimbalwa ezifanayo eziphindayo zibhalwa ohlelweni olulandelanayo.

Ukubekela obala kungcono kunokubekela obala

Kungase kubonakale kuwumqondo omuhle ukubonisa umushwana ofanayo izikhathi eziningi emsebenzini wokuqala wokulupha. Ngokwesibonelo:

Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!
Hurray, iyasebenza!

Le nketho yimbi ngoba inani eliphikisayo alibonakali kokuphumayo. Lokhu kuyinkinga kwabaqalayo. Ungamthathi kancane. Ekuqaleni, lo msebenzi wawungowokuqala, futhi umsebenzi wokuthola uchungechunge lwezinombolo ngokulandelana okukhuphukayo kwaba ngowesibili. Bekudingeka ukwethula amagama engeziwe “umjikelezo izikhathi ezingu-N” kanye “nomjikelezo usuka ku-A uye ku-B”, ayinto efanayo. Ukuze ngingadali izinhlangano ezingadingekile, nginqume ukukhombisa isibonelo kuphela ngokuphuma kochungechunge lwezinombolo. Bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo ukufunda indlela yokubamba ikhawunta ekhanda labo futhi babonise indlela yokuziphatha yohlelo ekhanda labo ngaphandle kokulungiselela. Abanye abafundi baqala ukuhlangana nokumodela kwengqondo esihlokweni semijikelezo.
Ngemva kokuzijwayeza okuthile, nginikeza umsebenzi wokuphinda umbhalo ofanayo ukuze uxazululwe ngokuzimela. Uma unikeza isibali esibonakalayo kuqala bese kuba esingabonakali, abafundi bazoba nezinkinga ezimbalwa. Kwesinye isikhathi isu elithi "ungabhali ikhawunta esikrinini" lanele.

Abanye bakuchaza kanjani?

Ezisetshenziswa zokufundisa eziningi ku-inthanethi, i-syntax yomjikelezo inikezwa njengengxenye "yenkulumo". Isibonelo, ku-developer.mozilla.org (okwamanje), ezinye izakhiwo ezimbalwa zichazwe kanye ne- while loop. Kulokhu, imiklamo kuphela ngokwayo inikezwa ngendlela yezifanekiso. Umphumela wokwethulwa kwawo uchazwa ngamagama, kodwa awukho umfanekiso. Ngokubona kwami, isethulo esinjalo sesihloko siphindaphinda ukusebenziseka kwezinto ezinjalo ngo-zero. Umfundi angakwazi ukuyibhala kabusha ikhodi futhi ayiqhube ngokwakhe, kodwa usadinga izinga lokuqhathanisa. Ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi isibonelo sibhalwe kabusha ngendlela efanele uma kungekho lutho olungaqhathaniswa nomphumela?
Uma kunikezwe isifanekiso kuphela, ngaphandle kwesibonelo, kuba nzima nakakhulu kumfundi. Ukuqonda kanjani ukuthi izingcezu zekhodi zibekwe ngendlela efanele kusifanekiso? Ungazama ukubhala ngandlela thize, bese ugijima. Kodwa uma kungekho indinganiso yokuqhathanisa umphumela, khona-ke ukwethula ngeke kusize nakho.

Esifundweni se-C++ se-Intuitive, i-loop syntax ingcwatshwa ekhasini lesithathu le-Lecture 4 esihlokweni esithi “ama-operators”. Lapho uchaza i-syntax yezihibe, kugcizelelwa ngokukhethekile igama elithi "opharetha". Leli gama livezwa njengeqoqo lamaqiniso njengokuthi “uphawu; lesi isitatimende", "{} isitatimende esiyinhlanganisela", "umzimba weluphu kumele ube isitatimende". Angiyithandi le ndlela ngoba ibonakala ifihla ubudlelwano obubalulekile ngemuva kwethemu elilodwa. Ukuhlaziya ikhodi yomthombo yohlelo ngokwemibandela kuleli zinga kudingwa onjiniyela abahlanganisayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ukucaciswa kolimi, kodwa hhayi ngabafundi njengokuqagela kokuqala. Abasanda kungena ezinhlelweni abavamile ukucophelela ngokwanele ukuze banake kakhulu amagama. Ungumuntu ongavamile okhumbula futhi aqonde amagama amasha okokuqala. Cishe akekho ongasebenzisa kahle igama asanda kulifunda. Ngakho-ke, abafundi bathola amaphutha amaningi njengokuthi “Ngibhale ngenkathi(a<7);{, kodwa uhlelo alusebenzi.”
Ngokombono wami, ekuqaleni kungcono ukunikeza i-syntax yokwakha ngokushesha ngama-parentheses. Inketho engenabo abakaki kufanele ichazwe kuphela uma umfundi enombuzo othize: "kungani bengekho abakaki futhi bayasebenza."

Encwadini ka-Okulov ka-2012 ethi “Izisekelo Zokuhlela,” isingeniso samaluphu siqala ngephethini, bese sinikeza izincomo zokusetshenziswa kwayo, bese siya ngokushesha esigabeni sokuhlola sesifundo. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi le ncwadi ibhalelwe lelo dlanzana labafundi abanekhono abangavamile ukuza emakilasini ami.

Ezincwadini ezidumile, umphumela wezingcezu zekhodi ubhalwa njalo. Isibonelo, uhlelo luka-Shildt lwe-"Java 8. Umhlahlandlela Ophelele" ka-2015. Okokuqala, isifanekiso sinikezwa, bese kuba uhlelo lwesibonelo futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalo - umphumela wokubulawa.

Isibonelo, cabanga nge-loop yesikhashana eyenza okuphambene
ukubala phansi kusukela ku-10, kanye nemigqa eyi-10 “yezinyathelo” iyaboniswa:
//Продемонстрировать применение оператора цикла while
class While {
    public static void main(String args []) {
        int n = 10;
        while (n > 0) {
            System.out.println("такт " + n);
            n--;
        }
    }
}
Uma seluqalisiwe, lolu hlelo lukhipha "imijikelezo" eyishumi kanje:
такт 10 такт 9 такт 8 такт 7 такт 6 такт 5 такт 4 такт 3 такт 2 такт 1

Indlela yokuchaza isifanekiso, uhlelo lwesibonelo kanye nomphumela wohlelo kuphinde kusetshenziswe encwadini ethi “Javascript for Kids” nasesifundweni se-js ku-w3schools.com. Ifomethi yekhasi lewebhu ivumela lesi sibonelo ukuthi sisebenziselane.

Incwadi ka-Stroustrup ka-2016 ethi Izimiso Nokuzijwayeza Ukusebenzisa i-C++ yaqhubekela phambili. Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuchaza ukuthi yimuphi umphumela okufanele utholakale, futhi ngemva kwalokho umbhalo wohlelo uyaboniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathathi nje uhlelo olungahleliwe njengesibonelo, kodwa banikeza uhambo oluya emlandweni. Lokhu kusiza ukudonsela ukunaka kuwo: “Bheka, lokhu akuwona umbhalo nje ongenamsebenzi. Ubona okuthile okubalulekile."

Njengesibonelo sokuphindaphinda, cabanga ngohlelo lokuqala olwenziwa emshinini wohlelo ogciniwe (EDSAC). Yabhalwa nguDavid Wheeler eComputer Laboratory yaseCambridge University, eNgilandi ngoMeyi 6, 1949. Lolu hlelo lubala futhi luphrinte uhlu olulula lwezikwele.
0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 ... 98 9604 99 9801
Lapha, umugqa ngamunye uqukethe inombolo elandelwa uhlamvu lwethebhu ('t') nesikwele saleyo nombolo. Inguqulo ye-C++ yalolu hlelo ibukeka kanje:
//Вычисляем и распечатываем таблицу квадратов чисел 0-99
int main()
{
    int i = 0; // Начинаем с нуля
    while(i < 100){
        cout << i << 't' << square(i) << 'n';
        ++i;
    }
}

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iphethini ye-syntax ayichazwanga kule ncwadi. I-Stroustrup encwadini yokufundisa (ukuhumusha) igcizelela ukuthi ihlonipha ubuhlakani babafundi bayo. Mhlawumbe ikhono lokukhomba iphethini ezibonelweni ezimbalwa libhekwa njengokubonakaliswa kobuhlakani obunjalo.

Njengoba ngizichaza

Indlela kaStroustrup: echaza umphumela, bese exazulula inkinga, bese kuba ukuhlaziya okuzimele komfundi - kubonakala kucatshangelwe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, nginqume ukukuthatha njengesisekelo, kodwa ngitshele ngisebenzisa isibonelo esingokomlando esincane - umsebenzi wokuthola "ithebula lokuqukethwe". Kwakha ihange elibonakalayo ukuze ukwazi ukuthi “khumbula umsebenzi mayelana nethebula lokuqukethwe” futhi ukuze abafundi bakukhumbule lokhu. Esibonelweni sami, ngazama ukuvimbela imibono eyiphutha emibili evame kakhulu. Okulandelayo ngizobhala ngazo kabanzi.

Kulo msebenzi sethulwa kumasu okuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isinqumo sokuqala sidinga ukwenziwa esidala futhi sibe lula. Hhayi-ke, ungacabanga ukuthi ungasithuthukisa kanjani lesi sixazululo.
Введение Глава 1 Глава 2 Глава 3 Глава 4 Глава 5 Глава 6 Глава 7 Заключение

Ngokubona kwami, indlela “ye-template-example-result” ekuhlanganiseni okuhlukahlukene isaholela eqinisweni lokuthi abafundi babona umjikelezo njenge-hieroglyph. Lokhu kwazibonakalisa eqinisweni lokuthi babengaqondi ukuthi kungani kunombandela wokubhala lapho, indlela yokukhetha phakathi kuka-i++ no-i— nezinye izinto ezibonakala zisobala. Ukuze kugwenywe le mibono eyiphutha, indlela yokukhuluma ngemijikelezo kufanele igcizelele incazelo yokuphinda izenzo ezifanayo bese kuphela zizenza zibe semthethweni kusetshenziswa isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokunikeza i-loop syntax, udinga ukuxazulula inkinga ngqo. Isixazululo sakudala sethebula lenkinga yokuqukethwe sibukeka kanje:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 1");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 2");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 3");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 4");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 5");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 6");
Console.WriteLine("Глава 7");
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Ingathuthukiswa kanjani?
Miselela izenzo eziyisidina ngomjikelezo.
Yiziphi izenzo eziphindaphindwayo ngokulandelana ngaphandle kwezinguquko?
Abekho kulesi siqeshana. Nokho, imiyalo yokuvezwa kwegama elithi “Isahluko” enenombolo ifana kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, isigaba esilandelayo ukuthola umehluko phakathi kwezingcezu. Kukulo msebenzi kuphela lapho yonke into isobala, khona-ke akukho miyalo eyodwa ezophinda iphindwe, kodwa amabhlogo wekhodi yemigqa emi-5 noma ngaphezulu. Kuzodingeka ucinge hhayi nje ohlwini lwemiyalo, kodwa ku-branching noma ekwakhiweni kwe-loop.
Esibonelweni, umehluko phakathi kwemiyalelo usenomboloni engemva kwegama elithi “Isahluko”.
Uma umehluko usutholakele, udinga ukuqonda iphethini yoshintsho. Ucezu oluhlukile inombolo? Ingabe ilokhu ikhula noma iyancipha? Ngabe inani lenombolo lishintsha kanjani phakathi kwamaqembu amabili abhekene?
Esibonelweni, inombolo emva kwegama elithi "Isahluko" inyuka ngokunyuka kwe-1. Umehluko utholakala, iphethini iveziwe. Manje usungakwazi esikhundleni sesiqephu esihlukile ngokushintshashintsha.
Udinga ukumemezela okuguquguqukayo okunjalo ngaphambi kokuqala kwezingcezu eziphindayo. Okuguquguqukayo okunjalo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi I noma j noma okuthile okunemininingwane eyengeziwe. Inani layo lokuqala kufanele lilingane nenani lokuqala eliboniswa esikrinini. Esibonelweni, inani lokuqala ngu-1.
Iliphi inani lokuqala okufanele lithathwe ukuze kuboniswe uchungechunge lwezinombolo “100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105”?
Inombolo yokuqala kulolu chungechunge yi-100.
Ngemuva komyalo ngamunye ophumayo, udinga ukwandisa inani lalokhu okuguquguqukayo ngo-1. Le yunithi iyisinyathelo soshintsho.
Isiphi isinyathelo esiyoba khona ochungechungeni lwezinombolo “100, 102, 104, 106”?
Isinyathelo sesi-2 kulo mugqa.
Ngemva kokufaka isiqeshana esihlukile ngokushintshashintsha, ikhodi izobukeka kanje:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
int i;
i = 0;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
i = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Ngemva kokusebenzisa indlela "yokuveza iphethini yokuguquguquka" kukhodi, uthola amaqembu amaningana ezenzo ezifanayo ezihamba zilandelana. Manje izenzo eziphindayo zingashintshwa ngomjikelezo.

Ukulandelana kokuxazulula inkinga lapho udinga ukusebenzisa amalophu kuhlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

Xazulula “ngqo” ngemiyalo eminingi ehlukene
Thola iphethini
Veza iphethini yokuguquguquka
Dizayina njengomjikelezo

Okulandelayo, amagama amasha ethulwa ukuze umfundi angazitholi esesimeni esithi "Ngiqonda konke, kodwa angikwazi ukukusho":
— isibali sihlala siwukuguquguquka okudingekayo ukuze kulandelelwe inani lezinyathelo kuluphu. Ngokuvamile inombolo ephelele eqhathaniswa nomkhawulo.
— counter step — incazelo yephethini yezinguquko zokubala.
- umkhawulo - inombolo noma okuguquguqukayo lapho ikhawunta iqhathaniswa khona ukuze i-algorithm ibe okokugcina. Inani eliphikisayo liyashintsha ukuze lifinyelele umkhawulo.
— loop body — isethi yemiyalo ezophindwa. Uma bethi “umyalo ubhalwe ngaphakathi kweluphu,” basho umzimba.
- i-loop iteration - ukubulawa kanyekanye komzimba we-loop.
— isimo seluphu — isisho esiphusile esinquma ukuthi kuzokwenziwa yini enye impinda. (Kungase kube nokudideka ngezakhiwo zamagatsha lapha)
Udinga ukulungiselela iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni abafundi bazosebenzisa amagama ngezinye izinjongo. Lokhu kusebenza kubo bobabili abanamandla nababuthakathaka. Ukusungula ulimi olujwayelekile kuwubuciko. Manje ngizobhala kafushane: udinga ukusetha umsebenzi "qokomisa isiqeshana sekhodi nge-<term>" futhi usebenzise le migomo ngokwakho engxoxweni.
Ngemuva kokuguqulwa nge-loop, isiqephu sitholakala:

Console.WriteLine("Введение");
int i = 0;
while (i < 7) {
    Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("Заключение");

Umbono oyiphutha oyinhloko

Omunye umbono oyiphutha odumile phakathi kwabafundi ukuthi babeka izenzo ngaphakathi kweluphu edinga ukwenziwa kanye kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo kanje:

;
int i = 0;
while (i < 7) {
    Console.WriteLine("Введение")
    Console.WriteLine("Глава " + i);
    i = i + 1;
    Console.WriteLine("Заключение");
}

Abafundi babhekana nale nkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi, ekuqaleni nasezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Iseluleko esibalulekile kulokhu:

Kufanele uphindaphinde kangaki umyalo: kanye noma izikhathi eziningi?

Imiyalo yokuphrinta amagama "Isingeniso" kanye "nesiphetho" kanye nokumemezela nokuqalisa okuguquguqukayo akufani nezinye izenzo eziphindaphindayo. Zibulawa kanye kuphela, okusho ukuthi zidinga ukubhalwa ngaphandle kwe-loop body.

Zontathu izigaba zesixazululo kufanele zihlale kukhodi ukuze ukwazi ukubhekisela kuzo kamuva uma kuba nobunzima. Kwanele ukuphawula ngezinketho ezimbili zokuqala ukuze zingaphazamisi.
Ukunaka komfundi kufanele kudonselwe kulawa maqiniso alandelayo:
- Esimeni se-loop, ikhawunta nomkhawulo kuvame ukuqhathaniswa. Ikhawunta ingashintsha emzimbeni weluphu, kodwa umkhawulo awukwazi. Ukuze wephule lo mthetho, udinga ukwakha izizathu eziqinile.
— Imiyalo yokubonisa amagama athi “Isingeniso” kanye “nesiphetho” itholakala ngaphandle kweluphu. Sidinga ukuzenza isikhathi esingu-1. "Isingeniso" - ngaphambi kokuphinda izenzo, "Isiphetho" - ngemva.
Enqubweni yokuhlanganisa lesi sihloko, ukwazi okulandelayo, kanye nokubhekana nobunzima, kuyasiza ngisho nakubafundi abanamandla ukuthi babuze lo mbuzo: “Lesi senzo sidinga ukwenziwa kangaki? Eyodwa noma eminingi?

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono engeziwe

Enqubweni yokufunda imijikelezo, abafundi baphinde bathuthukise ikhono lokuxilonga nokuxazulula izinkinga. Ukuze kwenziwe ukuxilonga, umfundi udinga ukwethula umphumela awufunayo futhi awuqhathanise nomphumela wangempela. Izenzo zokulungisa zincike emehlukweni phakathi kwazo.
Njengoba abafundi kulesi sigaba basenombono omncane ngomphumela "ofunekayo", bangagxila kudatha yokuhlola. Njengomthetho, akekho kulesi sigaba okwamanje oqonda ukuthi yini engahambi kahle nokuthi angabhekana kanjani nayo. Ngakho-ke, ngibhala ebhukwini lokubhalela incazelo yezinkinga ezijwayelekile nezindlela eziningana zokuzixazulula. Ukukhetha okufanele kakhulu kuwumsebenzi womfundi ngokwakhe.
Irekhodi liyadingeka ukuze ubuze ukuthi "ingabe obekulindelekile kwenzeke?", "Isiphi kulezi zimo esenzeka manje?", "Ingabe isisombululo esisetshenzisiwe sasiza?"

Inombolo yezenzo ingu-1 ngaphansi noma ngaphezulu kunokulindelekile. Izixazululo:
- khulisa inani lokuqala lekhawunta ngo-1.
— shintsha u-opharetha wokuqhathanisa oqinile (< noma >) ufake ongaqinile (<= noma >=).
- shintsha inani lomkhawulo libe ngu-1.
Izenzo ku-loop zenziwa ngaphandle kokuma, unomphela. Izixazululo:
— engeza umyalo wokushintsha isibali uma ungekho.
— lungisa umyalo wokushintsha ikhawunta ukuze inani lawo lisondele emkhawulweni.
— susa umyalo wokushintsha isivimbelo uma usemzimbeni weluphu.
Inombolo yezenzo kuluphu ingaphezulu kokungu-1 ngaphansi noma ngaphezulu kunokulindelekile. Isenzo ku-loop asizange senziwa ngisho nakanye. Okokuqala udinga ukuthola amanani wangempela wezinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphambi nje kokuthi iluphu iqale. Izixazululo:
- shintsha inani lokuqala lokuvinjelwa
— shintsha inani lokuqala lekhawunta

Inkinga yesi-3 ivamise ukubandakanya ukusebenzisa okuhlukile okungalungile noma ukungasethi kabusha ikhawunta ibe uziro.

Ngemva kwale ncazelo, umfundi angase abe nemibono eyiphutha ehlukahlukene mayelana nokuthi amaluphu asebenza kanjani.
Ukuqeda ezivame kakhulu, ngikunikeza imisebenzi elandelayo:

Lapho umkhawulo, inani lokuqala eliphikisayo, noma isinyathelo esiphikisayo sifakwa ngumsebenzisi.
Lapho inani eliphikisayo kumele lisetshenziswe khona kwesinye isisho se-arithmetic. Kutuswa ukusebenzisa ikhawunta ekukhulumeni okukhulu noma ku-denominator ukuze umehluko ungabi umugqa.
Lapho inani eliphikisayo lingavezwa khona esikrinini ngenkathi iluphu isebenza. Isibonelo, ukubonisa inombolo edingekayo yezingcezu zombhalo ezifanayo noma ukudweba umfanekiso ngezithombe zofudu.
Odinga ukwenza kuqala izenzo ezithile eziphindaphindayo, bese kuba ezinye.
Lapho udinga ukwenza ezinye izenzo ngaphambi nangemva kokuphinda

Ngomsebenzi ngamunye udinga ukunikeza idatha yokuhlola kanye nomphumela olindelekile.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ungahamba ngokushesha kangakanani, udinga ukufunda imigomo yalezi zinkinga bese ubuza: "zihluke kanjani esibonelweni?", "Yini okudingeka ishintshwe esibonelweni ukuze uyixazulule?" Uma umfundi ephendula ngendlela ephusile, myeke-ke axazulule okungenani eyodwa ekilasini, bese eyedwa ekhaya. Uma isisombululo siphumelele, khona-ke singaqala ukuchaza izimo ngaphakathi kwama-loops.
Uma unezinkinga zokuxazulula izinkinga uwedwa, udinga ukubhekana nakho konke ekilasini. Ukuze ugweme ukuxazulula inkinga ukukhumbuza ukudweba isikhova, ngincoma kuqala ukuxazulula inkinga ngendlela engeyona yonke indawo. Okungukuthi, ukuze isisombululo siphumelele ukuhlolwa kokuqala futhi singasebenzisi ukwakhiwa kwe-loop. Hhayi-ke, bese usebenzisa uguquko ukuze kuzuzwe isisombululo sendawo yonke.

Izihibe namagatsha

Ngokubona kwami, kuyasiza ukunikeza isihloko esithi “imijikelezo emagatsheni” ngokwehlukana. Ukuze kamuva ukwazi ukubona umehluko phakathi kokuhlola isimo izikhathi eziningi nokusihlola kanye.
Imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa izoba mayelana nokukhipha izinombolo ukusuka ku-A kuye ku-B, ezifakwe ngumsebenzisi:
- njalo ngohlelo olukhuphukayo.
- ukwenyuka noma ukwehla kuye ngamavelu ka-A no-B.

Isihloko esithi "igatsha ngaphakathi kwamaluphu" kufanele siqhutshekiswe kuphela ngemva kokuba umfundi esefunde kahle la masu: "ukushintsha iphethini ngokushintshashintsha" kanye "nokushintsha izenzo eziphindaphindayo ngomjikelezo."
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokusebenzisa amagatsha ngaphakathi kwezihibe kuwukungavumelani ephethinini. Maphakathi iyanqamuka kuye ngedatha yokuqala.
Kulabo bafundi abakwazi ukubheka isisombululo ngokuhlanganisa amasu alula, kwanele ukusho ukuthi "igatsha lingabhalwa ngaphakathi kwama-loops" futhi linikeze inkinga "isibonelo" ngokuphelele ukuxazulula ngokuzimela.
Isibonelo somsebenzi:

Umsebenzisi ufaka inombolo X. Veza izinombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-9 kukholomu bese ubeka uphawu '+' oluphambene nenombolo elingana no-X.

Uma kufakwe u-00+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Uma kufakwe u-60
1
2
3
4
5
6+
7
8
9

Uma kufakwe u-90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9+

Uma kufakwe u-7770
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Uma incazelo emfushane inganele ukubhala nge-loop, udinga ukufeza isisombululo sendawo yonke enkingeni efanayo ngaphandle kwe-loop.
Uzothola enye yezinketho ezimbili:
Okufiselekayo

string temp;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
int x;
x = int.Parse(temp);
if (x==0) {
    Console.WriteLine(0 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(0);
}
if (x==1) {
    Console.WriteLine(1 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(1);
}
if (x==2) {
    Console.WriteLine(2 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(2);
}
if (x==3) {
    Console.WriteLine(3 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(3);
}
if (x==4) {
    Console.WriteLine(4 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(4);
}
if (x==5) {
    Console.WriteLine(5 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(5);
}
if (x==6) {
    Console.WriteLine(6 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(6);
}
if (x==7) {
    Console.WriteLine(7 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(7);
}
if (x==8) {
    Console.WriteLine(8 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(8);
}
if (x==9) {
    Console.WriteLine(9 + "+");
} else {
    Console.WriteLine(9);
}

Okungenzeka

string temp;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
int x;
x = int.Parse(temp);
if (x==0) {
    Console.WriteLine("0+n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==1) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1+n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==2) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2+n3n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==3) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3+n4n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==4) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4+n5n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==5) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5+n6n7n8n9");
}
if (x==6) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6+n7n8n9");
}
if (x==7) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7+n8n9");
}
if (x==8) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8+n9");
}
if (x==9) {
    Console.WriteLine("0n1n2n3n4n5n6n7n8n9+");
}

Nginikeza umsebenzi ofanayo kusengaphambili, ngenkathi ngifunda isihloko se-branching.
Uma umfundi eza nenketho "engenzeka", khona-ke udinga ukubatshela ukuthi kungaba nezixazululo eziningi zenkinga efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ziyehluka ekumelaneni kwazo nezinguquko ezidingekayo. Buza umbuzo: “Zingaki izindawo kukhodi ezingadinga ukulungiswa uma kufanele ngengeze enye inombolo?” Kunguqulo "engenzeka", uzodinga ukwengeza igatsha elilodwa futhi wengeze inombolo entsha kwezinye izindawo ezingu-10. "Kulokho okufunayo" kwanele ukwengeza igatsha elilodwa kuphela.
Setha umsebenzi ukuze ukhiqize kabusha inketho "efiselekayo", bese uthola iphethini kukhodi, yenza ukushintshwa okuguquguqukayo bese ubhala iluphu.
Uma unombono wokuthi ungayixazulula kanjani le nkinga ngaphandle kwe-loop ngenye indlela, sicela ubhale kumazwana.

Amaluphu ngaphakathi kwezihibe

Kulesi sihloko udinga ukunaka lokhu okulandelayo:
— izinto zokubala zamaluphu angaphakathi nangaphandle kufanele zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene.
— ikhawunta yeluphu yangaphakathi kufanele isethwe kabusha izikhathi eziningi (okungukuthi, emzimbeni weluphu yangaphandle).
— emisebenzini ephumayo yombhalo, awukwazi kuqala ukubhala uhlamvu olulodwa emigqeni eminingi, bese kuba owesibili. Kufanele uqale uphrinte zonke izinhlamvu zomugqa wokuqala, bese uphrinta zonke izinhlamvu zesibili, njalo njalo.

Kungcono ukuqala ukuchaza isihloko samaluphu ngaphakathi kwamaluphu ngokuchaza ukubaluleka kokusetha kabusha isibali sibe nguziro.
Isibonelo somsebenzi:

Umsebenzisi ufaka izinombolo ezimbili: R kanye no-T. Phrinta imigqa emibili yezinhlamvu "#". Umugqa wokuqala kufanele ube nezinhlamvu ezingu-R. Umugqa wesibili uqukethe izingcezu zika-T. Uma noma iyiphi inombolo inegethivu, veza umyalezo wephutha.

R=5, T=11# # 1
# # # # # # # #

R=20, T=3######################
###

R=-1, T=6Inani elingu-R akumelwe libe negethivu

R=6, T=-2Inani lika-T akumelwe libe negethivu

Ngokusobala, le nkinga futhi inezixazululo okungenani ezimbili.
Okufiselekayo

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
int i = 0;
while (i < R)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine();
i = 0;
while (i < T)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}

Okungenzeka #1

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
int i = 0;
while (i < R)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    i = i + 1;
}
Console.WriteLine();
int j = 0;
j = 0;
while (j < T)
{
    Console.Write("#");
    j = j + 1;
}

Umehluko wukuthi esixazululweni "esingenzeka", okuguquguqukayo kwesibili kusetshenziswe ukukhipha umugqa wesibili. Kufanele ugcizelele ekusebenziseni okuguquguqukayo okufanayo kuwo womabili amaluphu. Lo mkhawulo ungathethelelwa yiqiniso lokuthi isixazululo esinekhawunta eyodwa yemijikelezo emibili sizoba umfanekiso wegama elithi “counter reset”. Ukuqonda leli gama kuyadingeka lapho kuxazulula izinkinga ezilandelayo. Njengokuvumelana, ungagcina zombili izixazululo zenkinga.

Inkinga evamile ngokusebenzisa i-counter variable yezihibe ezimbili ibonakala kanje:
R=5, T=11# # 1
######

Inombolo yezinhlamvu emgqeni wesibili ayihambisani nenani lika-T. Uma udinga usizo ngale nkinga, udinga ukubheka amanothi mayelana nezinkinga ezijwayelekile ngezihibe. Lolu uphawu #3. Kutholwa uma wengeza inani eliphikisayo ngokushesha ngaphambi komjikelezo wesibili. Kulungiswe ngokusetha kabusha. Kodwa kungcono ukungakutsheli lokhu ngokushesha. Umfundi kufanele azame ukwenza okungenani inkolelo-mbono eyodwa.

Likhona-ke elinye ikhambi. Kodwa angikaze ngikubone kubafundi. Esigabeni semijikelezo yokufunda, indaba ngayo izophazamisa ukunaka. Ungabuyela kuyo kamuva lapho ufunda mayelana nemisebenzi yeyunithi yezinhlamvu.
Okungenzeka #2

string temp;
int R;
int T;
temp = Console.ReadLine();
R = int.Parse(temp);
temp = Console.ReadLine();
T = int.Parse(temp);
Console.WriteLine(new String('#', R));
Console.WriteLine(new String('#', T));

Umsebenzi olandelayo odingekayo:

Veza izinombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-9. Inombolo ngayinye kufanele ibe kulayini wayo. Inombolo yamadijithi emugqeni (W) ifakwa kukhibhodi.

W=10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

W=100000000000 1111111111 2222222222 3333333333 4444444444 5555555555 6666666666 7777777777 8888888888 9999999999

Uma umfundi ekwazi kahle inqubo yokushintsha okuguquguqukayo, uzobhekana ngokushesha okukhulu. Inkinga engaba khona izophinde ibe sekusetheni kabusha okuguquguqukayo. Uma ungakwazi ukuphatha uguquko, kusho ukuthi ubujahile futhi udinga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezilula.

Ngiyabonga ukulalela kwenu. Thanda futhi ubhalisele isiteshi.

PS Uma uthola ama-typos noma amaphutha embhalweni, ngicela ungazise. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokukhetha ingxenye yombhalo bese ucindezela okuthi “⌘ + Enter” ku-Mac, kanye no-“Ctrl / Enter” kumakhibhodi akudala, noma ngemilayezo eyimfihlo. Uma lezi zinketho zingatholakali, bhala ngamaphutha kumazwana. Ngiyabonga!

Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. Ngena ngemvume, wamukelekile.

Inhlolovo yabafundi ngaphandle kwe-karma

20,0%Ngifundisa ngokomsebenzi, +12
10,0%Ngifundisa ngokomsebenzi, -11
70,0%Angifundisi, +17
0,0%angifundisi, -10
0,0%Okunye0

Bangu-10 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-5 bagobile.

Source: www.habr.com

Ukufundisa kanjani ukunqoba ubunzima, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bhala imijikelezo