NgoJanuwari 14, usuku lokuqala loNyaka Omusha omdala ka-2017, isihloko esithi “".
1987 unyaka
Ngemva kokuyifunda, eyavusa imizwelo eminingi, kwafika engqondweni unyaka ka-1987, ngendlela yawo siqu unyaka obalulekile ekuphileni kwami. Lona unyaka lapho mina, kusukela kumcwaningi omncane ojwayelekile, ngaba yinhloko yomunye weminyango ehamba phambili esikhungweni socwaningo, esasinikezwe umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuzenzekelayo okuphezulu kwenqubo yocwaningo lwesayensi.
Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, manje emuva ku-1987, u-Andrew Tanenbaum wabhala i-Unix-compatible operating system Minix njengencwadi yencwadi yakhe ethi "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation" (1987, ISBN 0-13-637406-9) . Imigqa efingqiwe engu-12000 yekhodi yomthombo, ebhalwe ngokuyinhloko ngolimi lokuhlela lwe-C, lwe-Minix kernel, isistimu engaphansi yokuphathwa kwememori, kanye nesistimu yefayela yaphrintwa encwadini. U-Andrew Tanenbaum uthuthukise iMinix OS ye-IBM PC kanye namakhompyutha e-IBM PC/AT atholakala ngaleso sikhathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu ahambisana ne-IBM PC aqala ukuvela ezweni lakithi ngisho ne-ES-1845, okwathi, njengoba kwavela kamuva, yasebenza ngempumelelo i-Minix OS.
Ngawo lowo 1987, ngaqala ukubhala ikholomu ethi “ENGINEER NECOMPUTER” kumagazini othi “Ubuchwepheshe Nesayensi”. Incwadi yokuqala kule ngxenye kwakuyisihloko esiku-No. 7 kamagazini esithi “" Futhi lesi sihloko sithi amasistimu okusebenza akuvumela ukuthi ushintshele kokuthi "wena" usuka kukhompuyutha.
Kodwa kakade kumagazini olandelayo kwanyatheliswa i-athikili enesihloko esithi "Isingeniso sesistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX":
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-United States yabeka phambili iStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI), futhi i-USSR yathuthukisa uhlelo lwe-Anti-SDI.
Isitendi sokulingisa
Njengengxenye yalolu hlelo, kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe indawo yokufanisa yokulingisa (SIM) kanye nohlelo lokucwaninga olusizwa ngekhompyutha (CADR), oluzovumela hhayi kuphela ukulingisa imiphumela yokuqaliswa kwe-SOI, kodwa futhi nokubeka phambili. izidingo zamasistimu anciphisa le miphumela. Isisekelo sobuchwepheshe se-SIM/SAIPR kwakuzoba inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha enamandla exhuma amanethiwekhi endawo wamakhompyutha eminyango yesayensi:
Inethiwekhi bekufanele ifake amakhompiyutha amakhulu e-ES, uhlobo lwe-ES-1066, kanye namakhompyutha omuntu ezicucu ezingaba ngu-200. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, la makhompyutha bekufanele afake amasistimu wokusebenza ahambisana ne-UNIX i-MOS EC. Futhi uma bekungekho izinkinga ngemishini emikhulu futhi i-OS MOS EC ifakwe kuyo, khona-ke kwakukhona izinkinga ngokuyifaka kumakhompyutha afana ne-ES-1840, ngoba kwakudingeka i-hard drive, futhi ukukhululwa kwe-OS kwabambezeleka. Futhi ukulethwa kwamakhompiyutha omuntu uqobo kwakuyindaba enzima kakhulu. Babentula kakhulu. Bangatholakala kuphela ngeSinqumo seKomidi Eliyinhloko le-CPSU kanye noMkhandlu WoNgqongqoshe base-USSR, sebevumelene ngakho konke lokhu neminyango enentshisekelo, njengeKomidi Lokuhlela Lombuso lase-USSR (manje i-Federal Assembly yaseRussia). Federation itholakala esakhiweni sayo), iKomidi State of VTI (State Committee on Computer Engineering and Informatics, USSR State Committee on computer technology, eyasungulwa ngo-April 1986) kanye nabanye abaningi.
Isigameko esihlekisayo senzeka ngesikhathi kuvunyelwana ngohlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwemishini yekhompyutha kwi-VTI Group.
Beze kuwe
Safika lapho sobathathu - mina ngiphethe irenki enkulu, ngigqoke amabhuzu e-chrome, nesibhamu ebhandeni lami, nepotimende elivaliwe ezandleni zami. Cha, kwakungelona ipotimende lenuzi, laliqukethe uhlaka lweSinqumo Sesikhathi esizayo soMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe We-USSR No. 931-226 sango-August 8.08.87, XNUMX. Ngangiphelezelwa ngenjongo yokuhlonipha (lokhu kwakuwumyalo we inhloko yesikhungo, uLieutenant General Volkov L.I.) UMajor General Bordyukov M. kanye noColonel Boyarsky A.G. Lapho sikhuphukela ekamelweni likaSihlalo lokwamukela izivakashi, safikelwa yizinto ezimbili - umabhalane omuhle kakhulu no-PC Olivetty amabhokisi ayegcwele ukuhlakazeka kuyo yonke indawo yokwamukela izivakashi. Bekuyiphupho elibi ukuba okungenani namakhompyutha amaningana anjalo kulesi sikhungo.
Embuzweni wethu wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukufika kuSihlalo, unobhala waphendula ngokuthi akakafiki, kodwa kufanele afike noma yimuphi umzuzu acele ukulinda. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uSihlalo nomsizi wakhe bayavela. Embuzweni kaSihlalo obuthule, unobhala uphendule ngobuqotho: - "Kuphuma kuwe!". Athule angene ehhovisi, simlandele.
Futhi lapho ethola ukuthi sonke sasize ngani, sathola isignesha yokusigunyaza ngaphandle kweminye imibuzo. Ngaleso sikhathi, lezi kwakuyizimpahla ezinkulu - amakhompyutha amakhulu ayishumi nambili nengxenye, kuze kufike ku-ES-1066, nama-PC angaba ngu-200 ES-1841/45, cishe wonke ukukhiqizwa kwamakhompiyutha ngonyaka e-USSR. Futhi kufanele ngisho, nakuba ngokubambezeleka, sithole lawa makhompyutha:
Hamba!
Kodwa zazikhona ezinye izibonelo. Kwakudingeka ukuthola i-visa kuPhini Lomphathi Wezokuxhumana we-USSR Armed Forces.
Lesi sikhundla sasiphethwe ngaleso sikhathi uLieutenant General Kirill Nikolaevich Trofimov, umhlanganyeli we-Great Patriotic War, i-Hero of Socialist Labor. Ngesikhathi sokubonana noTrofimov K.N. Ngafika, njengenjwayelo, ngiphelezelwa ujenene “womsebenzi”. Trofimov K.N. wangimemela etafuleni futhi saxoxa isikhathi eside ngezinkinga ze-automation, sihlomisa izikhungo zeSifunda SaseMoscow ngemishini yekhompyutha. Umbuzo oyinhloko ukuthi kungani kufanele kube khona izintandokazi zakho. Kodwa ekugcineni wathi: “Nginike amaphepha akho, ngizowasayina.” Kodwa ngenkathi ngibakhipha, izwi likajenene “wemisebenzi” (ngeke ngisisho isibongo sakhe) lazwakala: “Kungani ungaqondi ukubaluleka okugcwele kwe...”. Futhi lokhu kwashiwo ku-K.N. Trofimov... ngangindikindiki. Futhi ngesizathu esihle. Jikelele Trofimov K.N. wasukuma ngokuthula, wathatha ifolda namaphepha ethu walijikijela ngasekuphumeni: “Suka lapha!” Kodwa konke kuhamba kahle lokho kugcina kahle. Ngaphinde ngafika ngambona, ngaxolisa futhi ne-visa yatholwa. Ngeshwa, lo jenene ohlonishwa kakhulu washona esemsebenzini ngo-Okthoba 19, 1987 engozini yendiza endizeni eyi-Mi-8 eHungary.
USihlalo Wokuqala Wekhomishini Yezobuchwepheshe Yombuso yaseRussia/FSTEC yaseRussia
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokudidiyelwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlinzekwa kwemishini yekhompiyutha, ukuthuthukiswa nokugunyazwa kweMibalo Yezobuchwepheshe yokuklama ukwakhiwa kwe-SIM/CAIPR kwakuqhubeka. I-Institute of Technical Cybernetics ye-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, umqondisi u-Semenkov O.I., wakhethwa njengosonkontileka oholayo. Ngendlela, ngesinye isikhathi i-Institute of Cybernetics ye-Ukraine SSR Academy of Sciences nayo yacatshangelwa. Kodwa okuthandwayo kwakusanikezwa i-ITK ye-BSSR Academy of Sciences. Futhi ekupheleni kuka-1986, imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe isilungile, okwasala kwakuwukuthola i-visa kuPhini LokuQala Lomphathi Omkhulu, uColonel-General Yu.A. Yashin, futhi ayigunyaze kuMongameli we-Academy of Isayensi ye-BSSR, i-Academician ye-USSR Academy of Sciences N. A. Borisevich. kanye noMkhuzi oMkhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, goqa imikhono yakho bese uqedela umsebenzi owabelwe. Futhi-ke phakathi no-December ngathola ukuthi uJenene Yu.A. Yashin wayefikile esikhungweni. Ngibamba ipotimende elinezicaciso zobuchwepheshe ezisalungiswa bese ngehla ngezitebhisi ezisemaceleni ngibheke endaweni yokwamukela inhloko yesikhungo. Futhi ezitebhisini ngibhekana ubuso nobuso nenhloko yesikhungo kanye noGeneral Yashin Yu.A. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngicela imvume ku-Yu.A. Yashin. thintana nenhloko yesikhungo. Wamangala, kodwa wamvumela. Ngabikela inhloko yesikhungo ukuthi sasiphelelwa isikhathi futhi sidinga ukuthola i-visa evela ku-Yu.A. Yashin. Futhi bheka, le visa yatholwa khona lapho ekundizeni kwezitebhisi.
Ngo-January 1992, u-Yashin Yu.A. uba uSihlalo oyibamba, futhi ngoJanuwari 18, 1993 waqokwa njengoSihlalo weKhomishini Yezobuchwepheshe Yombuso ehlelwe kabusha ngaphansi kukaMongameli weRussian Federation, indima kanye nesimo sayo esanda kakhulu (uSihlalo weKhomishini wayelingana noNgqongqoshe). Kusuka enhlanganweni yezempi ekhetheke kakhulu, Ikhomishini Yezobuchwepheshe Yombuso yaba yisikhungo sikahulumeni esibhekele ukuphepha kolwazi. Njengamanje, i-State Technical Commission yaseRussia isiguqulwe yaba yi-Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC yaseRussia). Futhi ngo-February 4, 2002, inceku yakho ethobekile yaklonyeliswa ngewashi lomuntu siqu likaSihlalo Wekhomishini Yezobuchwepheshe Yesifunda YaseRussia ngaphansi kukaMongameli Wenhlangano YaseRussia.
Ngaphandle kwamafasitela neminyango
Konke okwakusele kwaba isinyathelo sokugcina - ukugunyaza uMongameli we-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, i-Academician ye-Academy of Sciences yase-USSR N.A. Borisevich. Futhi ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi koNyaka Omusha ka-1987, ngokuvumelana nomqondisi we-ITK we-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR, u-Semenkov O.I. Ngiza e-Hero City Minsk. Ngihlangana no-O.I. Semenkov. futhi sicela ucacise uma siya kuMongameli we-Academy of Sciences ye-BSSR. Futhi-ke izinto ezingavamile ziqala, bathi umatasa, bese beqala ukumphatha ngemicamelo ye-caramel evela ku-ration yomqondisi, njll, futhi ntambama ngokuzumayo bamemezela ukuthi bangathanda ukususa noma ukushintsha lokhu noma lelo phuzu le imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe. Ikakhulukazi, bavele bathi ngeke bathande ukusebenzisa i-OS ehambisana ne-Unix. Ngabona ukuthi kwakudingeka ngibuyele eMoscow. Futhi ngikwenzile. Futhi lapho ngifika emsebenzini ngosuku olulandelayo, kakade sebeshaye ucingo bevela eMinsk, baxolisa futhi bangicela ukuba ngize ngisayine imigomo yereferensi. Kusihlwa ngangivele ngigibele isitimela. Esiteji, umqondisi ngokwakhe wahlangana nami eVolga futhi ngokushesha saya kuMongameli.
Sangena ehhovisi likaMengameli, sahlala etafuleni, ngathi uma ngibheka emuva emnyango esasingena ngawo, wawungekho: kwakunamashalofu anezincwadi nxazonke.
Ngibone ukuthi ngingahamba lapha kuphela nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe egunyaziwe. Sakhuluma ihora nesigamu, sixoxa ngamathemba obuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha basekhaya (noma njengoba manje sekuyimfashini ukukhuluma ngokufaka esikhundleni sokungenisa), bese kuthi ngezicaciso zobuchwepheshe esayiniwe ngaya esiteshini. Ngigubhe uNyaka Omusha ekhaya.
Abasebenzi banquma yonke into
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqeqeshe abasebenzi, fundisa laba basebenzi ukuthi basebenze ezinhlelweni ze-Unix (futhi wonke umuntu ngaphambi kwalokho wasebenza ku-EU OS), ufundise ulimi C (futhi wonke umuntu ngaphambi kwalokho wasebenzisa i-PL/1, Fortran, Pascal), i-Unix -njengesistimu yokusebenza yayidingeka ngokuphuthumayo. Futhi u-Andrew Tanenbaum wasinika yona. Futhi konke lokhu, njengasenganekwaneni, kwenzeka ngo-1987, futhi wasebenza EU-1840!
Kodwa bekufanele sengeze okuthize, siguqule okuthize kukho. Ikhono lokuqalisa kusuka ku-hard drive lanezelwa, izinhlamvu zesiCyrillic zanezelwa, kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu ngokombono womsebenzisi ojwayelekile kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kokuqapha komsebenzisi okufanayo ngamakhono ohlelweni. ku-MS-DOS, kusetshenziswa ukulandelana kokuphunyuka.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ibivele ifake abashayeli bokushintshaniswa kwedatha ngezimbobo ze-COM phakathi kwama-PC ane-Minix/MINOS.
Ngo-1991, ku-All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference e-Gomel, kwenziwa umbiko mayelana ne-"Mobile instrumental operating system MINOS":
Orlov V.N., eMoscow
Isistimu yokusebenza yezinsimbi zeselula MINOS
Uhlelo lwe-MINOS luwuhlelo lokusebenza lwezinga le-UNIX olwakhiwe ngokusekelwe kunguqulo 7. Lolu hlelo luhloselwe ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa emanyuvesi ukuqeqesha abahleli bezinhlelo ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zesofthiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Izici ezihlukile zesistimu:
- Ukusebenza ku-EC 184x PC (kuhlanganise ne-EC 1840 PC uma ingekho i-hard drive), i-PC AT-286, i-PC AT 386 nama-PC ahambisanayo;
- Uhlelo lusebenza kukho kokubili amakhodi ayisisekelo kanye nokunye;
- Ukusebenza kwesistimu ngama-floppy disks angu-360 KB, 720 KB no-1.2 MB;
- Ukucutshungulwa kokhiye bokusebenza ezingeni le-kernel yesistimu, okubenza batholakale nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisebenzayo ohlelweni;
- Uma uthanda, ukucutshungulwa kwe-kernel kokhiye bokusebenza kungakhutshazwa;
- Ikhono lokulungisa kabusha okhiye bomsebenzi;
- Ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kwe-Rendezvous ohlelweni;
- Ukusetshenziswa ohlelweni, ngaphezu komyalo womyalo wegobolondo, wokuqapha komsebenzisi okufanayo ngamakhono ohlelweni lwe-NORTON ku-MS-DOS;
- Ukutholakala komyalo owakhelwe ngaphakathi ohlelweni.
Uhlelo lusebenzisa imiyalo engaphezu kuka-70, okuhlanganisa abahleli bombhalo kanye ne-hexadecimal, imiyalo yokusebenza ngohlelo lwefayela le-MS-DOS, i-archiver ye-tar ekuvumela ukuthi ushintshisane ngamafayela nezinye izinhlelo zohlobo lwe-UNIX, ifomethi yombhalo, njll.
Isistimu inezihlanganisi ze-C, i-Assembler, kanye nephakheji ye-TWINDOW.
Umnyombo wesistimu ngu-90 KB, ivolumu ephelele yesistimu cishe izitatimende ze-20000 ngezilimi ze-C ne-Assembly.
Uhlelo luhlinzekwa ngama-floppy disks angu-5 angu-360 KB, noma kuma-floppy disk angu-2 angu-360 KB no-2 ama-floppy disks angu-729 KB, noma kuma-floppy disks angu-2 angu-360 KB kanye ne-floppy disk engu-1 MB.
Amakhodi omthombo wesistimu anikezwa ngokuhlukana. Umthamo wabo ungama-floppy disks angu-10 angu-360 KB lilinye.
Ngo-August 25, 1991, ngemva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu eqale umsebenzi wakhe, uLinus Torvalds oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala (ngaleso sikhathi owayesafunda) wakhuluma ngokwakha i-prototype ye-OS entsha ngokuphelele ebizwa ngokuthi i-Linux, kwathi ngo-September 17, 1991, eyokuqala. ukukhishwa komphakathi kwe-Linux kernel kwenzeka.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1991 saba ne-Minix OS, i-Linux OS ne-MINOS OS. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ababili bokugcina ngendlela eyodwa noma enye bathembele kokuhlangenwe nakho kweMinix.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Andrew Tanenbaum kusukela ekuqaleni wenqaba iziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa i-Minix noma ukwamukela ama-patches avela kubafundi bencwadi yakhe. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungani iLinux kaTorvalds ihole. I-Linux yathatha indima yephrojekthi lapho abafundi be-Andrew Tanenbaum bezobona isifiso sabo sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi yazuza ngokungapheli kuyo.
Kuthiwani nge-OS MINOS? U-1991 unyaka wokugcina weSoviet Union. Izwe liyawa, umnotho uyawa. Asikho isikhathi samasistimu wokusebenza lapha.
Igolide libusa umhlaba
Kuthiwani ngomshini wokulingisa, uhlelo lokuklama olusizwa yi-computer, kanye nenethiwekhi yayo yamakhompyutha?
Konke kwaphetha ngokudabukisayo. Kwatheleka izikhukhula zamakhompyutha ezweni. Ukuze uwathole, wawudinga imali nemali kuphela. Kwanqunywa ukunikezela ngazo zonke izinto zekhompuyutha zochungechunge lwe-EU ukuze zigaywe kabusha ukuze kutholakale igolide, futhi kusetshenziswe imali etholwayo ukuze kuphinde kusetshenziswe izinto zokusebenza. Zonke izimvume zatholwa, indawo yokupaka umshini yahlakazwa yanikezwa, kodwa amakhompyutha amasha awazange afike. Ukube yonke into ibihamba ngendlela ehlukile, ngubani owaziyo ukuthi ikuphi i-MINOS manje!
Kodwa abantu abadale i-SIM/CAIPR bathole ulwazi oluningi kakhulu nolwazi. Bobabili babasize basinda kuma-90s anzima.
Futhi iLinux kaTorvalds ithuthuka ngempumelelo, inqoba izindawo eziningi ezintsha. Manje amafoloko/ama-clone asekhaya eLinux “asuka eMoscow aye emaphethelweni.” I-Minix ka-Andrew Tanenbaum nayo ithuthuka ngempumelelo, nezincwadi zakhe .
U-Andrew Tanenbaum ubalwa phakathi kwezikhanyisi ze-IT ezinjengoDenis Ricci, uBrian Carnigan, uKen Thompson onesistimu yokusebenza ye-Unix, uKen Thompson ofanayo noDennis Ritchie abanolimi C, Elgar Codd onemodeli yedatha ehlobene, uLinus Torvalds ngesistimu yokusebenza yeLinux.
Futhi ubani owaziyo ukuthi yiziphi ezinye i-Torvalds ezokhula efunda izincwadi zika-Andrew Tanenbaum kanye nebhukwana lakhe lokuqeqesha likaMinix!!!
Source: www.habr.com