Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-"Cloud native" noma "ifu" nje zenzelwe ukusebenza kungqalasizinda yamafu. Ivamise ukwakhiwa njengesethi yama-microservices ahlanganiswe ngokukhululekile apakishwe ezitsheni, wona aphethwe inkundla yamafu. Izicelo ezinjalo zilungiselelwa ukwehluleka ngokuzenzakalela, okusho ukuthi zisebenza ngokwethembeka futhi zilinganisela ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezinga lengqalasizinda. Olunye uhlangothi lohlamvu lwemali amasethi emikhawulo (izinkontileka) inkundla yefu ebeka phezu kwezicelo zeziqukathi ukuze ikwazi ukuzilawula ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Nakuba zazi ngokugcwele isidingo nokubaluleka kokudlulela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe efwini, izinhlangano eziningi namanje azazi ukuthi ziqale kuphi. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, sizobheka izimiso ezimbalwa okuthi, uma zilandelwa lapho kwakhiwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe iziqukathi, zizokuvumela ukuthi ubone amandla ezinkundla zamafu futhi uzuze ukusebenza okuthembekile kanye nokukala kwezinhlelo zokusebenza noma kwenzeka ukwehluleka okukhulu engqalasizinda ye-IT. izinga. Umgomo oyinhloko wezimiso ezichazwe lapha ukufunda indlela yokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo izinkundla zamafu njenge-Kubernetes.
Izimiso Zokuklama Isofthiwe
Emhlabeni wokuhlela, izimiso zibhekisela emithethweni evamile okufanele ilandelwe lapho kwakhiwa isofthiwe. Angasetshenziswa uma usebenza nanoma yiluphi ulimi lokuhlela. Umgomo ngamunye unemigomo yawo, amathuluzi okufeza okuvamise ukuba izifanekiso nezinqubo. Kukhona nenani lezimiso eziyisisekelo zokudala isofthiwe yekhwalithi ephezulu, lapho wonke amanye egeleza khona. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zezimiso ezibalulekile:
- (Kugcine kulula, uyisiphukuphuku) - ungakwenzi inkimbinkimbi;
- (Ungaziphindi) - ungaziphindi;
- (Awuyikudinga) - ungadali into engadingeki ngokushesha;
- Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhathazeka - ukwabelana ngezibopho.
Njengoba ubona, lezi zimiso azibeki noma yimiphi imithetho ethile, kodwa ziyingxenye yalokho okuthiwa ukucatshangelwa komqondo ojwayelekile okusekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo, okwabelwa abathuthukisi abaningi futhi ababhekisela kukho njalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona – Isethi yezimiso ezinhlanu zokuqala zokuhlela nokuklama okugxile entweni, eyakhiwe nguRobert Martin. I-SOLID ihlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi, ezivulekile, ezihambisanayo—uma zisetshenziswa ndawonye—ezisiza ukudala amasistimu esofthiwe angcono futhi azigcine kangcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Imigomo ye-SOLID ingeyomkhakha we-OOP futhi yakhiwe ngolimi lwemiqondo nemibono efana nezigaba, izixhumanisi kanye nefa. Ngokufanisa, izimiso zokuthuthukiswa zingabuye zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zefu, kuphela into eyisisekelo lapha ngeke ibe yiklasi, kodwa isitsha. Ngokulandela lezi zimiso, ungakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe esitsheni ezihlangabezana kangcono nezinhloso nezinjongo zamapulatifomu amafu afana ne-Kubernetes.
Iziqukathi zomdabu zamafu: indlela yesigqoko esibomvu
Namuhla, cishe noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lungapakishwa kalula ezitsheni. Kodwa ukuze izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi zihlelwe ngaphakathi kwenkundla yamafu njenge-Kubernetes, umzamo owengeziwe uyadingeka.
Isisekelo semibono echazwe ngezansi kwakuyindlela yokusebenza kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, kusukela ekuphathweni kwekhodi yomthombo kuye kumamodeli wokukala. Izimiso ezichazwe zisebenza kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe esitsheni ezakhelwe phezu kwama-microservices futhi ezidizayinelwe izinkundla zamafu njenge-Kubernetes. Isici esiyisisekelo engxoxweni yethu yisithombe sesiqukathi, futhi isikhathi sokusebenza sesiqukathi esiqondiwe yinkundla ye-orchestration yesiqukathi. Umgomo wezimiso ezihlongozwayo uwukwakha iziqukathi lapho imisebenzi yokushejula, ukukala, nokuqapha ingenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kumapulatifomu amaningi e-orchestration. Izimiso zethulwe ngokungahleleki okuthile.
I-Single Concern Principle (SCP)
Lesi simiso ngezindlela eziningi sifana Nomgomo Wesibopho Esiwodwa. ), okuyingxenye yesethi ye-SOLID futhi esho ukuthi yonke into kufanele ibe nesibopho esisodwa, futhi lowo mthwalo wemfanelo kufanele uhlanganiswe ngokuphelele ekilasini. Iphuzu le-SRP liwukuthi yonke imithwalo yemfanelo iyisizathu soshintsho, futhi ikilasi kufanele libe nesizathu esisodwa kuphela soshintsho.
Ku-SCP, sisebenzisa igama elithi “ukukhathazeka” esikhundleni segama elithi “isibopho” ukuze sibonise izinga eliphezulu lokukhipha kanye nenjongo ebanzi yesiqukathi esiqhathaniswa nesigaba se-OOP. Futhi uma inhloso ye-SRP iwukuba nesizathu esisodwa kuphela soshintsho, khona-ke ngemuva kwe-SCP kunesifiso sokwandisa amandla okusebenzisa kabusha nokushintsha iziqukathi. Ngokulandela i-SRP nokudala isiqukathi esixazulula inkinga eyodwa futhi sikwenze ngendlela esebenza ngokugcwele, ukhulisa amathuba okusebenzisa kabusha leso sithombe sesiqukathi ezimongweni zohlelo lokusebenza ezihlukene.
Umgomo we-SCP uthi isiqukathi ngasinye kufanele sixazulule inkinga eyodwa futhi siyenze kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SCP emhlabeni weziqukathi kulula ukuyifinyelela kune-SRP emhlabeni we-OOP, njengoba iziqukathi zivame ukusebenzisa inqubo eyodwa, futhi isikhathi esiningi le nqubo ixazulula umsebenzi owodwa.
Uma enye i-microservice yesiqukathi kufanele ixazulule izinkinga ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, lapho-ke ingahlukaniswa ibe iziqukathi zomsebenzi owodwa futhi ihlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwe-pod eyodwa (iyunithi yokuthunyelwa kweplathifomu yesiqukathi) kusetshenziswa i-sidecar kanye nezifanekiso zesiqukathi se-init. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SCP ikwenza kube lula ukufaka esikhundleni sesitsha esidala (njengeseva yewebhu noma umthengisi womlayezo) ngesisha esixazulula inkinga efanayo kodwa esikhulise ukusebenza noma isikali kangcono.
Isimiso Sokubona Okuphezulu (HOP)
Lapho iziqukathi zisetshenziswa njengendlela ebumbene yokupakisha nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwazo ziphathwa njengebhokisi elimnyama. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi kuyiziqukathi zamafu, kufanele zinikeze ama-API akhethekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza ukuze kuqashwe impilo yeziqukathi futhi, uma kunesidingo, kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngeke kwenzeke ukuhlanganisa i-automation yokubuyekeza iziqukathi kanye nokuphatha umjikelezo wabo wempilo, okuyokwenza kube kubi kakhulu ukuzinza nokusebenziseka kohlelo lwesoftware.
Empeleni, isicelo esifakwe esitsheni kufanele, okungenani sibe ne-API yezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlolwa kwezempilo: ukuhlolwa kokuphila kanye nezivivinyo zokulungela. Uma isicelo sithi senza okwengeziwe, kufanele sihlinzeke ngezinye izindlela zokuqapha isimo saso. Isibonelo, ukungena kwemicimbi ebalulekile nge-STDERR kanye ne-STDOUT yokuhlanganiswa kwelogi kusetshenziswa i-Fluentd, i-Logstash namanye amathuluzi afanayo. Kanye nokuhlanganiswa nemitapo yolwazi yokulandela umkhondo namamethrikhi, njenge-OpenTracing, i-Prometheus, njll.
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lokusebenza lusengaphathwa njengebhokisi elimnyama, kodwa kufanele linikezwe wonke ama-API adingwa yinkundla ukuze kuqashwe futhi kuphathwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu.
I-Life-cycle Conformance Principle (LCP)
I-LCP iphikisana ne-HOP. Ngenkathi i-HOP ithi isiqukathi kufanele siveze ama-API afundiwe endaweni yesikhulumi, i-LCP idinga ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lukwazi ukwamukela ulwazi oluvela endaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitsha akumele sithole imicimbi kuphela, kodwa futhi sivumelane, ngamanye amazwi, siphendule kuzo. Ngakho-ke igama lomgomo, elingabhekwa njengemfuneko yokuhlinzeka isiteji ngama-API okubhala.
Amapulatifomu anezinhlobo ezahlukene zemicimbi ukusiza ukuphatha umjikelezo wempilo wesiqukathi. Kodwa kusesicelweni ngokwaso ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi kubo ozokubona nokuthi asabele kanjani.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ezinye izenzakalo zibaluleke kakhulu kunezinye. Isibonelo, uma uhlelo lokusebenza lungakubekezeleli kahle ukuphahlazeka, kufanele lwamukele isignali: vala (SIGTERM) imilayezo futhi luqalise umjikelezo walo wokunqanyulwa ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze lubambe isignali: bulala (SIGKILL) eza ngemva kwe-SIGTERM.
Ukwengeza, imicimbi efana ne-PostStart ne-PreStop ingabaluleka kumjikelezo wokuphila wohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, ngemva kokwethula uhlelo lokusebenza, lungase ludinge isikhathi esithile sokufudumala ngaphambi kokuthi luphendule izicelo. Noma uhlelo lokusebenza kufanele lukhulule izinsiza ngendlela ethile ekhethekile lapho luvala.
Isimiso Sokungaguquki Kwesithombe (IIP)
Kuyavunywa ukuthi izicelo ezifakwe emabhokisini kufanele zihlale zingashintshile ngemva kokwakhiwa, ngisho noma ziqhutshwa ezindaweni ezihlukene. Lokhu kwenza isidingo sokukhipha ukugcinwa kwedatha ngaphandle ngesikhathi sokusebenza (ngamanye amazwi, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi angaphandle kulokhu) nokuncika ekucushweni kwangaphandle, okuqondene nesikhathi sokusebenza, kunokulungisa noma ukudala iziqukathi ezihlukile zendawo ngayinye. Ngemuva kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko kuhlelo lokusebenza, isithombe sesitsha kufanele sakhiwe kabusha futhi sitshalwe kuzo zonke izindawo ezisetshenzisiwe. Ngendlela, lapho ulawula izinhlelo ze-IT, isimiso esifanayo sisetshenziswa, esaziwa ngokuthi isimiso sokungaguquki kwamaseva nengqalasizinda.
Umgomo we-IIP ukuvimbela ukudalwa kwezithombe zeziqukathi ezihlukene zezindawo ezihlukene zesikhathi sokusebenza nokusebenzisa isithombe esifanayo yonke indawo kanye nokucushwa okufanele okuqondene nendawo ethile. Ukulandela lesi simiso kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise lezi zinqubo ezibalulekile kusukela ekubukeni kwe-automation yezinhlelo zamafu njengokuhlehlisa emuva nokudlulisela phambili izibuyekezo zohlelo lokusebenza.
Inqubo Yokulahla Inqubo (PDP)
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiqukathi ukufana kwaso: isibonelo sesiqukathi kulula ukusidala futhi kulula ukusibhubhisa, ngakho-ke singashintshwa kalula sibe esinye noma nini. Kungase kube nezizathu eziningi zokushintshwa okunjalo: ukuhluleka kokuhlolwa kokusevisa, ukukala kohlelo lokusebenza, ukudluliswa komunye umsingathi, ukuphela kwezinsiza zenkundla, noma ezinye izimo.
Ngenxa yalokho, izicelo ezifakwe emabhokisini kufanele zigcine isimo sazo zisebenzisa izindlela zangaphandle, noma zisebenzise izikimu ezisabalalisiwe zangaphakathi ngokungadingeki kulokhu. Ukwengeza, uhlelo lokusebenza kufanele luqale ngokushesha futhi luvale ngokushesha, futhi lulungele ukwehluleka okubulalayo okungazelelwe.
Umkhuba owodwa osiza ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ukugcina iziqukathi zincane. Izindawo zamafu zingakhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo umsingathi azovula isenzakalo sesiqukathi, ngakho-ke uma isiqukathi sisincane, sizoqala ngokushesha - sizomane sikopishele kumsingathi okuqondiwe kunethiwekhi ngokushesha.
Isimiso Sokuzibamba (S-CP)
Ngokwalesi simiso, esiteji somhlangano, zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zifakwe esitsheni. Isiqukathi kufanele sakhelwe kucatshangwa ukuthi isistimu ine-Linux kernel ehlanzekile kuphela, ngakho wonke amalabhulali adingekayo kufanele abekwe esitsheni ngokwaso. Kufanele futhi iqukathe izinto ezifana nesikhathi sokusebenza solimi lohlelo oluhambisanayo, inkundla yohlelo lokusebenza (uma kudingekile), nokunye ukuncika okuzodingeka ngenkathi uhlelo lokusebenza lwesiqukathi lusebenza.
Okuhlukile kwenzelwa ukucupha okuhluka ngokwendawo nendawo futhi kufanele kuhlinzekwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza, isibonelo nge-Kubernetes ConfigMap.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lungabandakanya izingxenye ezimbalwa ezifakwe esitsheni, isibonelo, isiqukathi se-DBMS esihlukile ngaphakathi kwesicelo sewebhu esineziqukathi. Ngokomgomo we-S-CP, lezi ziqukathi akufanele zihlanganiswe zibe munye, kodwa kufanele zenziwe ukuze isitsha se-DBMS siqukethe konke okudingekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-database, futhi isitsha sesicelo sewebhu siqukethe konke okudingekayo ekusebenzeni kwewebhu. uhlelo lokusebenza, iseva yewebhu efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokusebenza isiqukathi sohlelo lwewebhu sizoncika esitsheni se-DBMS futhi sifinyelele kuso njengoba kudingeka.
I-Runtime Confinement Principle (RCP)
Umgomo we-S-CP uchaza ukuthi isiqukathi kufanele sakhiwe kanjani nokuthi i-binary yesithombe kufanele iqukathe ini. Kodwa isiqukathi akulona nje “ibhokisi elimnyama” elinesici esisodwa kuphela - usayizi wefayela. Ngesikhathi sokubulawa, isiqukathi sithatha obunye ubukhulu: inani lememori esetshenzisiwe, isikhathi se-CPU, nezinye izinsiza zesistimu.
Futhi lapha isimiso se-RCP sifika kahle, ngokusho ukuthi isitsha kufanele sinciphise izidingo zaso zezinsiza zesistimu futhi sizidlulisele endaweni yesikhulumi. Ngamaphrofayili ensiza yesiqukathi ngasinye (ingakanani i-CPU, inkumbulo, inethiwekhi, nezinsiza zediski eyidingayo), inkundla ingakwazi ukwenza ukuhlela nokusika okuzenzakalelayo, ilawule umthamo we-IT, futhi igcine amazinga e-SLA eziqukathi.
Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zensiza yesitsha, kubalulekile futhi ukuthi isicelo singadluli imingcele yaso. Uma kungenjalo, uma kuvela ukushoda kwensiza, inkundla kungenzeka kakhulu ikufake ohlwini lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukunqanyulwa noma ukuthuthwa.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuba ngamafu kuqala, sikhuluma ngendlela esisebenza ngayo.
Ngenhla, senze inani lezimiso ezijwayelekile ezibeka isisekelo se-methodological sokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zeziqukathi zekhwalithi ephezulu zezindawo zamafu.
Qaphela ukuthi ngaphezu kwalezi zimiso ezijwayelekile, uzodinga futhi izindlela ezithuthukile namasu okusebenza ngeziqukathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sinezincomo ezimbalwa ezimfushane ezicace kakhulu futhi okufanele zisetshenziswe (noma zingasetshenziswa) kuye ngesimo:
- Zama ukunciphisa usayizi wezithombe: susa amafayela esikhashana futhi ungafaki amaphakheji angadingekile - uma usayizi wesiqukathi esincane, uhlanganiswa ngokushesha futhi ukopishwe kumsingathi oqondiwe phezu kwenethiwekhi.
- Gxila kuma-ID Womsebenzisi angenasizathu: ungasebenzisi umyalo we-sudo noma yimuphi umsebenzisiid okhethekile ukwethula iziqukathi zakho.
- Maka izimbobo ezibalulekile: Ungasetha izinombolo zembobo ngesikhathi sokusebenza, kodwa kungcono ukuzicacisa usebenzisa umyalo we-EXPOSE - kuzokwenza kube lula kwabanye abantu nezinhlelo ukusebenzisa izithombe zakho.
- Gcina idatha eqhubekayo kumavolumu: Idatha okufanele ihlale ngemva kokuba isiqukathi sicekeleke phansi kufanele sibhalelwe amavolumu.
- Bhala imethadatha yesithombe: amathegi, amalebula nezichasiselo kwenza izithombe zisebenziseke kalula - abanye onjiniyela bazokubonga.
- Vumelanisa umsingathi nemifanekiso: Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe esitsheni zidinga ukuthi isiqukathi sivunyelaniswe nomsingathi ezicini ezithile, njengesikhathi noma i-ID yomshini.
- Sengiphetha, sabelana ngezifanekiso nezinqubo ezihamba phambili ezizokusiza ukuthi usebenzise ngokuyimpumelelo imigomo ebalwe ngenhla:
Juni 11 ngo-11.00
Uzokufunda:
- I-Immutable Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS
- I-OpenShift service mesh
- Uhlaka lwe-opharetha
- Uhlaka lwe-Knative
Source: www.habr.com