Imboni ye-semiconductor isencane kakhulu, inezinkampani eziningi ezinkulu kuphela amashumi eminyaka ambalwa ubudala. Kodwa kukhona nomakadebona abagubha iminyaka yabo yekhulunyaka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Intel (okuyinto Iminyaka engu-50 kusukela yasungulwa ngonyaka odlule) kanye nembangi yayo yesikhathi eside i-AMD. Sikumema ukuthi ukhumbule izenzakalo ezibalulekile emlandweni onothile wenkampani, eyasungulwa ngoMeyi 1, 1969 enendlunkulu eSunnyvale (California) enenhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yama-$ 50 ayizinkulungwane kuphela.
Isikhulu sokuqala se-AMD, ngoSepthemba 1969, wayengomunye wabasunguli bayo, uJerry Sanders, owahola le nkampani iminyaka engama-33 ngaphambi kokusula ngo-Ephreli 2002. Inkampani iyaziqhenya ngokuthi omunye wemisho yakhe edume kakhulu ibithi “Into esemqoka ngabantu, futhi imikhiqizo nemali engenayo izolandela,” i-AMD elwela ukuyilandela namuhla.
Impumelelo enkulu yenkampani kwaba ukukhululwa ngoSepthemba 1970 kwekhawunta yokuqala ye-binary/hexadecimal logic embonini, i-Am2501 (i-AMD's design design), ebonakale yaba yimpumelelo enkulu emakethe futhi yaba ingqophamlando embonini yonkana. . Kwadlula eminye iminyaka emibili, kwathi ngoSepthemba 1972 inkampani yaphumela obala: kwakhishwa amasheya ayizinkulungwane ezingu-500 ngenani lika-$15,5 lilinye: amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-7,2 aqoqwa njengengxenye yokuqala yomnikelo womphakathi wezibambiso emakethe yamasheya.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuba khona kwayo, i-AMD, ngaphezu kwama-chips ayo, nayo yakhiqiza amaphrosesa ngaphansi kwelayisensi. Isibonelo, ngo-1975, inkampani yasayina isivumelwano selayisense ne-Intel futhi yaqala ukukhulula iphrosesa yayo yokuqala ye-PC (am9080, efana ne-Intel 8080), eyakhiwe yi-AMD esekelwe kubunjiniyela obuhlanekezayo, obuhambisana neyokuqala emiyalweni. isethi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo i-40 % iphumelele.
Ingqophamlando enkulu kule nkampani kwaba ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano ne-IBM ngo-1982, lapho i-AMD yaba umphakeli wesibili wama-microprocessors we-IBM PC enokwakheka kwe-iAPX86. NgoFebhuwari 1986, i-AMD yethula i-EPROM yokuqala ye-megabit yokuqala emhlabeni (65K × 16-bit) yenkumbulo efundeka kuphela, ekhiqizwe kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-CMOS eyingqayizivele ye-AMD. Umkhiqizo uvumele abakhiqizi ukuthi benze i-prototype ngokushesha futhi baguqule izixazululo zabo ezimakethe ezahlukahlukene.
NgoMashi 1991, i-AMD yethula umndeni wakwa-Am386 wamaphrosesa, ahambisana nama-32-bit 80386 processors - ayedumile njengama-analogue athengekayo kuzixazululo ze-Intel. Ngo-April 1993, i-Am486 yangena emakethe, eyadlula i-analogue ye-Intel ekusebenzeni ngama-20% futhi yaba nezindleko ezifanayo. Konke lokhu, empeleni, bekungama-clones ezixazululo ze-Intel.
NgoMashi 1996 kwaqalwa ukuqalwa kwamaphrosesa adumile angama-350 nm AMD-K5, iprosesa yokuqala eyakhiwe ngokuzimela ye-x86 ukuze ihambisane nephedi lesimbangi kodwa ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-RISC. Iziqondiso ezivamile zabhalwa kabusha zaba yi-microinstructions, eyasiza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza. Kepha i-AMD ayikwazanga ukudlula i-Intel ngokuvama ngalesi sikhathi.
Ukukhishwa kwama-chips e-AMD-K6 ngo-Ephreli 1997 kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko ze-PC okokuqala ngqa ngaphansi kophawu lwezengqondo luka-$1000. Lawa ma-chips angu-250 nm asekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-NextGen kanye nobunye ubuciko be-Nx686 obusekelwe ku-RISC. I-AMD ithembele esilinganisweni sokusebenza kwamanani, njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukushaya iPentium II. Isakhiwo se-K6 sathuthukiswa izikhathi eziningana (amasethi emiyalo ambalwa angeziwe ku-K6 II ngaphansi kwegama elithi 3DNow! ubuchwepheshe, kanye nenqolobane ye-L6 yengezwe ku-K2 III).
Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yangempela ye-AMD yaphinde yafika ngoJuni 1999 lapho kwethulwa amaphrosesa esizukulwane sesikhombisa, i-Athlon edumile, eyavumela inkampani ukuthi ihlwithe intende yesandla ngokusebenza kwe-Intel. Laba futhi bekungamaphrosesa okuqala ukusebenzisa ithusi esikhundleni se-aluminium.
Ngo-March 2000, i-Athlon 1000 yakhululwa, okokuqala embonini yafinyelela uphawu lwejubane lewashi le-1 GHz. Futhi kakade ngo-June 2001, inkathi yesimanje multi-core processors waqala ngokukhululwa MP Athlon. Ngendlela, i-Athlon MP yaba yisixazululo sokuqala se-AMD esakhiwe ngeso kuseva kanye nemakethe yendawo yokusebenza.
Ngomhla zingama-25 kuMbasa, 2002, u-CEO omusha, u-Hector Ruiz, owayesebenze enkampanini njengo-COO noMongameli kusukela ngoJanuwari 2000 futhi ngaphambili ephethe umkhakha wemikhiqizo ye-semiconductor yakwa-Motorola, wathatha izibopho zokuphatha ze-AMD. Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2003, yangena esivumelwaneni samasu ne-IBM sokuthuthukisa ngokuhlanganyela ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kusetshenziswa izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe nezinto zokwakha, okuhlanganisa ama-SOI (i-silicon on insulator) transistors, i-copper interconnects kanye ne-insulators ephansi ye-dielectric ethuthukisiwe.
Ngo-April 2003, kwavela iphrosesa yokuqala ye-x86 emhlabeni ene-architecture engamabhithi angu-64, osekuyisikhathi eside yaba yinjwayelo, yavela. Bekuyi-Opteron esekwe ku-AMD64. Kakade ngoSepthemba, abasebenzisi be-PC baphinde bathola ama-chips angu-64-bit ngendlela ye-Athlon 64 FX, okwabe sekubhekwa njengamaphrosesa abathengi abathuthuke kakhulu nabanamandla emakethe.
Ingqophamlando elandelayo ngokuqinisekile kwaba ukutholwa ngo-Okthoba 2006 kwezigidigidi ezi-5,4 zamaRandi we-ATI Technologies, omunye wabakhiqizi bamakhadi bevidiyo abahamba phambili ngaleso sikhathi. Yileli qembu, elishintsha kancane kancane ukwakheka kwalo, elinesibopho sawo wonke ama-GPU alandelayo akhiqizwa ngaphansi kohlobo lweRadeon. Amakhadi evidiyo aba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yebhizinisi lenkampani futhi lo mkhakha wemakethe omusha wawusiza ukuba iphile ezikhathini ezinzima.
NgoSepthemba 2007, kwethulwa iphrosesa yokuqala yomhlaba eyi-4-core single-chip, imelwe yi-AMD Opteron. Iphinde yathola ubuchwepheshe be-Rapid Virtualization Indexing ngemisebenzi ye-virtualization. NgoJuni 2008, i-AMD yethula i-FireSteam 9250 njenge-GPU yokuqala ukwedlula umaki wokusebenza wekhompiyutha owu-1 we-teraflops. Bekuyisixazululo esikhethekile sokubala inhloso ejwayelekile kakhulu.
Ngemva kwenyanga, ngoJulayi 2008, i-AMD yaphinde yashintsha i-CEO nomongameli wayo - u-Dirk Meyer, owayesebenze enkampanini kusukela ngo-1995 futhi waba nesandla kuphrosesa yasekuqaleni yase-Athlon. Ngeshwa inkampani, yayingaphansi kwakhe ukuthi, ukuze kwandiswe izindleko, izindawo eziningi ezithembisayo zavalwa, kuhlanganise nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-mobile single-chip ezisekelwe ku-ARM - ngoJanuwari 2009, i-Qualcomm yathola i-Imageon IP (ihluzo zeselula ze-ATI) futhi iyaqhubeka nokuyithuthukisa ngenkuthalo kuma-Adreno GPUs (leli gama liyi-anagram ye-Radeon).
NgoMashi 2009, inkampani yanquma ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwama-chip, ehlukanisa ukukhiqizwa kube ibhizinisi elisha elihlanganyelwe ne-Arab ATIC, GlobalFoundries. Lesi sakamuva sibe khona ngempumelelo impela, kodwa esikhathini esingengakanani edlule abanikazi bayo balahle ukuncintisana ne-TSMC, i-Samsung kanye nabanye abakhiqizi abahamba phambili be-semiconductor yenkontileka futhi banciphisa umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezithuthukisiwe ze-7-nm.
Amakhadi evidiyo anamaza angaphezulu kwe-1 GHz akumangazi namuhla, kodwa umkhiqizo wokuqala onjalo kwakuyi-ATI Radeon HD 2009 ngoMeyi 4890, eyakhiqizwa ngezinguqulo nge-overclocking yefekthri ye-GPU kuya ku-1 GHz nokupholisa komoya. Futhi ngoSepthemba 2009, ubuchwepheshe be-ATI Eyefinity bethulwa, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuxhuma izibonisi eziyisithupha ezinesinqumo esiphezulu ekhadini elilodwa levidiyo.
Ukuthathwa kwe-ATI ikakhulukazi bekumayelana nokuhlanganisa ngempumelelo ama-GPU nama-CPU abe umkhiqizo owodwa, kwathi ngoJuni 2010, i-AMD yabonisa iphrosesa yayo yokuqala esheshisiwe eComputex 2010. Futhi ngoJanuwari 2011, i-single-chip APU yakhululwa emakethe.
Ngo-Agasti 2011, isikhundla senhloko yenkampani sadluliselwa ku-Rory Read, owasuka endaweni efanayo esuka kuLenovo Group. NgoJuni 2012, ngezinjongo zokuphepha (ikakhulukazi izinkokhelo ezihlukene ze-inthanethi), okubalulekile okusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-ARM TrustZone yethulwa kumaphrosesa e-AMD. Nokho, Reed akazange ahlale isikhathi eside esikhundleni sakhe - kakade ngo-October 2014, inkampani iholwa umholi walo wamanje Lisa Su.
Ngo-2012, i-AMD yethula i-architecture entsha yezithombe, i-Graphics Core Next (GCN). Ikhadi levidiyo lokuqala kwakuyi-Radeon HD 7770. I-GCN yethula ukwesekwa kwe-x86 ekhuluma ngesikhala esihlanganisiwe sekheli le-CPU ne-GPU, imiyalelo ye-RISC SIMD yaqala ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni se-VLIW MIMD ye-GPGPU, futhi kwenziwa ezinye izinguquko. Kuze kube manje, lesi sakhiwo, sishintsha njalo, siyisisekelo sokusheshisa ihluzo zenkampani.
Kwakuyi-GCN eyakha isisekelo sesimanjemanje se-Xbox One kanye ne-PlayStation 2013 consoles ekhishwe ngo-2014-4 - zombili lezi zinhlelo zazisekelwe kumasistimu afanayo (ama-nuances ahlukene) ama-single-chip e-AMD ane-8 Jaguar CPU cores kanye nenombolo ehlukile ye-GPU computing. amayunithi. Kukholakala ukuthi ukwakheka okusha kwe-GPU okuvela ku-AMD kuzoba yi-Navi, eyenzelwe i-PS5 ne-Xbox Next.
NgoNovemba 2014, i-AMD yethula indinganiso evulekile yokuvumelanisa ukunikezwa kohlaka ngefrikhwensi yesikrini - iFreeSync, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-VESA Adaptive Sync futhi, ngemuva kokusekelwa kwakamuva okuvela kwa-NVIDIA njengengxenye yokuhambisana kwe-G-Sync, empeleni, isiyimboni. ejwayelekile. Ubuchwepheshe bukuvumela ngokufanelekile ukuthi ukhiphe ukuklebhuka kohlaka, kuyilapho uzuza ukunensa kokuphendula kanye nendawo yokudlala ebushelelezi.
NgoJuni 2015, inkampani yakhipha ikhadi lokuqala levidiyo elihlanganisa inkumbulo ye-HBM enesivinini esikhulu kanye ne-GPU ephaketheni elilodwa - i-flagship ye-AMD Radeon R9 Fury X ithole umkhawulokudonsa omkhulu kakhulu futhi iphindeke kathathu ukusebenza ngewathi ngayinye yenkumbulo ye-GDDR yesizukulwane esedlule.
I-AMD ibilokhu ilandela i-Intel ngokungenathemba mayelana nokusebenza kwe-CPU kusukela ezinsukwini ze-K10 ne-Bulldozer, kodwa ngoJuni 2016 ukukhanya kwaqala ukukhanya: inkampani yabonisa okokuqala iphrosesa esekelwe ekwakhiweni okusha kwe-x86 Zen ye-AM4 pad. . Kwakuyi-8-core, 16-thread chip okwathi ngoDisemba 2016, yaba isizukulwane sokuqala sama-Ryzen CPU anamandla, okuphoqa i-Intel ukuthi inyakaze futhi iqale ukukhulisa inani lama-cores. Akumangalisi, uma kunikezwe ukukhishwa kwama-AMD Threadripper processors kwabashisekayo. Ehlobo lika-2017, izakhiwo ze-Zen zangena emakethe yeseva ngenxa yomndeni we-EPYC.
NgoNovemba odlule, inkampani yethula i-GPU yokuqala engu-7nm emhlabeni yesikhungo sedatha ngendlela ye-Radeon Instinct MI60 ne-MI40 yokufunda ngomshini nemisebenzi yekhompyutha ehambisana kakhulu. Kakade kulo nyaka, i-7nm Radeon VII yokuqala ikhishwe, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kwethulwe ama-processor athuthukisiwe e-7nm Ryzen 3000 asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Zen 2 namakhadi wevidiyo angu-7nm asekelwe ku-Navi GPUs kulindeleke maduze. Ngokuvamile, i-AMD iyanda, futhi inkampani enomlando wekhulunyaka isenezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezigciniwe, njengeplatifomu ye-Google Stadia.
Source: 3dnews.ru