Ijenali: Ukushaqeka Nokudlidliza 16 (2009) 45–59
Ababhali: Robin Alastair Amy, Guglielmo S. Aglietti (I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]), kanye noGuy Richardson
Amanxusa ababhali: I-Astronautical Research Group, University of Southampton, School of Engineering Sciences, Southampton, UK
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Guildford, Surrey, UK
Copyright 2009 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Lesi isiqephu sendatshana sokufinyelela esivulekile esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwe-Creative Commons Attribution License, evumela ukusetshenziswa okungakhawulelwe, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi indlela, inqobo nje uma umsebenzi wangempela ucashunwe kahle.
Isichasiselo. Ngokuzayo, kulindeleke ukuthi zonke izinto zesimanje zika-elekthronikhi zibe nokusebenza okwandayo kuyilapho kugcinwa amandla okumelana nokushaqeka nokudlidliza. Inqubo yokubikezela ukwethembeka inzima ngenxa yempendulo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezici zokuhluleka kwemishini kagesi, ngakho-ke izindlela ezikhona njengamanje ziwukuyekethisa phakathi kokunemba kwezibalo kanye nezindleko.
Ukubikezela okunokwethenjelwa nokushesha kokuthembeka kwemishini kagesi uma isebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo eguquguqukayo kubaluleke kakhulu embonini. Lesi sihloko sibonisa izinkinga ekubikezeleni ukuthembeka kwemishini kagesi eyenza imiphumela ibambezele. Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi imodeli yokwethembeka ivamise ukwakhiwa kucatshangelwa ukucushwa kwemishini eminingi ngenani lezingxenye ezifanayo. Izigaba ezine zezindlela zokubikezela ukwethembeka (izindlela eziyisithenjwa, idatha yokuhlola, idatha yokuhlola kanye nokumodela kwezimbangela ezibonakalayo zokuhluleka - i-physics of failure) ziqhathaniswa kulesi sihloko ukuze kukhethwe amathuba okusebenzisa indlela eyodwa noma enye. Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ukwehluleka okuningi emishinini kagesi kubangelwa imithwalo eshisayo, kodwa lokhu kubuyekezwa kugxile ekuhlulekeni okubangelwa ukushaqeka nokudlidliza ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Inothi lomhumushi. I-athikili iwukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ngalesi sihloko. Naphezu kokuguga kwayo, isebenza njengesingeniso esihle kakhulu senkinga yokuhlola ukwethembeka kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene.
1. Amagama
I-BGA Ball Grid Array.
I-DIP Dual In-line Processor, ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi Iphakheji Eliphakathi Komugqa.
I-FE Finite Element.
I-PGA Pin Grid Array.
PCB Printed Circuit Board, ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-PWB (Printed Wiring Board).
I-PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier.
I-PTH Ifakwe Ngembobo, ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pin Through Hole.
I-QFP Quad Flat Pack - eyaziwa nangokuthi iphiko le-gull.
I-SMA Shape Memory Alloys.
I-SMT Surface Mount Technology.
Inothi elivela kubabhali bokuqala: Kulesi sihloko, igama elithi "ingxenye" libhekisela kudivayisi ethile ye-elekthronikhi engathengiswa ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe, igama elithi "iphakheji" libhekisela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesekethe ehlanganisiwe (ngokujwayelekile noma iyiphi ingxenye ye-SMT noma ye-DIP). Igama elithi "ingxenye enamathiselwe" isho noma yiliphi ibhodi lesifunda elihlanganisiwe eliphrintiwe noma isistimu yezingxenye, okugcizelela ukuthi izingxenye ezinamathiselwe zinesisindo nokuqina kwazo. (Ukupakishwa kwekristalu nomthelela wako ekuthembekeni akuxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni, ngakho-ke ngokuqhubekayo igama elithi “iphakheji” lingabonwa “njengecala” lohlobo oluthile noma olunye - approx. transl.)
2. Isitatimende senkinga
Imithwalo yokushaqeka nokudlidliza ebekwe ku-PCB ibangela ingcindezi ku-substrate ye-PCB, amaphakheji ezingxenye, imikhondo yezingxenye, namajoyinti e-solder. Lezi zingcindezi zibangelwa inhlanganisela yezikhathi zokugoba ebhodini lesifunda kanye ne-inertia enkulu yengxenye. Esimeni esibi kakhulu, lokhu kucindezeleka kungabangela enye yalezi zindlela zokuhluleka ezilandelayo: i-PCB delamination, ukwehluleka kwamalungu e-solder, ukwehluleka komthofu, noma ukwehluleka kwephakheji yengxenye. Uma enye yalezi zindlela zokwehluleka kwenzeka, ukwehluleka okuphelele kwedivayisi cishe kuzolandela. Imodi yokwehluleka etholakala ngesikhathi sokusebenza incike ohlotsheni lokupakisha, izakhiwo zebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, kanye nemvamisa kanye ne-amplitude yezikhathi zokugoba kanye namandla angasebenzi. Inqubekelaphambili ehamba kancane ekuhlaziyeni ukuthembeka kwemishini kagesi kungenxa yezinhlanganisela eziningi zezinto zokufaka nezindlela zokwehluleka okudingeka zicatshangelwe.
Okunye kwalesi sigaba kuzozama ukuchaza ubunzima bokucabangela izici zokufaka ezihlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Isici sokuqala esiyinkimbinkimbi okufanele sicatshangelwe ububanzi obubanzi bezinhlobo zephakheji ezitholakala ku-electronics yesimanje, njengoba iphakheji ngayinye ingase yehluleke ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene. Izingxenye ezinzima zithinteka kakhulu emithwalweni engasebenzi, kuyilapho impendulo yezingxenye ze-SMT incike kakhulu ekugobeni kwebhodi lesifunda. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yalo mehluko oyisisekelo, lezi zinhlobo zezingxenye zinemibandela yokwehluleka ehluke kakhulu ngokusekelwe kubukhulu noma usayizi. Le nkinga ibhebhetheka nakakhulu ukuvela njalo kwezingxenye ezintsha ezitholakala emakethe. Ngakho-ke, noma iyiphi indlela yokubikezela ukwethembeka ehlongozwayo kufanele ivumelane nezingxenye ezintsha ukuze kube nanoma yiluphi uhlelo olusebenzayo esikhathini esizayo. Ukusabela kwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe ekudlidlizeni kunqunywa ukuqina nobukhulu bezingxenye, okuthonya impendulo yendawo yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinto ezisindayo noma ezinkulu kakhulu zishintsha kakhulu impendulo yebhodi ekudlidlizeni ezindaweni lapho zifakwe khona. Izakhiwo zemishini ye-PCB (imoduli kanye nogqinsi luka-Young) zingathinta ukwethembeka ngezindlela okunzima ukuzibikezela.
I-PCB eqinile ingase yehlise sonke isikhathi sokuphendula se-PCB ngaphansi komthwalo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, empeleni ingase yenyuse endaweni izikhathi zokugoba ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni (Ukwengeza, ngombono wokuhluleka okubangelwa ukushisa, empeleni kungcono ukucacisa okwengeziwe. PCB ehambisanayo, njengoba lokhu kunciphisa izingcindezi ezishisayo ezibekwe emaphaketheni - inothi lombhali). Imvamisa nobukhulu bezikhathi zokugoba zendawo kanye nemithwalo engasebenzi kahle ebekwe esitakini nakho kunomthelela kumodi yokwehluleka okungenzeka kakhulu. Imithwalo ye-amplitude ephansi yemvamisa ephezulu ingaholela ekuhlulekeni kokukhathala kwesakhiwo, okungaba imbangela eyinhloko yokwehluleka (ukukhathala okuphansi / okuphezulu kwe-cyclic, i-LCF ibhekisela ekuhlulekeni okubuswa yi-plastic deformation (N_f <10 ^ 6), kuyilapho i-HCF isho ukuguqulwa okunwebekayo. ukwehluleka , ngokuvamile (N_f > 10^6 ) ukwehluleka [56] - inothi lombhali) Ukuhlelwa kokugcina kwezakhi ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe kuzonquma imbangela yokwehluleka, okungenzeka ngenxa yokucindezeleka engxenyeni ngayinye ebangelwa imithwalo engasebenzi. noma izikhathi zokugoba zendawo. Okokugcina, kuyadingeka ukucabangela umthelela wezici zomuntu nezici zokukhiqiza, okwandisa amathuba okuhluleka kwemishini.
Uma kucutshungulwa inani elibalulekile lezinto zokufaka nokusebenzisana kwazo okuyinkimbinkimbi, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani indlela ephumelelayo yokubikezela ukwethembeka kwezinto zikagesi ayikadalwa. Okunye ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi okunconywe ababhali ngalolu daba kuvezwe ku-IEEE [26]. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubuyekezwa kugxile kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni okubanzi kwamamodeli okuthembeka, okufana nendlela yokubikezela ukwethembeka kusukela ezincwadini eziyisethenjwa, idatha yokuhlola, ukumodela ngekhompyutha kwezimo zokwehluleka (I-Physics-of-Failure Reliability (PoF)), futhi ayikhulumi ukwehluleka. ngemininingwane eyanele ebangelwa ukushaqeka nokudlidliza. U-Foucher et al. [17] balandela uhlaka olufanayo ekubuyekezweni kwe-IEEE, ngokugcizelela okubalulekile ekuhlulekeni kokushisa. Ubufushane bangaphambilini bokuhlaziywa kwezindlela ze-PoF, ikakhulukazi njengoba zisetshenziswa ekuhlulekeni kokushaqeka nokudlidliza, bufanele ukucatshangelwa kwazo okwengeziwe. Ukubuyekeza okufana ne-IEEE kuphezu kwenqubo yokuhlanganiswa yi-AIAA, kodwa ububanzi bokubuyekeza akwaziwa okwamanje.
3. Ukuvela kwezindlela zokubikezela ukwethembeka
Indlela yokuqala yokubikezela ukwethembeka, eyasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, okwamanje ichazwa ku-MIL-HDBK-217F [44] (Mil-Hdbk-217F iwukubuyekezwa kwakamuva nokokugcina kwendlela, eyakhishwa ngo-1995 - inothi lombhali) Ukusebenzisa Le ndlela isebenzisa isizindalwazi sokuhluleka kwemishini kagesi ukuthola isilinganiso sempilo yesevisi yebhodi lesekethe eliphrintiwe elihlanganisa izingxenye ezithile. Le ndlela yaziwa njengendlela yokubikezela ukwethembeka kusukela kunkomba nezincwadi ezivamile. Nakuba i-Mil-Hdbk-217F iya ngokuya iphelelwa isikhathi, indlela yesithenjwa isasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Ukulinganiselwa nokungalungile kwale ndlela kubhalwe kahle [42,50], okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezigaba ezintathu zezinye izindlela: imodeli yekhompyutha yezimo zokuhluleka ngokomzimba (PoF), idatha yokuhlola, kanye nedatha yokuhlola yasensimini.
Izindlela ze-PoF zibikezela ukwethembeka ngokuhlaziya ngaphandle kokuncika kudatha eqoqwe ngaphambilini. Zonke izindlela ze-PoF zinezici ezimbili ezivamile zendlela yakudala echazwe ku-Steinberg [62]: okokuqala, impendulo yokudlidliza yebhodi lesifunda ephrintiwe kusivuseleli sokudlidliza esithile iyafunwa, bese kuhlolwa indlela yokuhluleka yezingxenye ngazinye ngemva kokuvezwa kokudlidliza. Intuthuko ebalulekile ezindleleni ze-PoF kube ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo zebhodi ezisabalalisiwe (ezilinganiselwe) ukukhiqiza ngokushesha imodeli yezibalo yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe [54], eye yanciphisa kakhulu inkimbinkimbi nesikhathi esichithwa ekubaleni ngokunembile impendulo yokudlidliza kwephrintiwe. ibhodi lesifunda (bheka Isigaba 8.1.3). Intuthuko yakamuva kumasu e-PoF ithuthukise ukubikezela ukwehluleka kwezingxenye ezidayisiwe ze-surface mount technology (SMT); nokho, ngaphandle kwendlela ye-Barkers [59], lezi zindlela ezintsha zisebenza kuphela ekuhlanganiseni okuqondile kwezingxenye namabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe. Zimbalwa kakhulu izindlela ezitholakalayo zezingxenye ezinkulu ezifana nama-transformer noma ama-capacitor amakhulu.
Izindlela zedatha yokuhlola zithuthukisa ikhwalithi namandla emodeli esetshenziswa ezindleleni zokubikezela ukwethembeka ngokusekelwe ezincwadini eziyisethenjwa. Indlela yokuqala esekelwe kudatha yokuhlola yokubikezela ukuthembeka kwemishini kagesi yachazwa ephepheni lango-1999 kusetshenziswa indlela ye-HIRAP (Honeywell In-service Reliability Assessment Program), eyadalwa e-Honeywell, Inc. [20]. Indlela yedatha yokuhlola inenani lezinzuzo kunezindlela zokubikezela ukwethembeka kusetshenziswa ireferensi nezincwadi ezivamile. Muva nje, izindlela eziningi ezifanayo ziye zavela (REMM kanye ne-TRACS [17], futhi FIDES [16]). Indlela yedatha yokuhlola, kanye nendlela yokubikezela ukwethembeka kusetshenziswa inkomba nezincwadi ezivamile, akusivumeli ukuba sicabangele ngokwanelisayo ukuhlelwa kwebhodi nendawo yokusebenza yokusebenza kwalo ekuhloleni ukwethembeka. Lokhu kuntuleka kungalungiswa ngokusebenzisa idatha yokwehluleka evela emabhodini afanayo ngomklamo, noma kusukela kumabhodi avezwe ezimweni ezifanayo zokusebenza.
Izindlela zedatha yokuhlola zincike ekutholakaleni kwesizindalwazi esibanzi esiqukethe idatha yokusaphazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uhlobo ngalunye lokwehluleka kulesi sizindalwazi kufanele luhlonzwe ngendlela efanele futhi kunqunywe umsuka walo. Le ndlela yokuhlola ukwethembeka ifanele izinkampani ezikhiqiza uhlobo olufanayo lwemishini ngamanani amakhulu ngokwanele ukuze inani elibalulekile lokwehluleka kucutshungulwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukwethembeka.
Izindlela zokuhlola izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ukuze zithembeke bezilokhu zisetshenziswa kusukela maphakathi nawo-1970s futhi ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe izivivinyo ezisheshisiwe nezingasheshisiwe. Indlela eyisisekelo iwukwenza ukuhlola kwehadiwe okudala indawo yokusebenza elindelekile ngendlela engokoqobo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuhlolwa kuyenziwa kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka ukwehluleka, okuvumela i-MTBF (Isikhathi Esimaphakathi Phakathi Kokwehluleka) ukuthi ibikezelwe. Uma i-MTBF ilinganiselwa ukuthi yinde kakhulu, khona-ke ubude besikhathi sokuhlola bungancishiswa ngokuhlolwa okusheshisiwe, okufinyelelwa ngokwandisa izici zendawo yokusebenza nokusebenzisa ifomula eyaziwayo ukuhlobanisa izinga lokuhluleka ekuhlolweni okusheshisiwe nezinga lokuhluleka okulindeleke kulo. ukusebenza. Lokhu kuhlola kubalulekile ezingxenyeni ezisengozini enkulu yokwehluleka njengoba kunikeza umcwaningi izinga eliphakeme kakhulu ledatha yokuqiniseka, nokho, ngeke kwenzeke ukuyisebenzisela ukuthuthukisa idizayini yebhodi ngenxa yezikhathi ezinde zokuphindaphinda zocwaningo.
Ukubuyekezwa okusheshayo komsebenzi owashicilelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990s kusikisela ukuthi lesi kwakuyinkathi lapho idatha yokuhlola, idatha yokuhlola, nezindlela ze-PoF zaqhudelana khona ukuze kuthathelwe indawo izindlela eziphelelwe yisikhathi zokubikezela ukwethembeka ezincwadini eziyizethenjwa. Nokho, indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo siqu kanye nebubi, futhi lapho isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, ikhiqiza imiphumela ebalulekile. Njengomphumela, i-IEEE isanda kukhipha indinganiso [26] ebala zonke izindlela zokubikezela ukwethembeka ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Umgomo we-IEEE kwakuwukulungiselela umhlahlandlela owawuzonikeza unjiniyela ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo kanye nezinzuzo kanye nobubi obukhona endleleni ngayinye. Nakuba indlela ye-IEEE isesekuqaleni kokuvela kwemvelo isikhathi eside, ibonakala inokufaneleka kwayo, njengoba i-AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) iyilandela ngomhlahlandlela obizwa ngokuthi S-102, ofana nowe-IEEE kodwa futhi icabangela ikhwalithi ehlobene yedatha evela endleleni ngayinye [27]. Lezi ziqondiso zenzelwe kuphela ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezisakazwa emhlabeni wonke ezinyatheliswa ngalezi zihloko.
4. Ukwehluleka okubangelwa ukudlidliza
Ucwaningo oluningi lwangaphambilini lugxile ngokuyinhloko ekudlidlizeni okungahleliwe njengomthwalo we-PCB, kodwa ucwaningo olulandelayo lubheka ngokuqondile ukwehluleka okuhlobene nomthelela. Izindlela ezinjalo ngeke kuxoxwe ngazo ngokugcwele lapha njengoba zingena ngaphansi kokuhlukaniswa kwezindlela ze-PoF futhi kuxoxwa ngazo ezigabeni 8.1 no-8.2 zalesi sihloko. U-Heen et al. [24] udale ibhodi lokuhlola ukuhlola ubuqotho bamalunga e-BGA solder lapho ebhekene nokushaqeka. U-Lau et al. [36] uchaze ukwethembeka kwezingxenye ze-PLCC, PQFP kanye ne-QFP ngaphansi kwemithelela engaphakathi kwendiza nangaphandle kwendiza. U-Pitarresi et al. [53,55] ubuke ukwehluleka kwamabhodi omama wekhompiyutha ngenxa yemithwalo eshaqisayo futhi wanikeza ukubuyekezwa okuhle kwezincwadi ezichaza imishini kagesi ngaphansi kwemithwalo yokushaqeka. I-Steinberg [62] ihlinzeka ngesahluko sonke mayelana nokuklanywa nokuhlaziywa kwezinto zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi ezithintekile, ezihlanganisa kokubili indlela yokubikezela isimo sokushaqeka kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. U-Sukhir [64,65] uchaze amaphutha ekubalweni komugqa wempendulo yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe emthwalweni womthelela osetshenziswa kuma-fasteners ebhodi. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zedatha yereferensi neyokuhlola zingacabangela ukwehluleka kwemishini ehlobene nomthelela, kodwa lezi zindlela zichaza ukwehluleka "komthelela" ngokungagunci.
5. Izindlela zokubhekisela
Kuzo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo ezichazwe kumanuwali, sizozikhawulela kokubili kuphela okucabangela ukwehluleka kokudlidliza: i-Mil-Hdbk-217 kanye ne-CNET [9]. I-Mil-Hdbk-217 yamukelwa njengendinganiso ngabakhiqizi abaningi. Njengazo zonke izindlela ezenziwa ngesandla neziyinkomba, zisekelwe ezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo ezihlose ukubikezela ukwethembeka kwengxenye evela kudatha yokuhlola noma yaselabhorethri. Izindlela ezichazwe ezincwadini zokubhekisela zilula ukuzisebenzisa, ngoba azidingi ukumodeliswa kwezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zisebenzisa izinhlobo zezingxenye kuphela, inani lezingxenye, izimo zokusebenza zebhodi kanye neminye imingcele efinyeleleka kalula. Idatha yokufaka ibe isifakwa kumodeli ukuze kubalwe isikhathi phakathi kokwehluleka, i-MTBF. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-Mil-Hdbk-217 iyancipha futhi idume kancane [12, 17,42,50,51]. Ake sicabangele uhlu olungaphelele lwemikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwalo.
- Imininingwane iya ngokuya iphelelwa yisikhathi, njengoba igcine ukubuyekezwa ngo-1995 futhi ayihambisani nezingxenye ezintsha, alikho ithuba lokuthi imodeli ibuyekezwe njengoba Ibhodi Lokuthuthukisa Amazinga Ezokuvikela linqume ukuvumela indlela “ife ukufa okungokwemvelo” [ 26].
- Indlela ayinikezi ulwazi mayelana nemodi yokwehluleka, ngakho-ke isakhiwo se-PCB asikwazi ukuthuthukiswa noma ukwenziwa ngcono.
- Amamodeli acabanga ukuthi ukwehluleka kuwukuklama okuzimele, kuziba ukwakheka kwezingxenye ku-PCB, nokho, ukwakheka kwengxenye kwaziwa ngokuba nomthelela omkhulu emathubeni okwehluleka. [50].
- Idatha yobufakazi eqoqiwe iqukethe okuningi okungalungile, idatha isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zesizukulwane sokuqala ngezinga lokuhluleka eliphezulu ngokungavamile ngenxa yamarekhodi ayiphutha esikhathi sokusebenza, ukulungisa, njll., okunciphisa ukwethembeka kwemiphumela yokubikezela ukwethembeka [51].
Konke lokhu kushiyeka kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokubhekisela kufanele kugwenywe, noma kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuvunyelwa kwalezi zindlela, inani lezidingo zokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe kufanele lisetshenziswe. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokubhekisela kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela uma kufaneleka, i.e. ezigabeni zokuqala zokuklama [46]. Ngeshwa, nalokhu kusetshenziswa kufanele kubhekwe ngokuqapha, ngoba lezi zinhlobo zezindlela azikaze zibuyekezwe kusukela ngo-1995. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokubhekisela ziyizibikezelo ezingezinhle ngokwemvelo zokwethembeka komshini futhi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuqapha.
6. Izindlela zokuhlola idatha
Izindlela zedatha yokuhlola izindlela ezilula zokubikezela ukwethembeka ezitholakalayo. I-prototype yomklamo webhodi lesekethe ephrintiwe ingaphansi kokudlidliza kwemvelo okuphinde kwakhiqizwa ebhentshini laselabhorethri. Okulandelayo, imingcele yokubhubhisa (MTTF, i-shock spectrum) iyahlaziywa, bese lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukubala izinkomba zokuthembeka [26]. Indlela yedatha yokuhlola kufanele isetshenziswe kucatshangelwa izinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yezindlela zedatha yokuhlola ukunemba okuphezulu nokuthembeka kwemiphumela, ngakho-ke imishini enengozi enkulu yokwehluleka, isigaba sokugcina senqubo yokuklama kufanele sihlale sihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka kokudlidliza. Ububi isikhathi eside esidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe, kufakwe futhi kulayishwe ucezu lokuhlola, okwenza indlela ingafaneleki ekuthuthukisweni komklamo wemishini enethuba eliphezulu lokuhluleka. Ngenqubo yokuklama umkhiqizo ophindaphindayo, indlela esheshayo kufanele icatshangelwe. Isikhathi sokuchayeka komthwalo singancishiswa ngokuhlolwa okusheshisiwe uma amamodeli athembekile etholakala ukuze kubalwe okulandelayo kwempilo yangempela yesevisi [70,71]. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokuhlola ezisheshisiwe zifaneleka kakhulu ukufanisa ukwehluleka okushisayo kunokwehluleka kokudlidliza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuthatha isikhathi esincane ukuhlola imiphumela yemithwalo eshisayo kumishini kunokuhlola imiphumela yemithwalo yokudlidliza. Umphumela wokudlidliza ungavela kumkhiqizo kuphela ngemva kwesikhathi eside.
Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela zokuhlola ngokuvamile azisetshenziselwa ukwehluleka kokudlidliza ngaphandle uma kunezimo ezithethelelayo, njengama-voltage aphansi abangela izikhathi ezinde kakhulu zokwehluleka. Izibonelo zezindlela zokuqinisekisa idatha zingabonakala emisebenzini kaHart [23], Hin et al. [24], Li [37], Lau et al. [36], uShetty et al. [57], Liguore kanye noFollowell [40], Estes et al. [15], Wang et al. [67], Jih noJung [30]. Ukubuka konke okuhle kwendlela kunikezwe ku-IEEE [26].
7. Izindlela zedatha yokuhlola
Indlela yedatha yokuhlola isekelwe kudatha yokwehluleka evela kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe afanayo ahlolwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezishiwo. Indlela ilungile kuphela kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe azobhekana nemithwalo efanayo. Indlela yedatha yokuhlola inezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukwakha isizindalwazi sokuhluleka kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi nokusebenzisa indlela esekelwe kumklamo ohlongozwayo. Ukwakha isizindalwazi esifanele, kufanele kube nedatha yokwehluleka efanele eqoqwe emiklamo efanayo; lokhu kusho ukuthi idatha yokwehluleka kwezisetshenziswa ezifanayo kufanele ibe khona. Okokusebenza okunephutha kumele futhi kuhlaziywe futhi izibalo ziqoqwe ngendlela efanele, akwanele ukusho ukuthi umklamo we-PCB onikeziwe wehlulekile ngemva kwenani elithile lamahora, indawo, imodi yokwehluleka kanye nembangela yokwehluleka kufanele kunqunywe. Ngaphandle uma yonke idatha yokwehluleka yangaphambilini ihlaziywe kahle, kuzodingeka isikhathi eside sokuqoqwa kwedatha ngaphambi kokuthi kusetshenziswe indlela yedatha yokuhlola.
Isixazululo esingase sibe khona ngalo mkhawulo ukusebenzisa i-Highly Accelerated Lifecycle Testing (HALT) ngenjongo yokwakha ngokushesha isizindalwazi sezinga lokuhluleka, nakuba ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokunembile imingcele yemvelo kuyinselele kodwa kubalulekile [27]. Incazelo yesigaba sesibili sokusebenzisa indlela yedatha yokuhlola ingafundwa kokuthi [27], ebonisa indlela yokubikezela i-MTBF yedizayini ehlongozwayo uma umklamo ovivinywayo utholwa ngokushintsha ibhodi ekhona kakade idatha yokwehluleka enemininingwane yayo isivele ikhona. . Okunye ukubuyekezwa kwezindlela zedatha yokuhlola kuchazwa ngababhali abahlukahlukene ku- [11,17,20,26].
8. Ukulingisa ngekhompyutha kwezimo zokwehluleka (PoF)
Izindlela zokumodela zekhompuyutha ezimweni zokuhluleka, okubuye zibizwe ngokuthi amamodeli engcindezi nawomonakalo noma amamodeli we-PoF, asetshenziswa ngenqubo yokubikezela ukwethembeka okuyizinyathelo ezimbili. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ukucinga impendulo yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe emthwalweni onamandla obekwe kuwo; esigabeni sesibili, impendulo yemodeli ibalwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkomba yokwethembeka enikeziwe. Iningi lezincwadi livame ukuzinikela kukho kokubili indlela yokubikezela impendulo kanye nenqubo yokuthola imibandela yokwehluleka. Lezi zindlela ezimbili ziqondwa kangcono uma zichazwe ngokuzimela, ngakho-ke lokhu kubuyekezwa kuzocabangela lezi zinyathelo ezimbili ngokwehlukana.
Phakathi kwezigaba zokubikezela impendulo kanye nokusesha imibandela yokwehluleka, isethi yedatha edalwe esigabeni sokuqala futhi esetshenziswe kwesesibili idluliselwa kumodeli. Ukuguquguquka kwempendulo kuye kwavela ekusebenziseni ukusheshisa okokufaka ku-chassis [15,36,37,67], ngokusebenzisa ukusheshisa kwangempela okutholwa ingxenye ukuze kuphendule izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene zokudlidliza zezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-PCB [40], futhi ekugcineni ukucabangela. uhambo lwasendaweni [62] noma izikhathi zokugoba zendawo [59] ezitholwa i-PCB yendawo ukuya engxenyeni.
Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukwehluleka kuwumsebenzi wokuhlelwa kwezingxenye ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe [21,38], ngakho amamodeli ahlanganisa impendulo yokudlidliza kwendawo cishe anembile. Ukukhetha ukuthi iyiphi ipharamitha (ukusheshisa kwendawo, ukuchezuka kwendawo noma umzuzu wokugoba) iyisici esinqumayo sokwehluleka kuncike esimweni esithile.
Uma kusetshenziswa izingxenye ze-SMT, izikhathi zokugoba noma zokugoba zingase zibe izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwehluleka; ezingxenyeni ezisindayo, ukusheshisa kwasendaweni ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa njengemibandela yokwehluleka. Ngeshwa, alukho ucwaningo olwenziwe ukuze lubonise ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwemibandela olufanele kakhulu kusethi enikeziwe yedatha yokufaka.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukufaneleka kwanoma iyiphi indlela ye-PoF esetshenziswayo, njengoba kungenangqondo ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi indlela ye-PoF, ukuhlaziya noma i-FE, engasekelwe idatha yokuhlola yaselabhorethri. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi imodeli kuphela ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusebenza kwayo, okukhawulela ngeshwa ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli we-PoF amaningi wamanje ukuze asetshenziswe ezimweni eziqondile nezilinganiselwe. Izibonelo ezinhle zengxoxo yezindlela ze-PoF zichazwa ngababhali abahlukahlukene [17,19,26,49].
8.1. Ukubikezela Impendulo
Ukubikezela impendulo kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-geometry kanye nezakhiwo ze-material zesakhiwo ukubala ukuhluka kwempendulo edingekayo. Lesi sinyathelo kulindeleke ukuthi sithwebule kuphela impendulo iyonke ye-PCB eyisisekelo hhayi impendulo yezingxenye ngazinye. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zendlela yokubikezela impendulo: ukuhlaziya, amamodeli anemininingwane ye-FE namamodeli e-FE enziwe lula, achazwe ngezansi. Lezi zindlela zigxila ekuhlanganiseni ukuqina kanye nemiphumela emikhulu yezingxenye ezengeziwe, nokho kubalulekile ukungalahlekelwa umbono wokubaluleka kokufanisa ngokunembile ukuqina okujikelezayo emaphethelweni e-PCB njengoba lokhu kuhlobene eduze nokunemba kwemodeli (lokhu kuxoxwa ngakho ku-PCB. Isigaba 8.1.4). Fig. 1. Isibonelo semodeli enemininingwane yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe [53].
8.1.1. Isibikezelo sempendulo yokuhlaziya
I-Steinberg [62] inikeza indlela yokuhlaziya kuphela yokubala impendulo yokudlidliza yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe. USteinberg uthi i-amplitude ye-oscillation at resonance yeyunithi ye-elekthronikhi ilingana nokuphindwe kabili kwempande yesikwele yefrikhwensi ye-resonant; lesi sitatimende sisekelwe kudatha engatholakali futhi asikwazi ukuqinisekiswa. Lokhu kuvumela ukuchezuka kwe-dynamic ku-resonance ukuthi kubalwe ngokuhlaziya, okungase kusetshenziselwe ukubala noma umthwalo oguquguqukayo kusuka engxenyeni esindayo noma ukugoba kwebhodi lesekethe eliphrintiwe. Le ndlela ayikhiqizi ngokuqondile impendulo yendawo ye-PCB futhi ihambisana kuphela nemibandela yokwehluleka esekelwe ekuphandeleni echazwe ngu-Steinberg.
Ukufaneleka kokucatshangelwa kokusatshalaliswa komsebenzi wokudlulisa okusekelwe ezilinganisweni ze-amplitude kuyangabazeka njengoba u-Pitarresi et al.[53] ilinganise ukuncishiswa okubalulekile okungu-2% kwebhodi lomama lekhompyutha, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa ukucabangela kukaSteinberg kunganikeza u-3,5% (ngokusekelwe emvamisa yemvelo 54 Hz), okungaholela ekubukelweni phansi okukhulu kwempendulo yebhodi ekudlidlizeni.
8.1.2. Amamodeli e-FE anemininingwane
Abanye ababhali babonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli we-FE anemininingwane yokubala impendulo yokudlidliza yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe [30,37,53, 57,58] (Umfanekiso 1-3 ubonisa izibonelo ezinezinga elikhulayo lemininingwane), nokho ukusetshenziswa kwalezi Izindlela azinconyelwe umkhiqizo wentengiso (ngaphandle kwalapho ukuqagela okunembile kuphela kwempendulo yendawo akudingekile ngokuphelele) njengoba isikhathi esidingekayo sokwakha nokuxazulula imodeli enjalo sikhulu ngokweqile. Amamodeli enziwe lula akhiqiza idatha yokunemba okufanele ngokushesha okukhulu nangezindleko eziphansi. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokwakha nokuxazulula imodeli enemininingwane ye-FE singancishiswa ngokusebenzisa i-JEDEC 4 spring constants eshicilelwe kokuthi [33-35], lezi zimo zentwasahlobo zingasetshenziswa esikhundleni semodeli enemininingwane ye-FE yocingo ngalunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela ye-substructure (ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi indlela ye-superelement) ingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa isikhathi sokubala esidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe amamodeli anemininingwane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amamodeli e-FE anemininingwane avame ukufiphalisa imigqa phakathi kokuqagela impendulo kanye nemibandela yokwehluleka, ngakho umsebenzi oshiwo lapha ungase ungene ngaphansi kohlu lwemisebenzi equkethe imibandela yokwehluleka.
8.1.3. Amamodeli we-FE asabalalisiwe
Amamodeli e-FE enziwe lula anciphisa ukudalwa kwemodeli nesikhathi sesixazululo. Ubuningi bengxenye engeziwe kanye nokuqina kwayo kungamelwa ngokumane kufaniswe i-PCB engenalutho enesisindo esikhulayo nokuqina, lapho imiphumela yesisindo nokuqina ihlanganiswa ngokukhuliswa kwendawo kwe-PCB's Young's modulus.
Fig. 2. Isibonelo semodeli enemininingwane yengxenye ye-QFP esebenzisa i-symmetry ukwenza lula inqubo yokumodela nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuxazulula [36]. Fig. 3. Isibonelo semodeli ye-FE enemininingwane ye-J-lead [6].
Isici sokuthuthukisa ukuqina singabalwa ngokusika ilungu elinamathiselwe ngokomzimba nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola zokugoba [52]. Pitarresi et al. [52,54] ihlole umphumela wokwenza lula kwesisindo esingeziwe nokuqina okuhlinzekwe yizingxenye ezinamathiselwe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe.
Iphepha lokuqala lihlola icala elilodwa lemodeli ye-FE eyenziwe lula yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, eliqinisekiswe ngokumelene nedatha yokuhlola. Indawo eyinhloko yentshisekelo yaleli phepha ukunqunywa kwezakhiwo ezisabalalisiwe, nge-caveat yokuthi ukunemba okuphezulu kokuqina kwe-torsional kuyadingeka kumodeli enembile.
Isihloko sesibili sibheka ama-PCB amahlanu agcwele ahlukene, ngalinye limodelwe ngamazinga amaningana ahlukene okwenza kube lula ukwakheka kwawo. Lawa mamodeli aqhathaniswa nedatha yokuhlola. Leli phepha liphetha ngokuqaphela okufundisayo kokuhlobana phakathi kwezilinganiso zokuqina kobunzima nokunemba kwemodeli. Womabili lawa maphepha asebenzisa kuphela amaza emvelo kanye nama-MEC (inqubo yokuqinisekisa ye-modal) ukuze anqume ukuhlobana phakathi kwamamodeli amabili. Ngeshwa, iphutha lemvamisa yemvelo alikwazi ukuhlinzeka nganoma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nephutha lokusheshisa kwasendaweni noma izikhathi zokugoba, futhi i-MKO inganikeza kuphela ukuhlobana okuphelele phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili zemvelo, kodwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukubala iphutha lephesenti lokusheshisa noma ukugoba. Esebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlaziya izinombolo kanye nokulingiswa kwekhompiyutha, uCifuentes [10] wenza lokhu okuphawulwe okune okulandelayo.
- Amamodi alingiswayo kufanele aqukathe okungenani u-90% wesisindo sokudlidliza ukuze kuhlaziywe okunembile.
- Ezimeni lapho ukuchezuka kwebhodi kuqhathaniseka nogqinsi lwalo, ukuhlaziya okungaqondile kungase kulunge kakhulu kunokuhlaziya okuwumugqa.
- Amaphutha amancane ekubekweni kwengxenye angabangela amaphutha amakhulu ezilinganisweni zokuphendula.
- Ukunemba kokulinganisa impendulo kuzwela kakhulu emaphutheni obunzima kunokuqina.
8.1.4. Izimo zomngcele
I-PCB enqenqemeni yokuqina kwe-coefficient inomthelela obalulekile ekunembeni kwempendulo ebaliwe [59], futhi kuye ngokucushwa okuthile kubaluleke kakhulu kunobuningi bengxenye eyengeziwe nokuqina. Ukwenza imodeli yokuqina konqenqema oluzungezayo njengoziro (okuyisisekelo nje isimo esisekelwayo) ngokuvamile kukhiqiza imiphumela elondolozayo, kuyilapho ukumodela njengoba kuboshwe ngokuqinile kuvamise ukubukela phansi imiphumela, njengoba ngisho nezindlela zokubopha ze-PCB eziqine kakhulu azikwazi ukuqinisekisa isimo somkhawulo esiboshwe ngokugcwele. U-Barker no-Chen [5] baqinisekisa ithiyori yokuhlaziya ngemiphumela yokuhlola ukuze babonise ukuthi ukuqina kokujikeleza kuthinta kanjani imvamisa yemvelo ye-PCB. Okutholakele okuyinhloko kwalo msebenzi ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kokuqina kokuzungeza komphetho kanye namaza emvelo, okuhambisana nethiyori. Lokhu futhi kusho ukuthi amaphutha amakhulu ekufanekisweni kokuqina okujikelezayo kuzoholela kumaphutha amakhulu ekubikezelweni kwempendulo. Nakuba lo msebenzi wawucatshangelwa esimweni esithile, uyasebenza ekufanekiseni zonke izinhlobo zezinqubo zesimo somngcele. Ukusebenzisa idatha yokuhlola evela ku-Lim et al. [41] ihlinzeka ngesibonelo sokuthi ukuqina okujikelezayo kungabalwa kanjani ukusebenzisa i-FE kumodeli ye-PCB; lokhu kufinyelelwa kusetshenziswa indlela ethathwe kuBarker noChen [5]. Lo msebenzi futhi ubonisa indlela yokunquma indawo ekahle yanoma yiliphi iphuzu esakhiweni ukuze kukhuliswe amaza emvelo. Imisebenzi ecabangela ngokuqondile umphumela wokulungisa izimo zomngcele ukuze kuncishiswe impendulo yokudlidliza nayo ikhona ngoGuo noZhao [21]; I-Aglietti [2]; U-Aglietti no-Schwingshackl [3], uLim et al. [41].
8.1.5. Izibikezelo zomthelela wokushaqeka nokudlidliza
Pitarresi et al. [53-55] sebenzisa imodeli enemininingwane ye-FE ye-PCB ukubikezela ukushaqeka nokudlidliza kwebhodi elinezingxenye ezimelelwe njengamabhulokhi e-3D. Lawa mamodeli asebenzise izilinganiso zokudambisa ezinqunywa ngokuhlolwa ukuze athuthukise ukuqagela kwempendulo ku-resonance. Ububanzi bempendulo yomthelela (i-SRS) nezindlela zokushanela isikhathi ziqhathaniswe ukuze kubikezelwe impendulo yomthelela, ngazo zombili izindlela kube ukuhweba phakathi kokunemba nesikhathi sesixazululo.
8.2. Imibandela yokwenqatshwa
Imibandela yokwehluleka ithatha isilinganiso sempendulo ye-PCB futhi iyisebenzisele ukuthola imethrikhi yokuhluleka, lapho imethrikhi yokuhluleka ingase ibe isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokuhluleka (i-MTBF), imijikelezo ukuya ekwehluleka, amathuba okusebenza okungenakwehluleka, nanoma iyiphi enye imethrikhi yokwethembeka (bona IEEE [26]; Jensen[28] 47]; O'Connor [XNUMX] ngengxoxo yamamethrikhi okuhluleka). Izindlela eziningi ezihlukene zokukhiqiza le datha zingahlukaniswa kalula zibe izindlela zokuhlaziya nezokusebenza. Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zikhiqiza idatha yesimo sokungaphumeleli ngokulayisha izifanekiso zokuhlola zezingxenye kumthwalo oguqukayo odingekayo. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yohlu olubanzi lwedatha yokufaka (izinhlobo zezingxenye, ubukhulu be-PCB nemithwalo) okungenzeka ekusebenzeni, idatha eshicilelwe mancane amathuba okuthi isebenze ngokuqondile njengoba idatha isebenza kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile kakhulu. Izindlela zokuhlaziya azihlushwa yibubi obunjalo futhi zinokusebenza okubanzi kakhulu.
8.2.1. Imibandela yokuhluleka kokuqina
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umkhawulo wamamodeli amaningi asetshenziswayo ukuthi asebenza kuphela ekucushweni okubandakanya ukujiya okufanayo kwe-PCB, izinhlobo ezifanayo zezingxenye, nomthwalo wokufakwayo, okungenzeki. Nokho, izincwadi ezitholakalayo ziwusizo ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo: zinikeza izibonelo ezinhle zokwenza izivivinyo zokuhluleka, zigqamisa izinketho ezihlukene zamamethrikhi okuhluleka, futhi inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezinsimbi zokwehluleka. U-Li [37] udale imodeli yokuqina ukuze abikezele ukwethembeka kwamaphakheji we-272-pin BGA namaphakeji angu-160 we-QFP. Ukulimala kokukhathala kuma-conductor nasemzimbeni wephakeji kuyaphenywa, futhi imiphumela yokuhlolwa ivumelana kahle nokuhlaziywa kokulimala okusekelwe ekucindezelekeni okubalwe kusetshenziswa imodeli ye-FE enemininingwane (bheka futhi uLi no-Poglitsch [38,39]). Inqubo ikhiqiza umonakalo okhulayo wezinga elithile lokusheshisa kokudlidliza kwesignali yokufaka yokudlidliza.
U-Lau et al. [36] bahlole ukwethembeka kwezingxenye ezithile ngaphansi kokulayisha ukushaqeka nokudlidliza kusetshenziswa izibalo ze-Weibull. U-Liguore no-Followell [40] bahlole ukwehluleka kwe-LLC nezingxenye eziholayo ze-J ngokushintsha ukusheshisa kwendawo kuyo yonke imijikelezo yesevisi. Ukusheshisa kwendawo kusetshenziswa ngokungafani nokusheshisa okokufaka kwe-chassis, futhi umthelela wezinga lokushisa emiphumeleni yokuhlola uye waphenywa. I-athikili iphinde ibhekisele ocwaningweni ngomthelela wokuqina kwe-PCB ekuthembekeni kwengxenye.
U-Guo no-Zhao [21] baqhathanisa ukwethembeka kwezingxenye lapho i-curvature yendawo ye-torsional isetshenziswa njengomthwalo, ngokungafani nezifundo zangaphambilini ezazisebenzisa ukusheshisa. Ukulimala kokukhathala kuyenziwa, bese imodeli ye-FE iqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokuhlola. I-athikili iphinde ixoxe ngokulungiselela ukwakheka kwengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwethembeka.
U-Ham no-Lee [22] bethula indlela yedatha yokuhlola yenkinga yokunquma ukucindezelwa kwe-lead solder ngaphansi kokulayisha kwe-torsional cyclic. U-Estes et al. [15] bacabangele inkinga yokwehluleka kwezingxenye ze-gullwing (GOST IEC 61188-5-5-2013) ngokusheshisa okokufaka okusetshenzisiwe kanye nomthwalo oshisayo. Izingxenye ezifundwayo ziyizinhlobo zephakheji ye-chip CQFP 352, 208, 196, 84 kanye no-28, kanye ne-FP 42 no-10. Lesi sihloko sinikezwe ukwehluleka kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ngenxa yokuguquguquka komjikelezo wesathelayithi ye-geostationary Earth, isikhathi. phakathi kokwehluleka kunikezwa ngokweminyaka yendiza emigudwini ye-geostationary noma ephansi yomhlaba. Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ukwehluleka kwezintambo zokudonsa amanzi kungenzeka kakhulu ezindaweni ezixhumene nomzimba wephakheji kunasejoyintini le-solder.
U-Jih no-Jung [30] bacabangela ukwehluleka kwemishini okubangelwa ukukhubazeka okungokwemvelo endaweni ehlangene ye-solder. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokwakha imodeli ye-FE enemininingwane eminingi ye-PCB nokuthola i-power spectral density (PSD) yobude obuhlukene bokuqhekeka kokukhiqiza. U-Ligyore, u-Followell [40] kanye no-Shetty, u-Reinikainen [58] baphakamisa ukuthi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zikhiqiza idatha yokwehluleka enembe kakhulu newusizo yokucushwa kwengxenye ethile exhunyiwe. Lezi zinhlobo zezindlela zisetshenziswa uma idatha ethile yokufaka (ugqinsi lwebhodi, uhlobo lwengxenye, ububanzi bokugoba) ingabanjelwa njalo kuyo yonke idizayini, noma uma umsebenzisi ekwazi ukwenza izivivinyo zangempela zalolu hlobo.
8.2.2. Umbandela wokuhluleka kokuhlaziya
Amamodeli e-SMT ahlangene ekhoneni
Abacwaningi abahlukahlukene ababheka ukwehluleka kwephinikhodi ye-SMT basikisela ukuthi lokhu kuyimbangela evamile yokwehluleka. Amaphepha ka-Sidharth no-Barker [59] aqedela uchungechunge lwangaphambili lwamaphepha ngokwethula imodeli yokunquma uhlobo lomthofu wekhona le-SMT kanye nezingxenye zokuhola zeluphu. Imodeli ehlongozwayo inephutha elingaphansi kuka-7% uma iqhathaniswa nemodeli enemininingwane ye-FE yezimo eziyisithupha ezimbi kakhulu. Imodeli isuselwe kufomula eyanyatheliswa ngaphambilini ngu-Barker no-Sidharth [4], lapho ukuchezuka kwengxenye enamathiselwe ngaphansi kwesikhashana sokugoba kwamodela. Iphepha lika-Sukhir [63] lihlola ngokuhlaziya izingcindezi ezilindelwe kumatheminali ephakheji ngenxa yezikhathi zokugoba ezisetshenziswa endaweni. UBarker noSidharth [4] bakhela emsebenzini kaSukhir [63], Barker et al. [4], ocabangela umthelela wokuqina okujikelezayo okuholayo. Ekugcineni, u-Barker et al. [7] basebenzise amamodeli e-FE anemininingwane ukuze bafunde umthelela wokuhluka kwe-dimensional kumthofu empilweni yokukhathala okuholayo.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho lapha umsebenzi we-JEDEC lead spring constants, okwenze kwaba lula kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli wezingxenye zomthofu [33-35]. Ama-constants asentwasahlobo angasetshenziswa esikhundleni semodeli enemininingwane yokuxhumana komthofu; isikhathi esidingekayo sokwakha nokuxazulula imodeli ye-FE sizoncishiswa kumodeli. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-constants anjalo engxenyeni ye-FE kuzovimbela ukubalwa okuqondile kokucindezelwa komthofu wendawo. Esikhundleni salokho, kuzonikezwa uhlobo lomthofu lulonke, okumele luhlobane nengcindezi yomthofu wendawo noma imibandela yokungaphumeleli komthofu ngokusekelwe kumjikelezo wempilo womkhiqizo.
Idatha yokukhathala okubalulekile
Idatha eminingi yokwehluleka kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ama-solder nezingxenye ngokuyinhloko ihlobene nokwehluleka kokushisayo, futhi idatha encane ekhona ehlobene nokuhluleka kokukhathala. Ireferensi enkulu kule ndawo inikezwa nguSandor [56], ohlinzeka ngedatha kumakhenikha wokukhathala nokwehluleka kwama-alloys e-solder. USteinberg [62] ubheka ukwehluleka kwamasampula e-solder. Idatha yokukhathala yabathengisi abajwayelekile nezintambo iyatholakala ephepheni lika-Yamada [69].
Fig. 4. Isimo sokwehluleka esivamile esivela kumanuwali yezingxenye ze-QFP siseduze nomzimba wephakheji.
Ukwehluleka kokumodela okuhambisana ne-solder debonding kuyinselele ngenxa yezakhiwo ezingavamile zalesi sici. Isixazululo salo mbuzo sincike engxenyeni edinga ukuhlolwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kumaphakheji e-QFP lokhu ngokuvamile akunakwa, futhi ukwethembeka kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa izincwadi eziyisethenjwa. Kodwa uma i-soldering yezingxenye ezinkulu ze-BGA ne-PGA ibalwa, khona-ke ukuxhumana okuholayo, ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezingavamile, kungathinta ukwehluleka komkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, kumaphakheji we-QFP, izakhiwo zokukhathala eziholayo ziwulwazi oluwusizo kakhulu. Ku-BGA, ulwazi ngokuqina kwamalunga e-solder angaphansi kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngokushesha luwusizo kakhulu [14]. Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, i-Steinberg [62] ihlinzeka ngedatha ye-voltage ehlangene ye-solder.
Amamodeli Okuhluleka Kwengxenye Enzima
Okuwukuphela kwamamodeli okuhluleka akhona ezingxenyeni ezisindayo kuvezwa ephepheni ngu-Steinberg [62], elihlola amandla aqinile wezingxenye futhi linikeze isibonelo sendlela yokubala ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okuvumelekile okungasetshenziswa ekuxhumekeni komthofu.
8.3. Iziphetho ngokusebenza kwamamodeli we-PoF
Iziphetho ezilandelayo zenziwe ezincwadini eziphathelene nezindlela ze-POF.
Impendulo yendawo ibalulekile ekubikezeleni ukwehluleka kwengxenye. Njengoba kushiwo ku-Li, Poglitsch [38], izingxenye ezisemaphethelweni e-PCB asengozini encane yokwehluleka kunalezo ezitholakala phakathi nendawo ye-PCB ngenxa yomehluko wendawo ekugobeni. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye ezindaweni ezahlukene ku-PCB zizoba namathuba ahlukene okuhluleka.
Ibhodi lendawo eligobile libhekwa njengemibandela yokwehluleka ebaluleke kakhulu kunokusheshisa izingxenye ze-SMT. Imisebenzi yakamuva [38,57,62,67] ibonisa ukuthi ukugoba kwebhodi kuwumgomo oyinhloko wokwehluleka.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphakeji, kokubili enanini lezikhonkwane kanye nohlobo olusetshenzisiwe, zithembeke kakhulu ngokwemvelo kunabanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelo ethile yendawo [15,36,38].
Izinga lokushisa lingathinta ukwethembeka kwezingxenye. U-Liguore no-Followell [40] bathi impilo yokukhathala iphakeme kakhulu ebangeni lokushisa ukusuka ku-0 ◦C kuya ku-65 ◦C, nokwehla okuphawulekayo emazingeni okushisa angaphansi -30 ◦C nangaphezulu kuka-95 ◦C. Ezingxenyeni ze-QFP, indawo lapho ucingo luhlanganisa khona iphakheji (bona u-Fig. 4) ibhekwa njengendawo eyinhloko yephutha esikhundleni se-solder joint [15,22,38].
Ukujiya kwebhodi kunomthelela oqinisekile empilweni yokukhathala yezingxenye ze-SMT, njengoba impilo yokukhathala ye-BGA iboniswe ukuthi yehla cishe izikhathi ezingu-30-50 uma ukushuba kwebhodi kukhushulwa kusuka ku-0,85mm kuya ku-1,6mm (ngenkathi igcinwe ukugoba okuphelele okungaguquki) [13] . Ukuvumelana nezimo (ukuhambisana) kwengxenye yokuhola kuthinta kakhulu ukuthembeka kwezingxenye zokuhola ze-peripheral [63], nokho, lobu ubuhlobo obungewona umugqa, futhi umkhondo wokuxhumana ophakathi nendawo ungathembeki kancane.
8.4. Izindlela zesoftware
I-Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) eNyuvesi yaseMaryland inikeza isofthiwe yokubala ukudlidliza nokusabela kokushaqeka kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe. Isofthiwe (eqanjwe ngokuthi i-CALCE PWA) inokuxhumana komsebenzisi okwenza kube lula inqubo yokusebenzisa imodeli ye-FE futhi ifake ngokuzenzakalelayo ukubala impendulo kumodeli yokudlidliza. Akukho ukuqagela okusetshenziselwa ukudala imodeli yokuphendula ye-FE, futhi indlela yokuhluleka esetshenziswayo ithathwe ku-Steinberg [61] (nakuba indlela ka-Barkers [48] nayo kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe). Ukuze kuhlinzekwe izincomo ezijwayelekile zokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwemishini, isofthiwe echaziwe yenza kahle, ikakhulukazi njengoba ngesikhathi esisodwa icabangela ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukushisa futhi idinga ulwazi oluncane lochwepheshe, kodwa ukunemba kwemibandela yokuhluleka kumamodeli akuzange kuqinisekiswe ngokuhlolwa.
9. Izindlela zokwandisa ukuthembeka kwemishini
Lesi sigaba sizoxoxa ngokuguqulwa kwangemuva kwephrojekthi okuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kwezinto zikagesi. Ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili: lezo ezishintsha izimo zomngcele we-PCB, nalezo ezikhulisa ukudambisa.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuguqulwa kwesimo somngcele ukunciphisa ukuchezuka okuguquguqukayo kwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa izimbambo eziqinisayo, izisekelo ezengeziwe noma ukunciphisa ukudlidliza kwendlela yokufaka. Ama-Stiffener angaba usizo njengoba akhulisa amaza emvelo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ukuchezuka okuguquguqukayo [62], okufanayo kusebenza ekwengezeni ukusekela okwengeziwe [3], nakuba indawo yokusekela ingase ithuthukiswe, njengoba kuboniswe emisebenzini ka-JH Ong no-Lim [ 40]. Ngeshwa, izimbambo nezisekelo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuklanywa kabusha kwesakhiwo, ngakho-ke lawa masu acatshangelwa kangcono ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokuklama. Ukwengeza, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuguqulwa akuguquli amaza emvelo ukuze afane namaza emvelo esakhiwo esisekelayo, njengoba lokhu bekungeke kube nomphumela.
Ukwengeza ukwahlukanisa kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka komkhiqizo ngokunciphisa umthelela wendawo eguquguqukayo edluliselwe kumpahla futhi ingafinyelelwa ngokuzihlalela noma ngokusebenza.
Izindlela ezingenzi lutho ngokuvamile zilula futhi zishibhile ukuzisebenzisa, njengokusetshenziswa kwezivikeli zekhebula [66] noma ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo ze-pseudoelastic zamaalloyi enkumbulo yokuma (SMA) [32]. Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi izihlukanisi eziklanywe kabi zingakhuphula impendulo.
Izindlela ezisebenzayo zihlinzeka ngokudambisa kangcono ububanzi befrikhwensi ebanzi, ngokuvamile ngezindleko zokulula nesisindo, ngakho ngokuvamile zihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwamathuluzi anembayo azwela kakhulu kunokuvimbela umonakalo. Ukuhlukaniswa kokudlidliza okusebenzayo kufaka phakathi izindlela ze-electromagnetic [60] kanye ne-piezoelectric [18,43]. Ngokungafani nezindlela zokushintsha isimo somngcele, ukuguqulwa kokudambisa kuhloswe ukunciphisa ukusabela okuphezulu kwe-resonant yezinto zikagesi, kuyilapho amaza angempela emvelo kufanele ashintshe kancane kuphela.
Njengokwehlukaniswa kokudlidliza, ukuncibilika kungafezwa ngokungenzi lutho noma ngokukhuthala, ngokwenziwa lula kwedizayini efanayo kuyinkimbinkimbi yangaphambilini kanye enkulu kanye nokufiphala ekugcineni.
Izindlela ze-passive zihlanganisa, isibonelo, izindlela ezilula kakhulu ezifana nempahla yokubopha, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukuthungwa kwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe [62]. Izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zifaka i-particle damping [68] kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-absorber ashukumisayo e-broadband [25].
Ukulawula ukudlidliza okusebenzayo kuvame ukufezwa ngokusebenzisa izakhi ze-piezoceramic eziboshelwe ebusweni bebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe [1,45]. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuqiniswa kuqondile futhi kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela maqondana nezinye izindlela. Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela kumishini engaziwa ukuthi inezinkinga zokwethenjwa ngeke ngempela kunyuse izindleko nesisindo somklamo. Kodwa-ke, uma umkhiqizo onomklamo ogunyaziwe wehluleka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kungase kusheshe futhi kube lula ukusebenzisa indlela yokuqina yesakhiwo kunokuklama kabusha okokusebenza.
10. Amathuba okuthuthukisa izindlela
Lesi sigaba sinikeza imininingwane ngamathuba okuthuthukisa ukubikezela ukwethembeka kwezinto zokusebenza zikagesi, nakuba intuthuko yakamuva ku-optoelectronics, nanotechnology, nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha ingase ikhawulele maduze ukusebenza kwalezi ziphakamiso. Izindlela ezine eziyinhloko zokubikezela ukwethembeka zingase zingasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuklanywa kwedivayisi. Okuwukuphela kwesici esingenza izindlela ezinjalo zikhange nakakhulu kungaba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuzenzakalelayo bokukhiqiza nokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo, okungabizi kakhulu, njengoba lokhu kuzovumela umklamo ohlongozwayo ukuba wakhiwe futhi uhlolwe ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho okungenzeka njengamanje, ngomzamo omncane womuntu.
Indlela ye-PoF inendawo enkulu yokuthuthukisa. Indawo eyinhloko lapho ingathuthukiswa khona ihambisana nenqubo yokuklama iyonke. Idizayini yemishini ye-elekthronikhi iyinqubo ephindaphindayo esondeza umthuthukisi kumphumela oqediwe kuphela ngokubambisana nonjiniyela abagxile emkhakheni wezogesi, ezokukhiqiza nezobunjiniyela ezishisayo, kanye nedizayini yesakhiwo. Indlela ephatha ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinye zalezi zinkinga ngesikhathi esisodwa izonciphisa inani lokuphindaphinda kwedizayini futhi yonge inani elibalulekile lesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa inani lokuxhumana phakathi kweminyango. Ezinye izindawo zokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ze-PoF zizohlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zokuqagela impendulo kanye nenqubo yokuhluleka.
Isibikezelo sezimpendulo sinezindlela ezimbili ezingase zibe phambili: amamodeli asheshayo, anemininingwane eminingi, noma amamodeli athuthukisiwe, enziwe lula. Ngokufika kwamaphrosesa ekhompiyutha anamandla, isikhathi sesixazululo samamodeli anemininingwane ye-FE singaba sifushane impela, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yesoftware yesimanje, isikhathi sokuhlanganiswa komkhiqizo siyancishiswa, okugcina kunciphisa izindleko zezinsiza zabantu. Izindlela ze-FE ezenziwe lula zingabuye zithuthukiswe ngenqubo yokukhiqiza ngokuzenzakalelayo amamodeli e-FE, afana nalawo ahlongozwayo wezindlela ze-FE ezinemininingwane. I-software ezenzakalelayo (i-CALCE PWA) itholakalela le njongo okwamanje, kodwa ubuchwepheshe abufakazelwa kahle ekusebenzeni futhi ukuqagela kokumodela okwenziwe akwaziwa.
Ukubalwa kokungaqiniseki okukhona ezindleleni ezihlukene zokwenza lula kungaba usizo kakhulu, okuvumela indlela ewusizo yokubekezelela amaphutha ukuthi isetshenziswe.
Okokugcina, isizindalwazi noma indlela yokudlulisela ukuqina okwenyuka ezingxenyeni ezinamathiselwe ingaba usizo, lapho lokhu kwanda kokuqina kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kwamamodeli okuphendula. Ukudalwa kwemibandela yokuhluleka kwengxenye kuncike ekuhlukeni okuncane phakathi kwezingxenye ezifanayo ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okungenzeka kwezinhlobo ezintsha zokupakisha, njengoba noma iyiphi indlela noma isizindalwazi sokunquma imibandela yokwehluleka kufanele ibhekane nalokho kuhlukahluka nezinguquko.
Isixazululo esisodwa kungaba ukwakha indlela/isofthiwe yokwakha ngokuzenzakalelayo amamodeli e-FE anemininingwane esekelwe kumapharamitha okokufaka afana nomthofu nobukhulu bokupakisha. Le ndlela ingase isebenze ezintweni ezimise ngendlela efanayo njengezingxenye ze-SMT noma ze-DIP, kodwa hhayi ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingajwayelekile njengeziguquli, ukuklinywa, noma izingxenye zangokwezifiso.
Amamodeli e-FE alandelayo angaxazululwa ngenxa yokucindezeleka futhi ahlanganiswe nedatha yokwehluleka kwezinto (idatha yejika le-S-N plasticity, izinsimbi zokuphuka noma okufanayo) ukuze kubalwe impilo yengxenye, nakuba idatha yokuhluleka kwempahla kufanele ibe yekhwalithi ephezulu. Inqubo ye-FE kufanele ihlotshaniswe nedatha yokuhlola yangempela, okungcono kakhulu phezu kwebanga elibanzi lokucushwa ngangokunokwenzeka.
Umzamo ohilelekile enqubweni enjalo mncane uma kuqhathaniswa nolunye uhlobo lokuhlola elabhorethri okuqondile, okufanele lenze inani elibalulekile ngokwezibalo lokuhlola kuwo wonke ama-PCB ahlukahlukene, ubukhulu bomthwalo obuhlukahlukene kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zomthwalo, ngisho namakhulu ezingxenye ezihlukene zezinhlobo ezitholakalayo eziningi. izinhlobo zamabhodi. Mayelana nokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri okulula, kungase kube nendlela yokuthuthukisa inani lokuhlolwa ngakunye.
Uma bekukhona indlela yokubala ukukhuphuka okuhlobene kwengcindezi ngenxa yezinguquko eziguquguqukayo ezithile, njengokujiya kwe-PCB noma ubukhulu bomthofu, ushintsho empilweni yengxenye lungase lulinganiselwe. Indlela enjalo ingadalwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kwe-FE noma izindlela zokuhlaziya, ekugcineni kuholele kufomula elula yokubala imibandela yokwehluleka kusuka kudatha yokwehluleka ekhona.
Ekugcineni, kulindeleke ukuthi kudalwe indlela ehlanganisa wonke amathuluzi ahlukene atholakalayo: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-FE, idatha yokuhlola, ukuhlaziya kokuhlaziya nezindlela zezibalo ukuze kudalwe idatha yokwehluleka enembe kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka ngezinsiza ezilinganiselwe ezitholakalayo. Zonke izici ngazinye zendlela ye-PoF zingathuthukiswa ngokwethula izindlela ze-stochastic enqubeni ukuze kubhekwe imiphumela yokuhlukahluka kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zikagesi kanye nezigaba zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kungenza imiphumela ibe ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe, mhlawumbe kuholele kunqubo yokudala okokusebenza okuqine kakhulu ekuguquguqukeni kuyilapho kunciphisa ukuwohloka komkhiqizo (okuhlanganisa isisindo nezindleko).
Ekugcineni, ukuthuthukiswa okunjalo kungavumela ngisho nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi sangempela kokuthembeka kwemishini phakathi nenqubo yokuklama, kuphakamise ngokushesha izinketho zezingxenye eziphephile, izakhiwo, noma ezinye izincomo zokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka ngenkathi kubhekwa ezinye izinkinga ezifana nokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic (EMI), ezishisayo nezimboni.
11. Isiphetho
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwethula ubunzima bokubikezela ukwethembeka kwemishini kagesi, ukulandelela ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezine zezindlela zokuhlaziya (izincwadi zokulawula, idatha yokuhlola, idatha yokuhlola kanye ne-PoF), okuholela ekuhlanganiseni nasekuqhathaniseni lezi zinhlobo zezindlela. Izindlela eziyisethenjwa ziqashelwa njengeziwusizo kuphela ezifundweni zokuqala, izindlela zedatha yokuhlola ziwusizo kuphela uma idatha yesikhathi ebanzi nenembile itholakala, nezindlela zedatha yokuhlola zibalulekile ekuhloleni ukufaneleka kwedizayini kodwa azanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe imiklamo.
Izindlela ze-PoF kuxoxwa ngazo ngokuningiliziwe kunasezibuyekezweni zezincwadi zangaphambilini, zihlukanisa ucwaningo ngezigaba zenqubo yokubikezela kanye namathuba okwehluleka. Isigaba "Isibikezelo Sempendulo" sibuyekeza izincwadi eziphathelene nezakhiwo ezisabalalisiwe, imodeli yesimo somngcele, kanye namazinga emininingwane kumamodeli we-FE. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokubikezela impendulo kuboniswa njengokuhwebelana phakathi kokunemba nesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuxazulula imodeli ye-FE, futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokunemba kwezimo zomngcele. Isigaba esithi “Imibandela Yokuhluleka” sidingida imibandela yokwehluleka kokuqina nokuhlaziya; kubuchwepheshe be-SMT, ukubuyekezwa kwamamodeli nezingxenye ezinzima kunikezwa.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zisebenza kuphela ezimweni eziqondile, nakuba zinikeza izibonelo ezinhle zezindlela zokuhlola ukwethembeka, kuyilapho izindlela zokuhlaziya zinebanga elibanzi kakhulu lokusebenziseka kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa. Ingxoxo emfushane yezindlela ezikhona zokuhlaziya ukwehluleka okusekelwe kwisofthiwe ekhethekile inikeziwe. Okokugcina, imithelela yekusasa lokubikezela ukwethembeka inikezwa, kucatshangelwa izikhombisi-ndlela lapho izindlela zokubikezela ukwethembeka zingavela khona.
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