Kulesi sihloko, ngiphakamisa ukuthatha uhambo oluya ku-sociobiology futhi ngikhulume ngemvelaphi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ye-altruism, ukukhethwa kwezihlobo kanye nobudlova. Sizobuyekeza kafushane (kodwa ngezinkomba) imiphumela yezifundo zezenhlalo nezengqondo ezibonisa ukuthi ukuqaphela izihlobo kubantu kungaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni kocansi futhi kukhuthaze ukubambisana, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqaphela ilungu leqembu elingaphandle kungakhuphula ukubonakaliswa ukusabela kokwesaba nolaka. Khona-ke masikhumbule izibonelo zomlando zokuxhashazwa kwalezi zindlela futhi sithinte isihloko sokwehliswa kobuntu. Okokugcina, ake sikhulume ngokuthi kungani ucwaningo kule ndawo lubaluleke kakhulu ngekusasa lesintu.
Okuqukethwe:
1.Amaqhawe e-Amoebae nezinyosi-amavolontiya - izibonelo ze-altruism emvelweni.
2. Ukuzidela ngokubala - ithiyori yokukhethwa kwezihlobo kanye nokubusa kukaHamilton.
3.Uthando lobuzalwane nokunengeka - Imishado yaseTaiwan kanye ne-kibbutzim yamaJuda.
4.I-Amygdala yokungezwani - neuroimaging yobandlululo lobuhlanga.
5. Ubudlelwano mbumbulu - ukubambisana kwangempela - Izindela zaseTibet kanye nabasebenzi bokufika.
6. Abangenabuntu. Ukwehliswa kobuntu - inkulumo-ze, uzwela kanye nolaka.
7.Yini elandelayo? - ekuphetheni, kungani konke lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.
Igama "mfowethu" ngesiRashiya asisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izihlobo zemvelo kuphela kodwa futhi ukuchaza amalungu eqembu anobudlelwane obuseduze. Ngakho igama elifanayo lezimpande "mfowethustvo" isho umphakathi wabantu abanezintshisekelo, imibono nezinkolelo ezifanayo [1][2], okulingana nesiNgisi sobuzalwane baseRussia "umzalwaneihood"futhi inempande evamile negama elithi"umzalwane"- umfowethu [3] ofanayo ngesiFulentshi, ubuzalwane - "confrérie", Bhuti -"umzalwane", ngisho nangesi-Indonesian,"ngayinyesaudaraan"-"saudara" Ingabe le ndlela yendawo yonke ingabonisa ukuthi isenzakalo senhlalo “njengobuzalwane” sinezimpande eziqondile zezinto eziphilayo? Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngijule kancane esihlokweni futhi ngibone ukuthi indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inganikeza kanjani ukuqonda okujulile kwezenzakalo zomphakathi.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Amaqhawe e-Amoeba nezinyosi ezivolontiya
Ubudlelwano bezihlobo buvame ukusho izinga eliphezulu lokuzidela. Ukuzidela, njengokuzidela nokuzimisela ukudela izithakazelo zakho siqu ukuze kuzuze abanye, ingabe lokhu ngokuqinisekile kungezinye zezimfanelo zomuntu ezivelele kakhulu, noma akuzona ezabantu kuphela?
Njengoba kwenzeka, izilwane nazo ziyakwazi ukubonisa i-altruism, kuhlanganise nezinambuzane eziningi ezihlala emakoloni[4]. Ezinye izinkawu zihlaba umkhosi ezihlotsheni zazo lapho zibona izilwane ezidla ezinye, ngaleyo ndlela zizibeka engozini. Ezidlekeni zezinyosi kukhona abantu abangazizali, kodwa babheke inzalo yabanye abantu impilo yabo yonke kuphela [5] [6], kanye nama-amoeba ohlobo lwe-Dictyostelium discoideum, lapho izimo ezingezinhle zekoloni zenzeka, bazidela, benza isiqu lapho izihlobo zabo ziphakama ngaphezu komhlaba futhi zithole ithuba lokuthuthwa ngesimo sezinhlamvu ziyiswe endaweni evumayo kakhudlwana [7].
Izibonelo ze-altruism emhlabeni wezilwane. Kwesokunxele: Umzimba othelayo ekubunjweni okuzacile kwe-Dictyostelium discoideum (isithombe ngu-Owen Gilbert). Isikhungo: I-Myrmica scabrinodis ant brood (isithombe nguDavid Nash). Kwesokudla: Osisi abanomsila omude benakekela inzalo yabo (isithombe ngu-Andrew MacColl). Umthombo:[6]
[4]
[5]
[6] (06)01695-2
[7]
Ukuzidela ngokubala
Kulungile, ama-primates, kodwa ukuzidela ezinambuzaneni nasezintweni ezinengqamuzana elilodwa? Kukhona okungahambi kahle lapha! - u-Darwinist kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule uzobabaza. Phela, ngokuzifaka engozini ngenxa yomunye, umuntu unciphisa ithuba lokukhiqiza inzalo futhi, ngokulandela inkolelo-mbono ye-classical yokukhetha, ukuziphatha okunjalo akufanele kukhethwe.
Konke lokhu kwenza abalandeli bokukhetha kwemvelo kukaDarwin bethuka kakhulu, kwaze kwathi, ngo-1932, uJohn Haldane, inkanyezi ekhulayo ye-evolutionary biology, waqaphela ukuthi i-altruism ingaqiniswa uma iqondiswe ezihlotsheni, futhi yakha lesi simiso, esabe sesiba ne-catchphrase. [8]:
“Nginganikela ngokuphila kwami ngenxa yezingane zakwethu ezimbili noma abazala abayisishiyagalombili.”
Ukukhomba ukuthi izelamani ziyefana ngokofuzo ngo-50%, kanti abazala bangu-12,5% kuphela. Ngakho, ngenxa yomsebenzi kaHaldane, kwaqala ukubekwa isisekelo “senkolelo-mbono yokwenziwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo” entsha, umlingisi oyinhloko owayengaseyena umuntu, kodwa izakhi zofuzo nabantu.
Ngempela, uma umgomo omkhulu wento ephilayo kuwukusabalalisa izakhi zofuzo, khona-ke kunengqondo ukwandisa amathuba okuzala alabo bantu abanezakhi zofuzo eziningi abafana nawe. Ngokusekelwe kule datha futhi ephefumulelwe izibalo, uWilliam Hamilton, ngo-1964, wasungula umthetho kamuva owabizwa ngokuthi umthetho ka-Hamilton [9], othi ukuziphatha kokucabangela phakathi kwabantu kungenzeka kuphela uma isilinganiso sezakhi zabo zofuzo ezivamile siphindaphindeka ngokunyuka kwamathuba. yokudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo , kumuntu okuqondiswe kuye i-altruism, kuzoba nokungaphezu kokwanda kwengozi yokungadluliseli izakhi zofuzo kumuntu owenza isenzo sokuzidela, okungabhalwa ngendlela elula kanje:
Kuphi:
r (ukuhlobana) - ingxenye yezakhi zofuzo ezivamile phakathi kwabantu, isibonelo. izingane zakubo ½,
B (inzuzo) - ukwanda kwamathuba okukhiqizwa kabusha komuntu wesibili esimweni sokuzidela komuntu wokuqala,
C (izindleko) - ukuncipha kwamathuba okukhiqizwa kabusha komuntu owenza isenzo sokuzidela.
Futhi le modeli ithole ukuqinisekiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kokubonwayo [10][11]. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni olwenziwa ongoti bezinto eziphilayo baseCanada[12], iminyaka engu-19 balandelela isibalo sezingwejeje ezibomvu (ingqikithi yabantu abangaba ngu-54,785 kumalitha angu-2,230), futhi baqopha zonke izimo lapho izingwejeje ezazincelisa abantwana bazo zamukela izingwejejejejejela ezinonina. wayeseshonile.
Ingwejeje yensikazi ebomvu ilungiselela ukuhambisa usana lwalo phakathi kwezidleke. Umthombo [12]
Esimweni ngasinye, izinga lokuhlobana kanye nobungozi ngenzalo yezingwejeje ngokwazo kubalwa, bese ngokuhlanganisa itafula elinalezi datha, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukubusa kukaHamilton kwabonwa kunembile kuya endaweni yesithathu yedesimali.
Ulayini A1 kuya ku-A5 uhambisana nezimo lapho izingwejeje zesifazane zamukela izingane zabanye abantu; imigqa NA1 kanye ne-NA2 ihambisana nezimo lapho ukutholwa kungenzeki; ikholomu ethi “Ukufaneleka okuhlanganisiwe kokuthatha ingane eyodwa” ibonisa ukubala kusetshenziswa ifomula ka-Hamilton esimweni ngasinye. Umthombo [12]
[8]
[9]http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/1964/hamilton1964a.pdf
[10]
[11]
[12]
Njengoba ubona, ukuqashelwa kwezihlobo kuyisici esibalulekile sokukhetha futhi lokhu kuqinisekiswa yizinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuqashelwa okunjalo, ngoba ukuqonda ukuthi ubani onezakhi zofuzo ezivame kakhulu kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuze unqume ukuthi ungubani. kunenzuzo eyengeziwe ukukhombisa i-altruism, kodwa futhi nokugwema ukuthintana ngokocansi nabantu abasondelene (inbringing), ngoba inzalo etholwe ngenxa yokuxhumana okunjalo ibuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izilwane zingakwazi ukubona izihlobo ngephunga [13], ngosizo lwe-histocompatibility complex enkulu [14], izinyoni ngokucula [15], kanye nezinkawu, zisebenzisa izici zobuso, zingakwazi ngisho nokubona lezo zihlobo zazo. izihlobo abangakaze bahlangane nazo, abakaze bahlangane[16].
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Uthando lobuzalwane nenzondo
Kubantu, izinto zisathakazelisa futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Ithimba labacwaningi abavela eSikoleni Sezengqondo eNyuvesi yase-Aberdeen lishicilele imiphumela ethokozisayo ngo-2010[17] yokuthi abesifazane abangu-156 abaneminyaka engu-17 kuya kwengama-35 bakale kanjani izithombe zobuso bamadoda ahlukene. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezithombeni ezijwayelekile zabantu abangahleliwe, ososayensi baxube ngasese izithombe zobuso ezidalwe ngokwenziwa ezithombeni zezihloko ngokwazo, ngendlela enjengokungathi yizingane zakini, okungukuthi, umehluko wama-50%.
Izibonelo zokwakha ubuso obufanayo ocwaningweni. Umehluko we-50% ebusweni bokwenziwa wasetshenziswa, njengokungathi yingane yakubo yesifundo [17].
Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonise ukuthi abesifazane kungenzeka ukuthi balinganise ubuso obufanayo njengobuthembekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bungathandeki ngokocansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, labo besifazane ababenabafowabo noma odadewabo bangempela abazange bakhangwe ubuso obufanayo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umbono wokuhlobana kwabantu, kanye nasezilwaneni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungakhuthaza ukubambisana futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo usize ukugwema ukuzalanisa.
Kunobufakazi futhi bokuthi abangezona izihlobo bangase baqale ukubonana njengokuhlobene ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseFinland u-Westermarck, sifunda ngokuziphatha kwabantu ngokobulili, saphakamisa ukuthi indlela yokunquma isihlobo ingasebenza ngesimiso sokunyathelisa. Okusho ukuthi, abantu bayobonana njengezihlobo futhi banengekile umcabango wokulala ndawonye, inqobo nje uma ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuphila babesondelene isikhathi eside, isibonelo, bakhuliswa ndawonye [18] 19].
Ake sinikeze izibonelo ezigqama kakhulu zokuqaphela ezifakazela i-hypothesis ephrintayo. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwa-Israyeli, i-kibbutzim - imiphakathi yezolimo enabantu abangamakhulu amaningana - yaqala ukuthandwa, futhi kanye nokwenqatshwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu nokulingana kokusetshenziswa, izingane emiphakathini enjalo nazo zakhuliswa ndawonye cishe kusukela ekuzalweni. , okwakuvumela abantu abadala ukuba banikele isikhathi esengeziwe sokusebenza. Izibalo zemishado engaphezu kuka-2700 yabantu abakhulele ku-kibbutzim enjalo zabonisa ukuthi cishe yayingekho imishado phakathi kwalabo abakhuliswe eqenjini elifanayo phakathi neminyaka yokuqala engu-6 yokuphila[20].
Iqembu lezingane e-Kibbutz Gan Shmuel, circa 1935-40. Umthombo
Amaphethini afanayo abonwa eTaiwan, lapho kuze kube muva nje bekunomkhuba wemishado kaSim-pua (ehunyushwa ngokuthi “umakoti omncane”), lapho umakoti etholwa umndeni womkhwenyana osanda kuzalwa eneminyaka emi-4, okwathi ngemva kwalokho abazoshada nabo bakhuliswe ndawonye. Izibalo zemishado enjalo zabonisa ukuthi ukungathembeki kwakunamathuba angu-20% ngaphezulu kuwo, isehlukaniso sasiphindwe kathathu, futhi imishado enjalo ibalwa ngekota yezingane ezimbalwa ezizalwa [21].
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20] Ukulalana. Ukubuka kwe-biosocial. Ibhalwe ngu-J. Shepher. ENew York: I-Academic Press. 1983.
[21]
I-tonsil yokungezwani
Kungaba okunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zingaba usizo ekuhlonzeni “thina” kuphela kodwa “nabafokazi”. Futhi njengoba nje incazelo yezihlobo idlala indima ebalulekile ekubambisaneni nasekuthandeni, ngakho-ke incazelo yomfokazi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuboniseni ukwesaba nobudlova. Futhi ukuze siziqonde kangcono lezi zindlela, kuzodingeka singene kancane emhlabeni othakazelisayo wocwaningo lwe-neuropsychological.
Ubuchopho bethu bunesakhiwo esibhanqiwe esincane kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu, i-amygdala, edlala indima ebalulekile emizwelweni, ikakhulukazi engalungile, ukukhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo nokuvusa ukuziphatha okunolaka.
Indawo yamathoni ebuchosheni, aqokonyiswe ngokuphuzi, umthombo
Umsebenzi we-Amygdala uphakeme kakhulu lapho wenza izinqumo ezithinta imizwa futhi wenza ezimweni ezicindezelayo. Uma icushiwe, i-amygdala icindezela umsebenzi we-prefrontal cortex [22], isikhungo sethu sokuhlela nokuzithiba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi abantu abane-prefrontal cortex abakwazi kangcono ukucindezela umsebenzi we-amygdala bangase bangabi lula ekucindezelekeni nasekuphazamisekeni kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka [23].
Uhlolo lwango-2017 ngokubamba iqhaza kwabantu abenze ubugebengu obunodlame lubonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudlala umdlalo oklanywe ngokukhethekile, kubantu abenze ubugebengu obunobudlova, ukucasulwa komphikisi kugeyimu kuvame ukubangela ukusabela okunolaka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. isikhathi, umsebenzi we-amygdala yabo, eqoshwe kusetshenziswa idivayisi ye-fMRI, wawuphakeme ngokuphawulekayo kunalowo weqembu lokulawula [24].
"I-Amygdala reactivity" - amanani esignali akhishwe ku-amygdala yesokunxele nesokudla sezihloko. Izigebengu ezinodlame (amachashazi abomvu) zibonisa ukusebenza kabusha kwe-amygdala okuphezulu ekucasuleni (P = 0,02).[24]
Ucwaningo lwakudala manje lwathola ukuthi umsebenzi we-amygdala wanyuswa lapho ubuka izithombe zobuso bohlanga oluhlukile futhi uhlotshaniswa nokusebenza ku-Implicit Association Test, isilinganiso sokucwasa ngokobuhlanga [25]. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwalesi sihloko luveze ukuthi umphumela wokwenza kusebenze ebusweni bohlanga oluhlukile wathuthukiswa lapho isithombe sethulwa ngemodi engaphansi cishe ama-millisecond angu-30. Okusho ukuthi, ngisho nalapho umuntu engenaso isikhathi sokuqaphela ukuthi yini ngempela ayibonayo, i-amygdala yakhe yayivele ibonisa ingozi [26].
Umphumela ophambene wawubonakala ezimweni lapho, ngaphezu kwesithombe sobuso bomuntu, ulwazi mayelana nezimfanelo zakhe zomuntu siqu kwethulwa. Abacwaningi bafake izifundo emshinini we-fMRI futhi baqapha umsebenzi wezingxenye zobuchopho ngenkathi benza izinhlobo ezimbili zemisebenzi. Izihloko zethulwe ngesikhuthazo esibonakalayo sobuso obungahleliwe baseYurophu nase-Afrika futhi kwadingeka baphendule umbuzo ngalo muntu. , ngokwesibonelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayenobungane, evilapha noma engathetheleli . Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye nesithombe, kwanikezwa ulwazi olwengeziwe, esimweni sokuqala esingahlobene nokuthi ungubani, kanti okwesibili, ulwazi oluthile ngalo muntu, isibonelo, ukuthi utshala imifino engadini noma ukhohlwe. izingubo emshinini wokuwasha.
Izibonelo zezinkinga abahlanganyeli bocwaningo abazixazulule. Phakathi namasekhondi angu-3, ababambiqhaza benze isinqumo sokuthi “yebo” noma “cha” ngokusekelwe esithombeni sobuso bomuntu (owesilisa Omhlophe noma Omnyama) kanye nengxenye yolwazi engezansi kwesithombe. Endabeni yezahlulelo "ezingaphezulu", izingxenye zolwazi bezingezona ezomuntu. Kumodeli yezahlulelo "zomuntu siqu", ulwazi lwenziwe lwaba ngelwakho futhi lwachazwa izici eziyingqayizivele nezimfanelo zalokho okuhlosiwe. Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza banikezwe ithuba lokuhlukanisa isithombe sobuso noma cha. Umthombo [27]
Imiphumela yabonisa umsebenzi omkhulu ku-amygdala phakathi nezimpendulo lapho kudingekile ukwenza isahlulelo esikha phezulu, okungukuthi, lapho ulwazi olungahlobene nomuntu luvezwa. Ngesikhathi sokwahlulela komuntu siqu, umsebenzi we-amygdala wawuphansi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izindawo ze-cerebral cortex ezibhekene nokufanisa ubuntu bomunye umuntu zasebenza [27].
Ngenhla (B) Amanani amaphakathi omsebenzi we-amygdala: ibha eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihambelana nezahlulelo ezikha phezulu, ibha ensomi kuya kwezingadwana. Ngezansi kunomdwebo womsebenzi wezifunda zobuchopho ezihlobene nokumodela komuntu lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi efanayo [27].
Ngenhlanhla, ukusabela okuchemile embala wesikhumba akukona okungokwemvelo futhi kuncike endaweni yenhlalo kanye nendawo lapho ubuntu bakheka khona. Futhi ubufakazi obuvuna lokhu bunikezwe ucwaningo olwahlola ukusebenza kwe-amygdala ezithombeni zobuso bohlanga oluhlukile ezinganeni ezingu-32 ezineminyaka engu-4 kuya kwengu-16. Kwavela ukuthi i-amygdala yezingane ayisebenzi ebusweni bolunye uhlanga kuze kube sekuthombeni, kuyilapho ukusebenza kwe-amygdala ebusweni bolunye uhlanga kwakubuthakathaka uma ingane ikhulele endaweni ehlukene ngokwezinhlanga [28].
Umsebenzi we-Amygdala ebusweni bezinye izinhlanga njengomsebenzi weminyaka yobudala. Umthombo: [28]
Uma sifingqa konke lokhu okungenhla, kuvela ukuthi ubuchopho bethu, obakheka ngaphansi kwethonya lokuhlangenwe nakho kwasebuntwaneni nendawo ezungezile, bungafunda ukubona izimpawu “eziyingozi” ekubukekeni kwabantu futhi kamuva zibe nomthelela ekuboneni nasekuziphatheni kwethu. Ngakho-ke, njengoba yakhelwe endaweni lapho abantu abamnyama bebhekwa njengabafokazi abayingozi, i-amygdala yakho izothumela isignali ye-alamu lapho ubona umuntu onesikhumba esimnyama, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ube nesikhathi sokuhlola isimo ngokunengqondo futhi wenze izahlulelo mayelana nomuntu siqu. Izimfanelo zalo muntu, futhi Ezimweni eziningi, isibonelo, lapho udinga ukwenza isinqumo ngokushesha noma ingekho enye idatha, lokhu kungaba okubucayi.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563325/
[27]
[28]
Ukuzalana okungamanga - ukubambisana kwangempela
Ngakho-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, thina (abantu) sinezindlela zokuhlonza izihlobo, ezingafundiswa ukuvusa abantu ngaphandle kwezihlobo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhona izindlela zokuhlonza izimpawu eziyingozi zomuntu ezingahle zilungiswe isiqondiso esifanele futhi, njengomthetho, ngokuvamile kuvame ukubangela abameleli amaqembu omphakathi angaphandle. Futhi izinzuzo lapha zisobala: imiphakathi enokubambisana okuphezulu phakathi kwamalungu ayo inezinzuzo kunaleyo ehlukene kakhudlwana, futhi izinga elikhulayo lolaka olubhekiswe emaqenjini angaphandle lingasiza emqhudelwaneni wezinsiza.
Ukubambisana okwandisiwe kanye nokuthanda abantu abathile eqenjini kungenzeka uma amalungu alo ebonana njengabahlobene kakhulu kunalokho abayikho ngempela. Ngokusobala, ngisho nesingeniso esilula sokubiza amalungu omphakathi ngokuthi “bafowethu nodadewethu” kungadala umphumela wokuzalana-mbumbulu - imiphakathi eminingi yezenkolo namahlelo angaba isibonelo salokhu.
Izindela zesinye sezindela eziyinhloko zaseTibet, iRato Dratsang. Umthombo:
Amacala okwakhiwa kobudlelwane bomndeni-mbumbulu abuye achazwe njengokuzivumelanisa okuwusizo phakathi kwamaqembu ezizwe zabafuduki abasebenza ezindaweni zokudlela zaseKorea [29], ngakho ithimba labasebenzi, eliba umndeni mbumbulu, lithola izinzuzo ngendlela yokwenyuka kokusizana. kanye nokubambisana.
Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi yile ndlela uStalin akhuluma ngayo nezakhamuzi zase-USSR enkulumweni yakhe ngoJulayi 3, 1941, "abafowethu nodadewethu," ebabiza ukuba baye empini ngokumelene namasosha aseJalimane [30].
[29]https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1466138109347000 [30]https://topwar.ru/143885-bratya-i-sestry-obraschenie-iosifa-stalina-k-sovetskomu-narodu-3-iyulya-1941-goda.html
Unya olungenabuntu
Imiphakathi yabantu ihlukaniswa ezilwaneni nakwezinye izilwane ezizinkawu ngokuthambekela okukhulu kokubambisana, izenzo zokubonisa ububele nozwela [31], ezingasebenza njengesithiyo solaka. Ukususa izithiyo ezinjalo kungakhuphula ukuziphatha okunolaka; enye yezindlela zokususa izithiyo kungaba ukululaza ubuntu, ngoba uma isisulu singabonwa njengomuntu, uzwela ngeke luvele.
I-Neuroimaging ikhombisa ukuthi uma ubuka izithombe zabamele amaqembu omphakathi “adlulele”, njengabantu abangenamakhaya noma imilutha yezidakamizwa, izindawo ezisebuchosheni ezinesibopho sokubuka umphakathi azicushiwe [32], futhi lokhu kungakha umbuthano ononya kubantu bawele “ezinsikeni zenhlalo” ngoba lapho bewa kakhulu, abantu abambalwa bayobe bezimisele ukubasiza.
Iqembu labacwaningi abavela eStanford lishicilele iphepha ngo-2017 elibonisa ukuthi ukwenza isisulu singabi samuntu kwandisa ulaka ezimeni lapho ukwamukelwa kwenzuzo, njengomvuzo wemali, kuncike kukho. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ulaka lwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha, isibonelo, njengesijeziso sokwenza ubugebengu, ukuchaza izici zomuntu ohlukunyezwayo kungase kukhulise ukuvunyelwa kobudlova [33].
Ukuzimisela okumaphakathi kwezifundo ukulimaza umuntu kuye ngesisusa, kwesokunxele, isisusa sokuziphatha esingakwesokudla siwukuthola inzuzo. Amabha amnyama ahambisana nencazelo eyehlisa ubuntu yomuntu ohlukumezekile, amabha ampunga ahambisana nencazelo eyenziwe ngumuntu.
Ziningi izibonelo zomlando zokucekelwa phansi kobuntu. Cishe zonke izingxabano ezihlomile aziphelele ngaphandle kwenkulumo-ze kusetshenziswa le nqubo yakudala; izibonelo zale nkulumo-ze kusukela ekuqaleni kwamaphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ezakhiqizwa phakathi neMpi Yombango kanye neMpi Yezwe II eRussia, zingacashunwa. Kunephethini ecacile yokudala isithombe sesitha esinezimpawu zesilwane esiyingozi, esinezinzipho namazinyo abukhali, noma ukuqhathanisa ngokuqondile nezilwane ezibangela ubutha, njengesicabucabu, okufanele ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kobudlova, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunciphisa izinga lozwela lomhlukumezi.
Izibonelo zamaphosta e-Soviet propaganda anamasu okwehlisa ubuntu. Umthombo:
[31]
[32]
[33]https://www.pnas.org/content/114/32/8511
Yini okulandelayo?
Abantu bawuhlobo lwenhlalo ngokwedlulele, benza ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi naphakathi kwamaqembu. Sinezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lozwela nokuthanda abanye futhi singafunda ukubona abantu esingabazi ngokuphelele njengezihlobo eziseduze futhi sizwelane nosizi lwabanye njengokungathi olwethu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, siyakwazi ukwenza isihluku esidlulele, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokuqothulwa kohlanga, futhi singakwazi ukufunda ukubona izihlobo zethu njengezilwane eziyingozi futhi siziqede ngaphandle kokubhekana nokungqubuzana kokuziphatha.
Ukulinganisa phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili ezeqisayo, impucuko yethu iye yabhekana izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa izikhathi ezinzima nezimnyama, futhi ngokusungulwa kwezikhali zenuzi, sesisondele kakhulu kunangaphambili onqenqemeni lokubhubhisana okuphelele.
Futhi nakuba le ngozi manje ibonwa ngokwejwayelekile kunasekuphakameni kokungqubuzana phakathi kwamandla amakhulu ase-USA kanye ne-USSR, inhlekelele ngokwayo iseyiqiniso, njengoba kuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa kwe-Doomsday Clock isinyathelo, lapho ososayensi abahamba phambili emhlabeni. hlola amathuba okuba khona kwenhlekelele yomhlaba wonke ngefomethi yesikhathi ngaphambi kwaphakathi kwamabili. Futhi kusukela ngo-1991, iwashi belilokhu lisondela kancane kuphawu olubulalayo, lifinyelela inani eliphakeme ngo-2018 futhi lisabonisa "imizuzu emibili kuya phakathi kwamabili" [34].
[34]
Ukwehliswa kwesandla samaminithi wephrojekthi Yewashi Losuku Lwembubhiso ngenxa yezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zomlando, okwengeziwe okungafundwa ekhasini le-Wikipedia:
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kudala izinkinga, indlela yokuphuma edinga ulwazi olusha nobuchwepheshe, futhi kubonakala sengathi asinayo enye indlela yentuthuko ngaphandle kwendlela yolwazi. Siphila ezikhathini ezijabulisayo lapho kuzofika impumelelo kubuchwepheshe obufana namakhompiyutha e-quantum, amandla e-fusion kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa - ubuchwepheshe obungayisa isintu ezingeni elisha, nokuthi siwasebenzisa kanjani ngokunenzuzo la mathuba amasha kuzoba bucayi.
Futhi kulokhu, kunzima ukweqisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo mayelana nesimo solaka nokubambisana, ngoba zinganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile ekutholeni izimpendulo zemibuzo enqumayo ngekusasa lesintu - singalunqanda kanjani ulaka lwethu futhi sifunde ukubambisana emhlabeni wonke ukuze kwandiswe lo mqondo "yami" kuwo wonke umphakathi, futhi hhayi nje iqembu ngalinye.
Спасибо за внимание!
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwabhalwa ngaphansi kombono futhi ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa izinto ezivela enkulumweni ethi "Biology of Human Behavior" yi-American neuroendocrinologist, uProfesa Robert Sapolsky, ayinikeze eStanford University ngo-2010. Izifundo ezigcwele zahunyushelwa olimini lwesiRashiya yiphrojekthi ye-Vert Dider futhi iyatholakala eqenjini labo esiteshini se-YouTube. .
Futhi ukuze uthole ukucwiliswa okungcono esihlokweni, ngincoma ukuthi ufunde uhlu lwezinkomba zalesi sifundo, lapho yonke into ihlelwa kalula ngesihloko: docs.google.com/document/d/1LW9CCHIlOGfZyIpowCvGD-lIfMFm7QkIuwqpKuSemCc
Source: www.habr.com