Kulesi sihloko, ngizobhala kafushane iziphetho ezithakazelisa kakhulu kanye nezinhlu zokuhlola engizithole encwadini kaRaf Koster ethi "Theory of Fun for Game Design".
Kodwa okokuqala, ulwazi oluncane lwasemuva:
— Ngiyithandile le ncwadi.
— Incwadi imfushane, ifundeka kalula futhi iyathakazelisa. Cishe njengencwadi yobuciko.
- U-Raf Koster ungumklami wegeyimu onolwazi futhi onolwazi emculweni nasezincwadini. Kodwa akayena umhleli, ngakho-ke kukhona "okunye" okugcizelelwa ekuthuthukisweni, okuphawulekayo ikakhulukazi kumhleli wohlelo olumfundayo. Ngaqala ngama-MUD.
- Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-2004, okusho ukuthi imishwana encwadini mayelana nesimo samanje semboni kufanele ibhekwe ngenani elilinganayo lokungabaza.
- Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yencwadi: theoryoffun.com [].
- Inguqulo ehunyushiwe yencwadi: Raf Koster: I-Game Development and Entertainment Theory []. Ngifunde inguqulo yesiNgisi, ngakho-ke angikwazi ukusho lutho mayelana nekhwalithi yokuhumusha kwesiRashiya, kodwa okungenani ikhona.
- Kukhona ukubukezwa okuningi kwale ncwadi []. Kodwa-ke, ngizibekele umsebenzi wokuqoqa isifinyezo esifushane sezincomo zakhe, ngakho-ke lesi sihloko akufanele sibhekwe njengesibuyekezo.
- Le ncwadi ivame ukutuswa, okuhlanganisa ne-Habré: izincwadi ezingu-25 zomthuthukisi wegeyimu [].
Imayelana nani
Ngokwesakhiwo sayo se-semantic, le ncwadi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezicishe zilingane:
Okokuqala. Ucwaningo oluhlelekile lwalokho okuthakazelisayo emidlalweni: umzamo wokunikeza incazelo; kungani kuthakazelisa ukudlala; lapho intshisekelo emdlalweni iphela. Kuyajabulisa kakhulu futhi kuyafundisa. Kunezifaniso eziningi kanye nokuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko: umculo, izincwadi, i-cinema.
Okwesibili. Izingxoxo mayelana nokuvuthwa kwemboni, inhloso yemidlalo, umthwalo wabathuthukisi begeyimu emphakathini. Kunezikhathi ezithakazelisayo ezingandile, kodwa eziyisicefe futhi ezingenalwazi. Ngamangazwa inkulumo ethi: “Manje isikhathi sesifikile lapho usungakwazi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokwahlukana kobulili ngaphandle kwengozi yokusolwa ngokucwasa ngobulili.” Futhi waxoxa ngalo mehluko ngokukhululeka.
Inani elikhulu elishiwo lencwadi ukukutshela ukuthi uwenza kanjani umdlalo uhehe. Futhi incwadi ikhuluma ngempela ngalokhu.
Kodwa lapha nginenkinga yokuhumusha igama elingukhiye elijabulisayo ngesiRashiya. Abashicileli baseRussia balihumusha ngokuthi “ukuzijabulisa.” I-Google iphakamisa "okujabulisayo." Ngizosebenzisa amagama athi “intshisekelo” kanye “nentshisekelo”, nakuba ukwaneliseka nokuzijabulisa nakho kungafaneleka.
Kodwa, ngokubona kwami, leli elinye lalawo magama angenayo inguqulo eqondile yesiRashiya, futhi zonke izinguqulo eziveziwe aziphumelelanga. Lokhu okuthakazelisayo angeke kube mnandi kuphela, kodwa futhi kucindezele. NgesiNgisi, igama elithi “okuhlekisayo” lingasho “isiphukuphuku”, futhi inkulumo ethi “amagama ahlekisayo” angasho amagama angcolile.
Amaphethini emidlalweni
Amaphethini emidlalweni ayizakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha ubuchopho bethu obufunda ukuzibona nokuzijwayeza. Inqubo yokufunda iwumthombo oyinhloko wokuthakasela imidlalo. Lapho umdlali efunda okuthile okusha, uthola umvuzo wamakhemikhali ongamahomoni enjabulo. Uma umdlali ezwa ngokugcwele yonke into enikezwa yigeyimu, umzimba uyayeka ukuthola umklomelo onjalo. Lona umqondo oyinhloko wengxenye yokuqala yencwadi, eyembulwa emazingeni ahlukene ngosizo lwezibonelo ezahlukene.
Okusho ukuthi, injabulo yomdlalo ivela olwazini. Ingqondo iwukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono ubuchopho obubona ewusizo ekuphileni komuntu noma isizwe sakhe kusukela kudala, okusho ukuthi umuntu kufanele aklonyeliswe ngokuqeqeshwa okunjalo. Imishini emisha ihlinzeka ngokudla kolwazi (uhlobo olusha noma ipulatifomu yokudlala) nokuqukethwe (isakhiwo, iqembu, umculo).
Kusuka lapha kufinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi noma yimuphi umdlalo ngeke ube nesithukuthezi lapho umdlali ekhipha konke okusha kuwo futhi eba yingcweti kuwo. Uma umthombo oyinhloko wolwazi olusha lomdlalo ulele kokuqukethwe (umbhali ubiza lokhu kugqoka emaphethini), Umdlalo-ke uzoba yisicefe ngemuva kwendima yokuqala noma ukubukwa ku-YouTube (Izingozi ze-YouTube zemidlalo eqhutshwa yindaba zazingabonakali kangako emuva). Kodwa izici ezintsha zomakhenikha azihlali nje isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi ziheha abadlali abasha ababone umdlalo womunye umuntu. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinkawu: lapho umuntu ebona impumelelo yomunye umuntu (kumnandi), bese efuna ukuphinda futhi ancintisane.
(Ukuhumusha okuvamile kwamaphethini wamagama izifanekiso ezingangeni kahle encazelweni. Lokhu cishe kufana nokufana namaphethini okuklama ku-OOP)
Imishwana emifushane nemibono ethathwe encwadini
- Ubuchopho bucabanga ngamaphethini, hhayi izinto zangempela;
- Ubuchopho buhahela amaphethini amasha;
- Ubuchopho bungase bubone amaphethini amasha kakhulu njengomsindo futhi buwenqabe njengento engajwayelekile futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho, isizukulwane esidala sivame ukwenqaba ubuchwepheshe obusha noma imfashini;
- Okuhlangenwe nakho okusha ngokuphelele kungase kube okungajwayelekile kakhulu futhi kube lula, ngakho iphethini endala ebuyekeziwe iphephe kakhudlwana (kwezesayensi kukhona ukufanisa "kude kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe");
- Amaphethini amadala aphindaphindiwe aholela esithukuthelweni ngenxa yendlela evamile;
- Inqubo yokuthuthukisa iphethini ivuzwa ngamahomoni enjabulo, kodwa ngemva kokufeza ukuphelela, injabulo ikhishwa okokugcina futhi ukukhululwa kuyeka;
- Isithukuthezi yilapho ingqondo idinga ulwazi olusha ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda. Ubuchopho abudingi ngempela ukuzwa okusha (isipiliyoni esingahloliwe), ngokuvamile idatha entsha yanele kuyo (isethi entsha yezitha, abaphathi);
- Umdlali angabona iphethini endala emdlalweni omusha emizuzwini emi-5. Izingubo nendawo ezungezile ngeke kumkhohlise. Uma engayitholi into entsha, uzoyibheka njengeyisicefe futhi ayivale;
- Umdlali angase abone ukujula okukhulu emdlalweni, kodwa angase akubheke njengokungabalulekile kuye. Ngakho-ke isithukuthezi kanye nendlela yokuphuma;
- Awukwazi ukujabulisa wonke umuntu. Ukwambulwa koomakhenikha abasha kuhamba kancane -> umdlali uzoqaphela ukuthi akukho okusha isikhathi eside -> kuyisicefe -> ukuphuma. Ukuveza izinsimbi ezintsha ngokushesha okukhulu -> kunzima kakhulu, amaphethini awabonwa -> kuyisicefe -> yeka.
- Umthombo oyisisekelo kakhulu wenjabulo emidlalweni: kusuka kumakhono okucija emaphethini - okungukuthi, olwazini. Kodwa kukhona ezinye ezengeziwe: ubuhle; i-reflex; social.
- Ubumnandi bobuhle. Ngokusekelwe ekuboneni amaphethini amadala kunokuwafunda, njengokusonta kwesakhiwo (isibonelo: i-movie Planet of the Apes, lapho umlingiswa oyinhloko ebona iSitembu Sokukhululeka ekugcineni).
- Intshisekelo yomphakathi (ongakukhetha ngabadlali abaningi):
1) ukujabula lapho isitha sijikijela kokuthile;
2) ukudumisa, ukunqoba ngokuqeda umsebenzi onzima, njengesignali kuso sonke isizwe ukuthi uwusizo, ubalulekile futhi ubalulekile;
3) ukusekelwa, lapho umfundi ezuza impumelelo, lokhu kubalulekile ekusindeni kwesizwe sakho;
4) ukuzidla, ukuziqhayisa ngomfundi wakho. Lokhu kuwuphawu esizweni mayelana nokubaluleka kwakho kanye nokusebenziseka kwakho kukonke;
5) ukuqomisana okusondelene, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlalisana/kwendawo;
6) ukuphana, isibonelo, uxhaso lwamanye amalungu omndeni, isibonakaliso esibalulekile senhlalo esizweni mayelana nezinzuzo zokuba nomuntu onjalo wesizwe.
Izici zomdlalo othakazelisayo
1) Ukulungiselela. Okusho ukuthi, umdlali kufanele abe nethuba lokwandisa amathuba okuwina;
2) Omakhenikha abazinzile. Iqoqo lemithetho eqondakalayo futhi eyamukelwa abadlali;
3) Iqoqo lezithiyo nezingxabano. Abadlali kumele babhekane nezingqinamba ezahlukahlukene ezibavimbayo ekufinyeleleni umgomo;
4) Izindlela eziningi zokunqoba izithiyo. Isibonelo, ungakwazi ukudlula onogada: ngokwenza imisebenzi yobuqhawe, ukufumbathisa, ukusabisa, noma ukugibela udonga ngobuqili;
5) Ikhono lomdlali lithinta impumelelo. Okusho ukuthi, izinqumo umdlali azithathayo zinendaba futhi ziholela emiphumeleni ehlukene;
6) Izwe elisizungezile. Okusho ukuthi, kukhona indawo yenkululeko kanye/noma imingcele ecacile. Akukuhle kakhulu uma uphonsa umdlali enkundleni evulekile ngaphandle kolwazi oluyisingeniso.
Ukuze isipiliyoni semidlalo sifundise, kufanele kube khona:
1) Impendulo eguquguqukayo ezenzweni zomdlali: ezinqumweni eziyimpumelelo kufanele kube nomvuzo ongcono;
2) Umdlali onolwazi kufanele athole umvuzo omncane ngangokunokwenzeka lapho exazulula izinkinga ezilula. Isibonelo, uma umdlali ezingela abanye abadlali ababuthaka kakhulu kunaye, kufanele "ngokomnotho" kungabi nanzuzo kuye;
3) Ukwehluleka kumele kube nenani lako. Emidlalweni emidala bekuyi-Game Over ephelele, kodwa manje kufanele okungenani kube imfuneko yokudlala kabusha noma ukulahlekelwa inzuzo.
Uhlu lokuhlola lwemibuzo yomdlalo othakazelisayo
1) Ingabe ngidinga ukulungiselela ngaphambi kwesithiyo? (yenza uphenyo lokuqala)
2) Kungenzeka yini ukulungiselela ngokuhlukile futhi uphumelele? (ukufumbathisa noma ukwesabisa onogada)
3) Ingabe imvelo yesithiyo inethonya isithiyo ngokwaso? (Ingabe onogada emnyango wenqaba nedolobhana elincane baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile?)
4) Ingabe ikhona imithetho ecacile yomdlalo kanye nemishini yawo yokunqoba izithiyo? (akukuhle uma onogada besabela ngokungalindelekile ukuvula ukweba noma ukuziba ukuziphatha kobugebengu)
5) Ingabe isethi yomthetho ingakwazi ukusekela izithiyo ezihlukahlukene? (imithetho eqinile/emibi ikhawulela amathuba emazingeni asathuthukayo)
6) Ingabe umdlali angasebenzisa amakhono ahlukene ukuze aphumelele? (yiba umxoxisi omkhulu noma umbhuqi ononya)
7) Emazingeni aphezulu obunzima, ingabe umdlali uyadingeka ukuthi asebenzise amakhono amaningi ukuze aphumelele? (okungukuthi, kuzofanele asebenze kanzima ngempela, hhayi nje ukugaya ishumi nambili ezingulubeni)
8) Ingabe ikhono liyadingeka ukuze usebenzise amakhono? (ukuchofoza akufanele kube isu elisebenzayo)
9) Ingabe kunemiphumela eminingi engaba khona yempumelelo ukuze kungabikho umphumela owodwa oqinisekisiwe? (kuyabhora ukubukela okweshumi okufanayo konogada ngesikhathi sokwesatshiswa)
10) Ingabe abadlali abathuthukile bayazuza kuzithiyo/izinselele ezilula kakhulu? (ungayeka ukunikeza izingulube imivuzo ngokuphelele)
11) Ingabe ukwehluleka kwenza umdlali ahlupheke nganoma iyiphi indlela? (ukwehluleka, isiphetho esibi noma inzuzo elahlekile)
12) Uma ususa ihluzo, imisindo, nendaba emdlalweni, ingabe kusazothakazelisa ukuyidlala? (okungukuthi, ingabe izinsimbi zomdlalo eziyinhloko zisathakasela?)
13) Zonke izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa emdlalweni kumele zisebenzele emqondweni osemqoka (ukuziphatha noma umqondo womdlalo). Uma uhlelo lungafaki isandla ekuxazululeni umbono, uhlelo kufanele lukhishwe. Yilokhu okwenziwa umthuthukisi we-RimWorld [], engazange yengeze imishini engazange ithuthukise "isistimu yokukhiqiza indaba". Yingakho engezanga izinhlelo zobuciko eziyinkimbinkimbi.
14) Abadlali cishe njalo bathambekele ekuthatheni indlela elula: ukukopela, ukweqa indaba nezingxoxo ezingasizi intshisekelo yabo enkulu abadawunilode ngayo lo mdlalo. Abantu bayavilapha. Ingabe igeyimu iyakucabangela lokhu kuziphatha “kokuvilapha”? Isibonelo, uma umdlali eqala isenzo sakho se-RPG sokushwiba inkemba hhayi ngenxa yetulo, khona-ke mhlawumbe kufanele umnike leli thuba ngaphandle kokumthwesa umthwalo nge-backstories emide (ikakhulukazi uma iyinto encane futhi iphindaphinda emdlalweni).
isiphetho
Kuthathe amahora angu-8 kuphela ukufunda le ncwadi. Ngabonisa lokho engangikubheka njengokubaluleke kakhulu, ngakho kungenzeka ngiphuthelwe eminye imibono ebalulekile. Le ncwadi ifundeka kalula futhi iyathakazelisa, ngakho ngiyincoma ngokuzethemba kubo bonke abathuthukisi begeyimu yevidiyo. Ikakhulukazi kulabo abenza imidlalo njengento yokuzilibazisa futhi abangenazo izinsiza zezindlela zendabuko zokuheha ukunaka ngezithombe eziphuma amehlo, izintaba zokuqukethwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu namathani okukhangisa okuphrofeshinali. Uma unentshisekelo kundaba enjalo, sicela ucabangele ukubhalisela izindatshana zami ezilandelayo.
Izinkomba
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Source: www.habr.com