Sawubona, Habr.
Sekuyikhulu lama-21, futhi kubonakala sengathi idatha ingadluliselwa ngekhwalithi ye-HD ngisho naku-Mars. Nokho, kusenezisetshenziswa eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezisebenza emsakazweni futhi kuzwakala izimpawu eziningi ezithakazelisayo.
Yebo, akunangqondo ukuzicabangela zonke; ake sizame ukukhetha ezithakazelisa kakhulu, lezo ezingatholwa futhi ziqoshwe ngokuzimela kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha. Ukwamukela amasiginali sizosebenzisa isamukeli se-inthanethi sase-Dutch , Isiqophi se-MultiPSK kanye nohlelo lwekhebula lomsindo elibonakalayo.
Ukuze kube lula ukucatshangelwa, sizokwethula amasiginali ngokwandisa imvamisa. Ngeke ngicabangele iziteshi zokusakaza, kuyabhora futhi akuvumelekile; noma ngubani angalalela iRadio China nge-AM eyedwa. Futhi sizodlulela kumasignali athakazelisa kakhulu.
Izimpawu zesikhathi esiqondile
Ngokuvama okungu-77.5 KHz (ububanzi begagasi elide), amasignali esikhathi anemba adluliswa esuka esiteshini saseJalimane i-DCF77. Ubevele ephezu kwabo , ngakho-ke singaphinda kafushane nje ukuthi lesi isignali yokuguquguquka kwe-amplitude elula esakhiweni - "1" kanye "no-0" afakwe ikhodi ngezikhathi ezihlukene, ngenxa yalokho, ikhodi ye-58-bit itholwa ngomzuzu owodwa.
I-130-140KHz - i-telemetry yamanethiwekhi kagesi
Kulawa mafrikhwensi, ngokusho kwe , amasignali okulawula amagridi kagesi aseJalimane ayathunyelwa.
Isiginali inamandla impela, futhi ngokusho kokubuyekezwa, itholwa ngisho nase-Australia. Ungayikhipha nge-MultiPSK uma usetha amapharamitha njengoba kukhonjisiwe kusithombe-skrini.
Kokuphumayo sizothola amaphakethe edatha, ukwakheka kwawo, vele, akwaziwa; labo abafisayo bangazama futhi bahlaziye lapho bekhululekile. Ngobuchwepheshe, isignali ngokwayo ilula kakhulu, indlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) futhi ihlanganisa ukwenza ukulandelana kancane ngokushintsha imvamisa yokudlulisela. Isignali efanayo, ngesimo se-spectrum - izingcezu zingabalwa ngesandla.
Isimo sezulu teletype
Ku-spectrum engenhla, eduze kakhulu, ngemvamisa ye-147 kHz, enye isignali ibonakala. Lesi yisiteshi (saseJalimane) se-DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst) esihlinzeka ngemibiko yesimo sezulu yemikhumbi. Ngokungeziwe kule frikhwensi, amasignali aphinde adluliselwe ku-11039 naku-14467 KHz.
Umphumela wokuqopha uboniswa kusithombe-skrini.
Umgomo wombhalo wekhodi we-teletype uyafana, i-FSK, okuthakaselayo lapha ukubhala ngekhodi kombhalo. I-5-bit, isebenzisa , futhi inomlando ocishe ube yikhulu.
Kubonakala sengathi ikhodi efanayo yasetshenziswa kumateyipu ephepha apuntshiwe, kodwa ama-teletypes esimo sezulu athunyelwe endaweni ethile kusukela kuma-60s, futhi njengoba ubona, asasebenza. Yiqiniso, emkhunjini wangempela isignali ayinqunywanga usebenzisa ikhompyutha - kukhona abamukeli abakhethekile abarekhoda isignali futhi bayibonise esikrinini.
Ngokuvamile, ngisho nokutholakala kokuxhumana nge-satellite kanye ne-intanethi, ukudlulisa idatha ngale ndlela kuseyindlela elula, ethembekile futhi eshibhile. Nakuba, kunjalo, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ngolunye usuku lezi zinhlelo zizoba umlando futhi zizothathelwa indawo yizinsizakalo zedijithali ngokuphelele. Ngakho labo abafisa ukuthola isibonakaliso esinjalo akufanele balibambezele kakhulu.
I-Meteofax
Esinye isignali yefa enomlando ocishe ufane ofanayo. Kulesi siginali, isithombe sidluliselwa ku ifomu le-analogue ngesivinini semigqa engu-120 ngomzuzu (kunamanye amanani, isibonelo 60 noma 240 LPM), ukuguqulwa kwemvamisa kusetshenziselwa ukufaka ikhodi ukukhanya - ukukhanya kwephoyinti lesithombe ngasinye kuhambisana nokushintsha kwemvamisa. Uhlelo olunjalo olulula lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukudlulisa izithombe emuva ngalezo zinsuku lapho abantu abambalwa babezwile "ngamasignali edijithali".
Okudumile engxenyeni yaseYurophu futhi elungele ukwamukelwa isiteshi saseJalimane esesivele sishiwo i-DWD (Deutche Wetterdienst), esithumela imilayezo kumaza 3855, 7880 kanye no-13882 KHz. Enye inhlangano okutholakala kalula amafeksi ayo iBritish Joint Operational Meteorology and Oceanography Centre, idlulisa amasignali kumaza 2618, 4610, 6834, 8040, 11086, 12390 kanye no-18261 KHz.
Ukuze uthole amasiginali we-HF Fax, udinga ukusebenzisa imodi yokwamukela i-USB, i-MultiPSK ingasetshenziselwa ukuqopha. Umphumela wokwamukela ngesamukeli se-websdr uboniswa emfanekisweni:
Lesi sithombe sithathwe ngesikhathi kubhalwa umbhalo. Ngendlela, kungase kubonakale ukuthi imigqa eqondile ihambile - iphrothokholi iyi-analog, futhi ukunemba kokuvumelanisa kubalulekile lapha, ngisho nokulibaziseka komsindo okuncane kubangela ukushintsha kwesithombe. Uma usebenzisa isamukeli "sangempela", lo mphumela ngeke ube khona.
Yiqiniso, njengasendabeni yohlobo lwesimo sezulu, akekho emikhunjini onquma amafeksi esebenzisa ikhompuyutha - kukhona abamukeli abakhethekile (isibonelo sesithombe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesihloko) abenza wonke umsebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo.
I-STANAG 4285
Manje ake sicabangele indinganiso yesimanjemanje yokudlulisa idatha kumagagasi amafushane - imodemu ye-Stanag 4285. Le fomethi yenzelwe i-NATO, futhi ikhona ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene. Isekelwe ekushintsheni kwesigaba, imingcele yesignali ingahluka, njengoba ingabonakala etafuleni, isivinini singasukela ku-75 kuya ku-2400 bit / s. Lokhu kungase kungabonakali njengokuningi, kodwa uma ucabangela indlela yokudlulisa - amagagasi amafushane, ngokufiphala kwawo nokuphazamiseka kwawo, lokhu kuwumphumela omuhle impela.
Uhlelo lwe-MultiPSK lungakwazi ukunquma i-STANAG, kodwa ku-95% yamacala umphumela wokukhipha ikhodi uzoba "udoti" kuphela - ifomethi ngokwayo inikeza kuphela iphrothokholi yezinga eliphansi, futhi idatha ngokwayo ingabhalwa ngekhodi noma ibe nohlobo oluthile lwayo. ifomethi. Amanye amasiginali, nokho, angaqoshwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukurekhodwa okungezansi ngefrikhwensi engu-8453 KHz. Angikwazanga ukunquma noma iyiphi isignali ngesamukeli se-websdr; ngokusobala, ukudluliswa kwe-inthanethi kusaphula ukwakheka kwedatha. Labo abanentshisekelo bangalanda ifayela kumamukeli wangempela besebenzisa isixhumanisi . Imiphumela yokukhishwa kwekhodi ye-MultiPSK iboniswa kusithombe-skrini esingezansi. Njengoba ubona, isivinini salokhu kuqoshwa singu-600bps, ngokusobala ifayela lombhalo lihanjiswa njengokuqukethwe.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, njengoba ubona ku-panorama, empeleni kunezimpawu eziningi ezinjalo emoyeni:
Vele, akubona bonke abangaba be-STANAG - kunezinye izivumelwano ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo. Isibonelo, singanikeza ukuhlaziywa kwesignali .
Njengamanye amasiginali okuxoxiwe ngawo, amathuluzi akhethekile asetshenziselwa ukwamukela nokudluliswa kwangempela. Isibonelo, ngemodemu ekhonjiswe esithombeni Isivinini esishiwo sisuka ku-75 siye ku-9600bps esinomkhawulokudonsa wesiginali ongu-3KHz.
Ijubane le-9600, yiqiniso, alimangalisi kakhulu, kodwa uma ucabangela ukuthi izimpawu zingadluliselwa ngisho nasehlathini noma emkhunjini olwandle, ngaphandle kokukhokha noma yini yethrafikhi ku-opharetha we-telecom, lokhu akukubi kakhulu.
Nokho, ake sibhekisise i-panorama engenhla. Kwesokunxele siyabona...kunjalo, ikhodi yeMorse endala. Ngakho-ke, asiqhubekele kusignali elandelayo.
Ikhodi ye-Morse (CW)
Ngokuvama kuka-8423 KHz sizwa lokhu ngqo. Ubuciko bokwamukela kokuzwa kwekhodi ye-Morse manje sekucishe kwalahleka, ngakho-ke sizosebenzisa i-MultiPSK (noma kunjalo, inquma ukuthi-ke, uhlelo lwe-CW Skimmer lenza umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu).
Njengoba ubona, umbhalo ophindaphindiwe othi DE SVO uyadluliselwa, uma ukholwa , isiteshi sitholakala eGreece.
Yiqiniso, izimpawu ezinjalo zimbalwa futhi zikude phakathi, kodwa zisekhona. Njengesibonelo, singacaphuna isiteshi esisebenza isikhathi eside ku-4331 KHz, sidlulisa amasiginali aphindaphindayo βVVV DE E4X4XZβ. Njengoba i-Google iphakamisa, isiteshi singesombutho Wamasosha Wasemanzini akwa-Israel. Ingabe kukhona okunye okudluliselwayo ngale mvamisa? Impendulo ayaziwa, labo abanentshisekelo bangalalela futhi bazihlolele bona.
I-Buzzer (UVB-76)
I-hit parade yethu iphetha ngesiginali edume kakhulu - eyaziwa kakhulu eRussia nakwamanye amazwe, isignali emvamisa engu-4625 KHz.
Isignali isetshenziselwa ukwazisa amasosha, futhi iqukethe izibhiphu eziphindaphindwayo, lapho amagama ekhodi ephuma ku-codepad kwesinye isikhathi adluliswa khona (amagama angabonakali afana nokuthi βCROLISTβ noma βBRAMIRKAβ). Abanye babhala ukuthi babone abamukeli abanjalo ekubhaliseni amasosha kanye namahhovisi okubhalisa, abanye bathi lokhu kuyingxenye yesistimu "yesandla esifile", ngokuvamile, isignali iyinhlangano ye-mecca yabathandi be-Stalker, imibono yokuqamba uzungu, i-Cold War njalonjalo. . Labo abanentshisekelo bangabhala "UVB-76" ekusesheni, futhi ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ukufunda okujabulisayo kwakusihlwa kuqinisekisiwe (kodwa-ke, akufanele uthathe yonke into ebhaliwe ngokungathi sΓna). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo luthakazelisa kakhulu, okungenani ngoba lusasebenza kusukela ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nakuba kunzima ukusho ukuthi kukhona yini okudingayo manje.
Ukuqedela
Lolu hlu kusekude nokuphelela. Ngosizo lwesamukeli somsakazo, ungezwa (noma kunalokho ubone) amasiginali okuxhumana ngemikhumbi-ngwenya, ama-radar angaphezulu komkhathizwe, amasiginali ashintsha ngokushesha ama-frequency hopping, nokunye okuningi.
Isibonelo, nasi isithombe esithathwe khona manje ngemvamisa ye-8 MHz; kuso ungabala okungenani amasiginali ayi-5 ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.
Lokho abayikho ngokuvamile akwaziwa, okungenani akuyona yonke into engatholakala emithonjeni evulekile (yize kukhona amasayithi afana nalokhu ΠΈ ). Ukutadisha izimpawu ezinjalo kuyathakazelisa ngempela kokubili ngokombono wezibalo, izinhlelo kanye ne-DSP, futhi njengendlela yokufunda okuthile okusha ngezwe elisizungezile.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwe-intanethi nokuxhumana, umsakazo awugcini nje ngokulahlekelwa umhlaba, kodwa mhlawumbe ngisho nokuphambene nalokho - ikhono lokudlulisa idatha ngokuqondile kusuka kumthumeli kuya kumamukeli, ngaphandle kokucwaninga, ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi kanye nokulandelela iphakethe, ingase ibe (yize sethembe ukuthi lokho ngeke kusasebenza) futhi...
Source: www.habr.com