Sawubona Habr.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yesihloko mayelana nalokho kwatshelwa ngeziteshi zesevisi kumagagasi amade namafushane. Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngeziteshi zomsakazo ezifundayo. Okokuqala, lokhu kuyathakazelisa, futhi okwesibili, noma ubani angakwazi ukujoyina le nqubo, kokubili kokuthola nokudlulisa.
Njengasezingxenyeni zokuqala, kuzogcizelelwa "kwedijithali" nokuthi ukucubungula isignali kusebenza kanjani. Sizosebenzisa futhi isamukeli se-inthanethi sase-Dutch ukuze samukele futhi sinqume amasignali kanye nohlelo lwe-MultiPSK.
Kulabo abanentshisekelo yokuthi isebenza kanjani, ukuqhubeka kungaphansi kokusika.
Ngemva kokuba kwaziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 edlule ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuxhumana nomhlaba wonke ngamagagasi amafushane kusetshenziswa isidluliseli sezibani ezimbili ngokoqobo, hhayi izinhlangano kuphela, kodwa nabashisekayo baba nesithakazelo kule nqubo. Ngaleyo minyaka kwakubukeka kanje , kahle, umsakazo we-ham usalokhu uyinto yokuzilibazisa yobuchwepheshe ethokozisayo. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokuxhumana ezitholakala ezifundazweni zesimanje zomsakazo.
Imvamisa amabanga
Amaza omsakazo asetshenziswa kakhulu yiziteshi zesevisi nezokusakaza, ngakho-ke abangafundanga bomsakazo babelwa amafrikhwensi athile ukuze bangaphazamisi abanye. Ziningi impela lezi zinhlobo, ukusuka kumagagasi amade kakhulu ku-137 KHz ukuya kuma-microwaves ku-1.3, 2.4, 5.6 noma 10 GHz (ungabona imininingwane eyengeziwe ). Ngokuvamile, wonke umuntu angakhetha, kuye ngezithakazelo kanye nemishini yobuchwepheshe.
Ngokombono wokwamukela kalula, amafrikhwensi afinyeleleka kakhulu anamaza wamaza angama-80-20m:
- 3,5 MHz ububanzi (80 m): 3500-3800 kHz.
- 7 MHz ububanzi (40 m): 7000-7200 kHz.
- 10 MHz ububanzi (30 m): 10100-10140 kHz.
- 14 MHz ububanzi (20 m): 14000-14350 kHz.
Ungawalalela usebenzisa okungenhla , futhi kweyakho siqu, uma ingathola ngemodi yebhendi eseceleni (LSB, USB, SSB).
Manje njengoba konke sekumi ngomumo, ake sibone ukuthi yini engamukelwa lapho.
Ukuxhumana ngezwi kanye nekhodi ye-Morse
Uma ubheka yonke ibhendi yerediyo eyimfundamakhwela nge-websdr, ungabona kalula amasiginali ekhodi ye-Morse. Ayisahlali kwezokuxhumana zomsakazo, kodwa abanye abathanda umsakazo bayayisebenzisa ngokuzimisela.
Ngaphambilini, ukuze uthole uphawu lwekholi, kwakudingeka uphumelele ukuhlolwa ekutholeni amasignali e-Morse, manje lokhu kubonakala kushiywe kuphela isigaba sokuqala, esiphezulu kakhulu (zihluke kakhulu, kuphela ngamandla avumelekile). Sizoqopha amasiginali we-CW sisebenzisa i-CW Skimmer nekhadi lomsindo elibonakalayo.
Izifundiswa zomsakazo, ukunciphisa ubude bomlayezo, sebenzisa ikhodi efushanisiwe (), ikakhulukazi, ulayini u-CQ DE DF7FF usho ucingo olujwayelekile oluya kuzo zonke iziteshi ezivela emsakazweni oyimfundamakhwela i-DF7FF. Umsakazo ngamunye oyimfundamakhwela unophawu lwakhe lwezingcingo, isiqalo salo esakhiwe kusukela , lokhu kulula kakhulu ngoba Kuyacaca ngokushesha ukuthi isiteshi sisakaza sisukaphi. Esimweni sethu, uphawu lwekholi elithi DF7FF olomuntu osanda kufunda emsakazweni ovela eJalimane.
Mayelana nokuxhumana ngezwi, abukho ubunzima ngakho; labo abafisayo bangazilalela bodwa ku-websdr. Esikhathini eside ngesikhathi se-USSR, akuwona wonke ama-radio amateurs ayenelungelo lokuxhumana nomsakazo nabantu bakwamanye amazwe; manje akukho mingcele enjalo, futhi ububanzi nekhwalithi yokuxhumana incike kuphela kwikhwalithi yezimpondo, imishini kanye nokubekezela opharetha. Kulabo abanentshisekelo, ungafunda kabanzi kumasayithi omsakazo we-ateur nezinkundla (cqham, qrz), kodwa sizodlulela kumasignali edijithali.
Ngeshwa, kubantu abaningi abayizimfundamakhwela zemisakazo, ukusebenza ngedijithali kumane nje kuxhunywe ikhadi lomsindo lekhompyutha ohlelweni lwe-decoder; bambalwa abantu abahlola ubunkimbinkimbi bendlela esebenza ngayo. Abambalwa nakakhulu benza okwabo ukuhlola ngokucubungula isignali yedijithali nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izivumelwano eziningi zedijithali ziye zavela eminyakeni eyi-10-15 edlule, ezinye zazo ezithakazelisa ukuzicabangela.
I-RTTY
Uhlobo lokuxhumana oludala olusebenzisa ukushintshashintsha kwefrikhwensi. Indlela ngokwayo ibizwa nge-FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) futhi ihlanganisa ukwenza ukulandelana kancane ngokushintsha imvamisa yokudlulisela.
Idatha ifakwe ikhodi ngokushintsha ngokushesha phakathi kwamafrikhwensi amabili u-F0 no-F1. Umehluko dF = F1 - F0 ubizwa ngokuthi i-frequency spacing, futhi ingalingana, isibonelo, 85, 170, noma 452 Hz. Ipharamitha yesibili ijubane lokudlulisela, elingase lihluke futhi libe, isibonelo, 45, 50 noma 75 bits ngomzuzwana. Ngoba Sinama-frequency amabili, khona-ke sidinga ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi okuzoba "phezulu" futhi okuzoba "phansi", le parameter ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "inversion". Lawa manani amathathu (isivinini, isikhala kanye nokuguqulwa) anquma ngokuphelele imingcele yokudluliselwa kwe-RTTY. Ungathola lezi zilungiselelo cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokukhipha amakhodi, futhi ngokukhetha le mingcele ngisho “ngeso”, ungakwazi ukunquma iningi lalezi zimpawu.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ukuxhumana kwe-RTTY kwakuthandwa kakhulu, kodwa manje, lapho ngiya ku-websdr, angizange ngizwe isignali eyodwa, ngakho-ke kunzima ukunikeza isibonelo sokuqopha. Abafisayo bangalalela bodwa ku-7.045 noma 14.080 MHz; imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana ne-teletype yabhalwa izindatshana.
I-PSK31/63
Olunye uhlobo lokuxhumana ukuguquguquka kwesigaba, . Akuyona imvamisa eguqukayo lapha, kodwa isigaba; kugrafu kubukeka kanjena:
Ukufakwa kwekhodi okuncane kwesignali kuhlanganisa ukushintsha isigaba ngamadigri angu-180, futhi isignali ngokwayo empeleni iyigagasi le-sine elihlanzekile - lokhu kunikeza ububanzi obuhle bokudlulisela obunamandla amancane adlulisiwe. Ukushintsha kwesigaba kunzima ukukubona kusithombe-skrini; kungabonakala uma ukhulisa futhi ubeka ngaphezu kwesiqephu esisodwa kwesinye.
Ukufaka ikhodi ngokwayo kulula - ku-BPSK31, amasiginali asakazwa ngesivinini esingu-31.25 baud, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kufakwe ikhodi "0", akukho ukuguqulwa kwesigaba okufakwe ikhodi "1". Umbhalo wekhodi wezinhlamvu ungatholakala ku-Wikipedia.
Ngokubukeka ku-spectrum, isignali ye-BPSK ibonakala njengomugqa omncane, futhi ngokuzwakalayo izwakala njengethoni emsulwa (okuyinto empeleni eyiyo). Ungakwazi ukuzwa amasiginali e-BPSK, ngokwesibonelo, ku-7080 noma ku-14070 MHz, futhi ungawakhipha amakhodi ku-MultiPSK.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi kuzo zombili i-BPSK ne-RTTY, "ukukhanya" komugqa kungasetshenziswa ukwahlulela amandla esiginali kanye nekhwalithi yokwamukela - uma ingxenye ethile yomlayezo inyamalala, khona-ke kuzoba "udoti" kule ndawo yomlayezo, kodwa incazelo yawo wonke yomlayezo ngokuvamile ihlala iqondakala. Umsebenzisi angakhetha ukuthi iyiphi isignali azogxila kuyo ukuze ayiqophe. Ukusesha amasiginali amasha nabuthaka kwababhali abakude kuyathakazelisa ngokwako; futhi lapho ukhuluma (njengoba ubona esithombeni esingenhla), ungasebenzisa umbhalo wamahhala futhi wenze inkhulumomphendvulwano "bukhoma". Ngokuphambene, amaphrothokholi alandelayo azenzakalela kakhulu, adinga ukungenelela okuncane noma akukho komuntu. Ukuthi lokhu kuhle noma kubi kungumbuzo wefilosofi, kodwa singasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ingxenye ethile yomoya womsakazo we-ham ilahlekile nakanjani ezindleleni ezinjalo.
I-FT8/FT4
Ukunquma uhlobo lwezimpawu ezilandelayo udinga ukufaka uhlelo . Amasignali isakazwa kusetshenziswa i-frequency modulation yamafrikhwensi angu-8 ngokushintshwa kwe-6.25 Hz kuphela, ukuze isignali ithathe umkhawulokudonsa ongu-50 Hz kuphela. Idatha ku-FT8 idluliselwa "kumaphakethe" ahlala cishe imizuzwana engu-14, ngakho ukuvumelanisa okunembile kwesikhathi sekhompyutha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukwamukela kucishe kuzenzekele - uhlelo lunquma uphawu locingo namandla esignali.
Kunguqulo entsha yephrothokholi , evele kamuva nje ngolunye usuku, ubude bephakethe buncishisiwe bufika ku-5s, ukuguqulwa kwe-4-tone kusetshenziswe ngesivinini sokudlulisa se-23 baud. Umkhawulokudonsa wesiginali othathiwe ucishe ube ngu-90Hz.
I-WSPR
I-WSPR iyiphrothokholi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukwamukela nokudlulisa amasignali abuthakathaka. Lesi isignali esakazwa ngesivinini esingu-1.4648 kuphela (yebo, ngaphezudlwana kuka-1 bit ngomzuzwana). Ukudlulisa kusebenzisa i-frequency modulation (4-FSK) ne-frequency spacing engu-1.4648Hz, ngakho umkhawulokudonsa wesiginali ungu-6Hz kuphela. Iphakethe ledatha elidlulisiwe linosayizi wamabhithi angu-50, izingcezu zokulungisa amaphutha nazo zengezwa kulo (ikhodi yokuguqula engaphindi, ubude obuyisithiyo K=32, isilinganiso=1/2), okuholela kusayizi wephakethe eliphelele lamabhithi ayi-162. Lawa ma-162bits adluliselwa cishe emizuzwini emi-2 (noma ubani omunye uzokhononda mayelana ne-inthanethi ehamba kancane? :).
Konke lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi udlulise idatha cishe ngaphansi kwezinga lomsindo, ngemiphumela ecishe ibe mihle - ngokwesibonelo, isignali engu-100 mW esuka emlenzeni we-microprocessor, ngosizo lwe-antenna ye-loop yangaphakathi kwakungenzeka ukudlulisa isignali ngaphezu kwe-1000 km.
I-WSPR isebenza ngokugcwele ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ayidingi ukubamba iqhaza komsebenzisi. Kwanele ukushiya uhlelo lusebenza, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ungabona ilogi yokusebenza. Idatha ingathunyelwa futhi kusayithi , okulungele ukuhlola ukudluliswa noma ikhwalithi yothi - ungadlulisela isignali futhi ubone ngokushesha ku-inthanethi lapho yamukelwe khona.
Ngendlela, noma ubani angajoyina ukwamukela i-WSPR, ngisho nangaphandle kophawu lwekholi yomsakazo we-amateur (akudingekile ukwamukela) - umamukeli nje nohlelo lwe-WSPR lwanele, futhi konke lokhu kungasebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-Raspberry Pi (Yebo. , udinga umamukeli wangempela ukuze uthumele idatha esuka kwabanye ku-inthanethi -abamukeli abenzi mqondo). Uhlelo luyathakazelisa kokubili ngokombono wesayensi kanye nokuhlolwa kwemishini nama-antenna. Ngeshwa, njengoba kubonakala esithombeni esingezansi, mayelana nokushuba kweziteshi zokwamukela, iRussia ayikude neSudan, i-Egypt noma iNigeria, ngakho-ke abahlanganyeli abasha bahlale bewusizo - kungenzeka ukuba ngowokuqala, futhi ngomunye owamukelayo. ungakwazi "ukumboza" indawo eyinkulungwane km.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi impela ukudluliselwa kwe-WSPR kumafrikhwensi angaphezu kwe-1 GHz - ukuzinza kwemvamisa yomamukeli nesidlulisi kubalulekile lapha.
Yilapho ngizoqeda khona ukubuyekezwa, nakuba, yiqiniso, akuyona yonke into efakwe ohlwini, kuphela ethandwa kakhulu.
isiphetho
Uma othile efuna ukuzama isandla sakhe futhi, akunzima kangako. Ukuze uthole amasiginali, ungasebenzisa okwakudala (Tecsun PL-880, Sangean ATS909X, njll.) noma isamukeli se-SDR (SDRPlay RSP2, SDR Elad). Okulandelayo, vele ufake izinhlelo njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla, futhi ungazifundela wena umsakazo. Intengo yokukhishwa ingu-$100-200 kuye ngemodeli yomamukeli. Ungasebenzisa futhi abamukeli be-inthanethi futhi ungathengi lutho, nakuba lokhu kungakathakazelisi kangako.
Kulabo abafuna ukudlulisa, kuzodingeka bathenge i-transceiver enothi futhi bathole ilayisense yomsakazo wenganekwane. Intengo ye-transceiver icishe ilingane nentengo ye-iPhone, ngakho iyathengeka impela uma ifunwa. Uzodinga futhi ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa okulula, futhi cishe inyanga uzokwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele emoyeni. Yiqiniso, lokhu akulula - kuzodingeka ufunde izinhlobo zama-antenna, uqhamuke nendlela yokufaka, futhi uqonde amaza nezinhlobo zemisebe. Nakuba igama elithi "kuzodingeka" cishe alifanelekile lapha, ngoba yingakho kuwumsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, into eyenziwa ukuzijabulisa hhayi ngaphansi kokucindezelwa.
Nokho, noma ubani angazama ukuxhumana kwedijithali khona manje. Ukuze wenze lokhu, vele ufake uhlelo lwe-MultiPSK, futhi ngekhadi lomsindo nemakrofoni ungakwazi ukuxhumana ngqo "ngomoya" kusuka kukhompyutha eyodwa kuya kwenye usebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana onentshisekelo.
Jabulela wonke umuntu. Mhlawumbe omunye wabafundi uzodala uhlobo olusha lwedijithali lokuxhumana, futhi ngizojabula ukufaka ukubuyekezwa kwalo kulo mbhalo 😉
Source: www.habr.com